nativism, 7, 92, 125–27, 132–33, 138, 141, 153, 156, 209–11
Naturalization Act (1790), 57, 137
Nazi, 163
The Negro Church (1903), 142
Neolin, 45
New Deal, 176, 183
New Divinity School, 36, 88
Newell, Harriet, 88
Newell, Samuel, 88
New England, 12, 13–14, 22–28, 36, 42, 54, 57, 88–89
New Mexico, 12, 13, 14–15, 25, 95–96, 121–23, 125, 149, 152–54
New Orleans, 99–100, 214
New Thought, 135–36
New York, 46, 58, 62, 64, 69, 78, 133, 143, 150, 154, 162, 185, 187, 213
Nixon, Richard, 184
nones, 206
North Carolina, 48, 107, 138, 147, 168, 172
North Carolina College for Negroes, 164
Northern Arapaho, 150
North Star, 66
Nott, Josiah, 77
Nott, Roxanna, 88
Nott, Samuel, 88
Obama, Barack, 189, 208–9
O’Connor, Sandra Day, 199–200
Ohio, 40, 48, 61, 63
Olcott, Henry Steel, 136
Old Testament, 6, 64, 65, 75–76, 78, 80, 166
Oregon, 111, 198–200
Organization of Afro-American Unity, 175
Our Country (1885), 153
Padres Asociados para los Derechos Religiosos, Educativos, y Sociales (PADRES), 192–95
Paiute Indians, 100, 118–19
Palmer, Benjamin Morgan, 97
Pang, Fung Chee, 113–14
The Panoplist, 88
Paradise Lost (1667), 23
Paramananda, Swami, 131
Parham, Charles, 144
Parks, Rosa, 165, 169
Parris, Samuel, 26
The Passing of the Great Race: The Racial Basis of European History (1916), 133–35
Payne, Daniel, 61
Pennington, J. W. C., 65
Pennsylvania, 12, 36–40, 48, 58, 66
Pentecostalism, 8, 132, 143–47, 215. See also holiness movement
Philadelphia, 57–58, 61–62, 80, 170
Pinckney, Clementa, 207, 208
Pinckney, Thomas, 51
polygamy, 110
Popé, 13, 16, 17–18
Pope Leo XIII, 176, 190
Pratt School, 117
praying towns, 13, 19, 23, 25, 28
Presbyterian, 5, 35–38, 81, 95, 97, 113, 118, 130, 153
Priestly, Joseph, 85, 87
Proctor, Henry, 142–43
The Progress of Religious Ideas Through Successive Ages (1855), 89
Pueblo Revolt (1680), 13, 14, 15–18, 25, 42, 122
Puritans, 5, 12–13, 22–28, 42, 44, 63
Quakers, 5, 12, 31, 35, 38, 47, 148
Ramadan, 203
Randolph, Peter, 81
Reagan, Ronald, 184
Reconquista, 18
Reconstruction, 6, 97–98, 101, 142, 160; and African American Protestantism, 100–110; and Asian religions, 112–16; and the Ku Klux Klan, 102–5; and Latino Catholics, 121–26; and Native Americans, 116–21; religious freedom during, 110–12
Redemption Church (Greenville, South Carolina), 215
Redstick Revolt (1813–1814), 50–51
Religious Ceremonies and Customs (1834), 87
religious freedom, 5–7, 42, 94, 110–12, 159; and Native Americans, 196–201. See also Employment Division, Department of Human Resources of Oregon v. Smith; First Amendment; Lemon v. Kurtzman; Lyng v. Northwest Indian Cemetery Protective Ass’n; Reynolds v. United States; Sequoyah v. Tennessee Valley Authority
Republicans, 102–3, 105, 107, 112–13, 120, 202, 203, 207, 208–9
Rerum Novarum, 155, 176, 190
Revels, Hiram, 102
Reynolds, George, 110
Reynolds v. United States (1878), 110
Rhodes College, 97
Rice, Luther, 88
Rice, Tamir, 214
Ridge, John, 51
Riverside Church (New York City), 187
Rocky Mountain Presbyterian, 153
Roe v. Wade (1973), 202
Romero, Juan, 192, 193
Roof, Dylann, 207–8
Roosevelt, Eleanor, 168
Roosevelt, Franklin Delano, 168
Ruiz, Ralph, 192
Saffin, John, 27
San Francisco, 113–14, 123–24, 164
Santa Fe, 15, 95–96, 121
Sassamon, John, 25
Scalia, Antonin, 111, 199
Scott, Tim, 208
Second Great Awakening, 43
segregation, 101, 108–9, 125, 138, 141, 144, 146, 153, 154, 164, 165, 166, 170, 172–73, 175, 184, 201–2. See also Jim Crow
Selma, 174
Seminoles, 46
September 11, 2001, 8, 74, 209
Sequoyah v. Tennessee Valley Authority (1979), 200
Seymour, William J., 132, 144–47
Shawnee, 46, 50
Shelton, Charles W., 117
Sherman, William Tecumseh, 101
Shoshones, 118, 150
Shuttlesworth, Fred, 160, 165–66
Sikhs, 7, 92, 136–37, 206–7, 209
silent majority, 184, 188
Sisters of Loretto, 122
Sitting Bull, 120
slavery, 6, 43, 170; antebellum expansion of, 44–45, 61, 73, 97; black opposition to, 60, 61–70, 82–85; Christianity among enslaved people, 79–82; debates over, 26–28, 35, 57, 63, 75–79, 82–85; and race and religion, 28–32, 39; slave rebellions, 33–35, 60, 74–75. See also abolitionists; antislavery
slave trade, 66; internal, 73; transatlantic, 6, 35, 63, 66, 77
Smith, Alfred, 199
Smith, Christian, 211–12
Smith, Elias, 57
Smith, James, 57
Snyder, Gary, 136
social gospel movement, 138, 141–43, 156, 159, 161–62
Society for the American Indian, 149
Society for the Propagation of the Gospel in Foreign Parts, 14, 31
The Soul of the Indian (1911), 150
The Souls of Black Folk (1903), 142
South Carolina, 12, 14, 28, 31, 33, 35, 63, 103, 202, 207–8, 215
South Carolina Baptist Convention, 77
South Dakota, 120, 148, 197
Southern Arapaho, 150
Southern Baptist Convention, 83, 208
Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC), 160, 164, 166, 172
Southern Harmony (1835), 80
southern strategy, 184
Speer, William, 113
Spellman, Francis J., 154
Spiritualism, 91, 99
spirituals, 73, 79–82, 170–71
The Spirituals and the Blues (1972), 185
Springfield Baptist Church (Augusta), 107
St. Basil’s Church (Los Angeles), 191
Stanton, Edwin, 101
Stanton, Elizabeth Cady, 106
Stewart, Maria, 45, 64–65
Stono Rebellion (1739), 33–35
Stowe, Calvin, 84
Stowe, Harriet Beecher, 83–84
Strong, Josiah, 7, 113
Student Non-Violent Coordinating Committee (SNCC), 167, 172–74, 179, 186–87
The Student Voice, 172
Sumner, Charles, 105
Supreme Court, 52, 54, 92, 105, 110–11, 136, 165, 198–99. See also Brown v. Board of Education; Employment Division, Department of Human Resources of Oregon v. Smith; Lemon v. Kurtzman; Lyng v. Northwest Indian Cemetery Protective Ass’n; Reynolds v. United States; Roe v. Wade; Sequoyah v. Tennessee Valley Authority; Worcester v. Georgia
Syrian American Association, 136
Tagore, Rabindranath, 163
Tarango, Yolanda, 195
Tea Party movement, 207
Tecumseh, 50
Tejanos, 94
Tekakwitha, Kateri, 13, 19, 20, 21–22
Ten Great Religions (1871), 89
Te
nskwatawa, 45, 46, 50
Terrell, Mary Church, 142
Thind, Bhagat Singh, 136–38
Thompson, Lewis, 103
Thoreau, Henry David, 73, 85, 114, 178
Thurman, Howard, 160–65
Thurman, Sue Bailey, 163
Tijerina, Reyes Lopes, 177
Tillich, Paul, 198
Tippecanoe, Battle of, 46
Tituba, 26
Trail of Tears, 45
Transcendentalism, 85, 88–89, 91–92, 135
Treaty of Guadalupe-Hidalgo (1848), 121
Trump, Donald, 209
Turner, Frederick Jackson, 129–30
Turner, Henry McNeal, 100, 103–7, 108, 109, 185
Turner, Nat, 44, 63, 73–75
Tutu, Desmond, 182
Uncle Tom’s Cabin (1852), 83, 84
Union Theological Seminary, 185
Unitarianism, 57, 84, 85, 89
United States Constitution, 57, 68, 110, 112, 167. See also Fifteenth Amendment; Fourteenth Amendment
University of North Carolina, 168
University of Southern California, 126
Varick, James, 58
Vedanta societies, 131
Vesey, Denmark, 60, 77, 103, 207
Vietnam War, 193
Virginia, 12, 28–31, 33, 63, 74–75, 110, 168
Virginia Statute of Religious Freedom (1786), 110
Vivekananda, Swami, 130–31
Voltaire, 12
Voting Rights Act (1965), 171, 183
Walker, David, 43, 61, 63–65, 69
Wampanoags, 25
Washington, George, 133
Washington, Jesse, 109
Watson, Benjamin, 214
Watts, Isaac, 80
Wayland, Francis, 84
Webster, Daniel, 54
Wesley, John, 59
Wells-Barnett, Ida B., 109, 142
Wetherbee, Grace Darling, 150
Wheelock, Eleazar, 22
White, William Jefferson, 100, 107–8
White Citizens Councils, 208
Whitefield, George, 14, 35, 38
whiteness, 7, 13, 37, 100, 132–33, 135–38, 141, 161, 189, 202
The Whole Truth, 147
Wilberforce College, 61
Wilmore, Gayraud, 189
Wilson, David, 118
Wilson, Jack. See Wovoka
Wilson, William J., 66
Wind River Boarding School, 150
Wind River Reservation, 150
Winthrop, John, 23
Wise, Isaac Mayer, 133
Woolman, John, 35
Worcester, Samuel, 53–54
Worcester v. Georgia (1832), 52
World’s Parliament of Religions (1893), 129–30, 135, 138, 156
World War I, 133
World War II, 108, 132, 155, 176
Wounded Knee Innocent (1973), 197
Wounded Knee Massacre (1890), 112, 120–21, 148, 197. See also ghost dance, Lakotas
Wovoka, 100, 118–20
Wright, Jeremiah, 189
Wright, Richard R., 142, 161
Yale University, 168
Young Men’s Christian Association (YMCA), 161–62
Young Women’s Christian Association (YWCA), 162
About the Author
PAUL HARVEY IS PROFESSOR OF HISTORY at the University of Colorado, Colorado Springs. He is the author or editor of eleven books, including Christianity and Race in the American South: A History.