American Indian Religious Freedom Restoration Act (1994), 198
American Missionary Association, 117
American Revolution, 14, 41, 44–46, 57, 63, 65
Andover Seminary, 88
Anglicans, 11, 12, 14, 30–35
antislavery, 35, 60, 66, 73, 82–84. See also abolitionists
Apess, William, 54–56
Apostolic Faith, 145
Apostolic Faith Mission, 144–45
Appeal to the Coloured Citizens of the World (1829), 43–44, 61, 63–65
Augusta Baptist Institute, 107. See also Morehouse College
Austin, Stephen F., 93–94
Azusa Street Revivals, 144–46
Baker, Ella, 172
Ball, Charles, 79
Bancroft, Hubert Howe, 93
Bannock (Indians), 118
Baptists, 5, 77, 93–94, 101, 208; black, 74, 102, 106–9, 142, 162, 166, 175–77; and the Great Awakening, 36; missionaries, 45, 51; and Nat Turner’s rebellion, 74–75; northern and southern, 83. See also National Baptist Convention; Southern Baptist Convention
Barbados, 26, 30
Barrows, John Henry, 130
Bartleman, William, 145
Basso, Teresita, 193
Battle of Little Bighorn, 120, 121. See also Custer, George Armstrong
Berrigan, Daniel, 193
Bethel African Methodist Episcopal Church (Philadelphia), 58–60
Bethel Baptist Church (Birmingham), 166
Bilbo, Theodore, 146
Birth of a Nation (1915), 132, 140, 141
Bishop’s Committee for the Spanish Speaking, 155
Black, Galen, 199
black colleges, 6, 61, 107, 162, 164. See also Howard University; Morehouse College
Black Lives Matter, 182, 184
blackness, 13, 28–29, 76, 106, 161, 185–87
Black Panthers, 188
A Black Theology of Liberation (1970), 185–86
Bob Jones University, 202
Boesak, Allen, 182
Boudinot, Elias, 53
Brahmanism, 91, 92
Brainerd, David, 36, 37–38
Brainerd School, 51
Branch, Taylor, 159
Bray, Thomas, 31
Brown, Michael, 214
Brown v. Board of Education (1954), 165
Buchanan, Patrick, 183
Buddhism, 73, 85, 87, 92, 130, 135
Buddy, Charles, 122
Buffalo Bill, 150
Bureau of Ethnology, 119
Bureau of Indian Affairs, 148–49
Burke, Charles, 149
Burroughs, Nannie, 109
Bush, George W., 184
Bushnell, Horace, 84
Cailloux, Andre, 99
California, 93, 100, 112–14, 125–26, 131, 136, 154–55, 175–76, 180, 190, 195, 200
California Migrant Ministry, 180
Calvinism, 21, 36
camp meetings, 44
Campo Cultural de la Raza, 191
Canada, 5, 19, 21–22
Cane Ridge, Kentucky, 44
Caribbean, 8, 26, 33. See also Barbados
Carlisle School, 117
Cartwright, Peter, 44
Cass, Lewis, 53
Cather, Willa, 96–97
Catholics, 7, 12, 31, 41, 77, 99, 152–54, 206, 210, 125; and the civil rights movement, 175–81; Latino Catholics, 92–97, 100, 111–12, 121–26, 154–56, 160, 175–81; and liberation theology, 190–96; missions to Native Americans, 15, 18–22, 148; and the Pueblo Revolt, 15–17; and the Stono Rebellion, 34–35
Católicos por la Raza (CPLR), 190
Central America, 7–8, 189–90, 196, 205
Cercle Harmonique, 99
Channing, William Ellery, 84
Chauchetière, Claude, 20, 21
Chavez, Cesar, 156, 160, 175–81, 190, 191, 196
Cherokee Phoenix, 53
Cherokees, 48–49, 51, 52–54, 200
Cheyenne, 120, 150
Chicago World’s Fair (1893), 129–31. See also World Parliament of Religions
Child, Lydia Maria, 89–92
Chinese Exclusion Act (1882), 7, 92, 113, 116, 136
Christian Endeavor Society, 143
Christian Recorder, 61
Church for the Fellowship of All Peoples, 164
Church of God in Christ (COGIC), 144, 146–47
Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints. See Mormons
Church of the Good Shepherd, 150
Church of the Nazarene, 144
Circular 1665, 149
citizenship, 57, 66, 98, 99–103, 110, 112, 113, 115, 116–21, 132, 136, 143, 149, 152, 167, 175, 196
Civil Rights Act (1875), 105
Civil Rights Act (1964), 171, 173, 183, 202
civil rights movement, 7, 142, 157, 181–82, 183–88, 202, 212; and African Americans, 159–75; and Mexican Americans, 175–81
Civil War, 43, 60, 65, 71, 78–80, 82, 92, 97–98, 100–4, 108–9, 117, 124, 141, 148, 207. See also Confederate States of America
The Clansman (1905), 138, 139, 140
Clarke, James Freeman, 89–91
Coker, Daniel, 59, 61–62
Collier, John, 152
Colorado, 95, 96, 150
Community Services Organization, 176
compadrazgo, 123, 155
comparative religion, 73, 85, 89, 91–92
Cone, James, 175, 185–86, 189, 196
Confederate States of America, 45; flag, 61, 208; soldiers, 80; symbols and monuments, 208
Confucianism, 7, 99, 114
Congregationalists, 5, 44, 87, 100, 114, 142–43
Congress of Racial Equality (CORE), 160, 165
conservatism: political, 168, 183–85, 203, 207–8; religious, 8, 28, 57, 76–77, 184, 202, 215
conversion, 13, 19, 44; of African Americans to Protestant Christianity, 29–36; of Asian immigrants to Christianity, 136; and Christian missionaries, 113–14, 116; of Mexican Americans to Catholicism, 94; of Native Americans to Protestant Christianity, 22–23, 27, 38, 47, 123
Coolidge, Charles Austin, 150
Coolidge, Sherman (Etes-che-wa-ah), 148–52
Costo, Rupert, 149
Council of Conservative Citizens, 208
Council of Federated Organization (COFO), 173
Creeks, 46, 48–49, 51
Crummel, Alexander, 69
Cruz, Ted, 209
Custer, George Armstrong, 120
Davies, Samuel, 36
Davis, Jefferson, 105
Dawes, Henry, 117
Dawes Act (1887), 116–18, 132, 148, 152
Dawson, Joseph Martin, 109
Day, Mark, 178, 180
Death Comes to the Archbishop (1927), 97
Declaration of Independence, 57, 60, 65–66, 84, 116
Definition of Marriage Amendment (1996), 184
Delano grape boycott, 176–80, 191
Delany, Martin, 70
Delaware (Indians), 38, 40, 45
Deloria, Vine, 186, 196–97, 201
Democracy in America (1835), 44
Democrats, 105, 112, 167, 189, 202
Dennis, Dave, 173
de Otermín, Don Antonio, 17
de Tocqueville, Alexis, 44
A Dialogue Between a Virginian and an African Minister (1810), 43, 61–62
Diego, Juan, 123
Divided by Faith (2001), 211–12
Diwali, 203
Dixie, Quinton, 164
Dixon, Thomas, 132, 138–41
Douglass, Frederick, 45, 66–70, 84, 91
Dow, George, 136
Du Bois, W. E. B., 91, 107, 142
Eastman, Charles Alexander, 150
Edmund Pettis Bridge, 174
Edwards, Jonathan, 36, 37
Eistenstadt, Peter, 164
Eliot, John, 13, 23–25, 63
Elizondo, Virgilio, 179–80
Elliott, Stephen, 73, 78
Emanuel African Methodist Episcopal Church (Charleston), 60, 207
E
merson, Michael, 211–12
Emerson, Ralph Waldo, 73, 85, 89, 114, 136
Employment Division, Department of Human Resources of Oregon v. Smith (1990), 198–200
Enlightenment, 27, 65
Episcopalians, 78, 150, 168, 197
evangelical Protestants, 5, 14, 27, 41, 43, 88, 206; and civil rights activism, 167, 170–72, 182; and Pentecostalism, 146; and political conservatism, 184, 202–3; and race, 211–12, 214–15; and slavery, 35, 36, 44, 73–74, 76, 79–80, 82. See also Baptists; Great Awakening; Methodists; Presbyterians
Evarts, Jeremiah, 52–53
Falwell, Jerry, 183, 202
Fan, Chan Hon, 116
Fard, Wallace, 174
Farmer, James, 160, 161, 165, 166, 168
Fifteenth Amendment, 113
First African Baptist Church (Richmond), 102
First Amendment, 5, 7, 42, 110, 197, 200, 201
First Congregational Church (Atlanta), 142–43
First Congregational Church (Oakland), 114
First Presbyterian Church (Chicago), 130
First Presbyterian Church (New Orleans), 97
Flores, Patricio, 191, 192–93
Florida, 14, 33, 101, 161
Floyd, John, 74–75
Forman, James, 187–88
Forsyth, James, 120
Forten, James, 57
Fourteenth Amendment, 100, 112–13
Franklin, Benjamin, 35
Frazier, Garrison, 101
Free African Society, 58
Freedmen’s Bureau, 101, 107
Freedom Rides, 165–66
Freedom Summer, 173
Free Exercise Clause. See First Amendment
Free Soil Party, 84
Free Speech Movement, 179
Furman, Richard, 73, 77
Gallatin, Albert, 51
Gam, Jee, 100, 114–16
Gambold, Anna Rosina, 48
Gambold, John, 48
Gandhi, Mohandas, 163–64, 176, 177
Garner, Eric, 214
Garnet, Henry Highland, 45, 68–70
Garrison, William Lloyd, 63, 82
Garvey, Marcus, 109, 143
Geary Act (1892), 116
Georgia, 48–54, 63, 80, 101, 103, 104, 105
Georgia Baptist, 107
Georgia Equal Rights and Education Association, 107
Georgia Equal Rights League, 108
ghost dance, 111, 112, 118, 120, 148, 197. See also Wounded Knee Massacre
Ginsberg, Allen, 136
God is Red (1973), 186, 196–97
Godwyn, Morgan, 28, 30–31
Goodrich, James, 87
Granjon, Henry, 123
Grant, Jacquelyn, 185, 188–89
Grant, Madison, 132–35, 141
Great Awakening, 35–42, 46
Great Migration, 143
Griffith, D. W., 140
The Guadalupan Voice: Journal of Mexican Culture, 155.
Hager, John S., 113
Haley, Alex, 174
Haley, Nimrata (Nikki) Randhawa, 207, 208
Hamer, Fannie Lou, 160, 167–68
Handsome Lake, 45–48
Harding, Vincent, 185, 186–87, 188
Harlem Renaissance, 185
Harmony Baptist Church (Augusta), 107
Harrison, William Henry, 46
Hart-Celler Immigration Act (1965), 132, 183, 205, 210
Harvard College, 25
Heckewelder, John, 39, 40
Higginson, Thomas Wentworth, 80–81
Hinduism, 8, 73, 85, 87, 88, 89, 92, 111, 130–31, 137, 203, 206
Hobart College, 150
holiness movement, 132, 143–47. See also Pentecostalism
Hope, John, 108, 142, 161
Hope, Lugenia Burns, 109
Howard, Oliver O., 101, 107
Howard University, 162, 165
Huerta, Dolores, 178
Hughes, John, 78
Hurons, 19
immigration, 7, 127, 131, 138, 156, 205, 207; from Africa, 210; from Asia, 91–92, 100, 113–14, 116, 135–36, 205, 210; Catholic, 98, 112, 123, 131, 152–54, 210; from Europe, 98, 131, 136–37, 205; illegal, 205; Jewish, 98, 112, 131, 133–35, 152; from Latin America, 94, 123, 131, 155, 195–96, 205; from Middle East, 204, 210–11; Muslim, 204, 210–11. See also Chinese Exclusion Act; Hart-Celler Immigration Act; National Origins Act
India, 85, 87–88, 91, 92, 136–37, 163–64, 205
An Indian’s Looking Glass on the White Man (1833), 54
Indian boarding schools, 117–18, 148–49. See also Carlisle School; Pratt School; Wind River Boarding School
Indian Great Awakening, 36
Indian Reorganization Act (1934), 152
Indian Rights Association, 117, 150
Indians. See Native Americans
Internal Revenue Service (IRS), 202
Iroquois, 12, 19, 21, 46–47
Islam, 8, 12; black, 174–75. See also Muslims
Jackson, Andrew, 51–53
Jackson, Mahalia, 171
Jefferson, Thomas, 5, 47–48, 57, 85, 99, 110
Jemmy (slave), 33, 34
Jesuits, 12–13, 19, 21, 22, 34, 96, 193
Jesus and the Disinherited (1949), 164
Jews, 67, 76, 98, 112, 126, 131–36, 152, 156, 163, 206; Reform, 133
Jim Crow, 100, 108, 110, 121, 159–60, 164, 171
Johns Hopkins University, 129
Johnson, Lyndon Baines, 102, 167, 183
Jones, Absalom, 58, 60, 61
Jones, Charles Colcock, 81
Jordan, Winthrop, 76
Judeo-Christian tradition, 132, 135, 203
Judson, Adoniram, 88
Judson, Nancy, 88
Kennedy, Robert F., 178
Kentucky, 44, 102
King, Martin Luther, Jr., 107; assassination of, 185, 207; and “beloved community,” 186; and Cesar Chavez, compared, 175–77, 180–81; and civil rights movement, 159–61, 165–66, 170–72, 188; criticized by the Religious Right, 183–84, 202; and “I Have a Dream” speech, 170–71; influence of Howard Thurman on, 164
King, Mary, 172
King Philip. See Metacom
King Philip’s War (1676), 13, 25–26, 55
Know-Nothing Party, 125, 210
Ku Klux Klan, 102–3, 105, 138–41, 156, 171
Kyi, Aung San Suu, 182
Lakotas, 111, 120, 148
Lamy, Jean Baptiste, 96–97, 121–22, 125
La Raza movement, 190–96
Las Hermanas, 192–95
Latinos, 7, 159, 211; and Catholicism, 7, 92–97, 100, 111–12, 121–27, 152–56, 160, 175–82, 190–96; and the civil rights movement, 175–82; and liberation theology, 190–96
La Verdad, 190
Lee, Robert E., 99
Le Jau, Francis, 14, 31–33
Lemon v. Kurtzman (1971), 198
The Leopard’s Spots (1902), 138
Lewis, John, 174
liberalism: political, 184, 215; religious, 4, 84–85, 89, 91–92, 130, 132, 157, 161–62, 186, 191
liberation theology, 175, 184, 188, 203; and African Americans, 185–89; and Mexican Americans, 180, 190–96; and Native Americans, 196–97
Liberator, 63
limpieza de sangre, 13
Lincoln, Abraham, 99, 112
Los Angeles, 122, 125–26, 144–45, 153, 154–55, 191–92
Los Hermanos de Nuestro Padre Jesus Nazareno, 95
Lost Cause, 138
Lucey, Robert Emmet, 155–56
Lutherans, 197
Lyng v. Northwest Indian Cemetery Protective Ass’n (1988), 200
Madison, James, 110
Malcolm X, 161, 174–75, 186
March for Jobs, Freedom, and Justice in Washington (March on Washington), 165
Marshall, John, 52
Martin, Joel, 51
Martin, Trayvon, 214
Martinez, Antonio Jose, 96–97, 122
Maryland, 12, 29, 66
Mason, Charles Harrison, 144, 146–47
Massachusett Indians, 13, 22
Massachusetts Bay Colony, 22–25
Mather, Cotton, 23, 26–27
Matovina, Timothy, 94
Mays, Benjamin, 161–62
McGowan, Lucey, 156
McGowan, Raymond, 156
McIntyre, James Frances, 191
Melville, Herman, 92
Mennonites, 186
Metacom, 22–26
Methodism, 36, 43–44, 54, 57, 126; black Methodists, 102–7, 165; missionaries, 116; northern and southern, 83. See also African Methodist Episcopal Church
Mexican American Cultural Center (San Antonio), 192
Mexico, 7, 112, 123, 126, 131, 155, 178, 196, 205, 209. See also immigration
missionaries: in Africa, 59, 106; to African American slaves, 30–35, 81, 83; Anglican, 30–33; and Asia, 85–88; Catholic, 121–22; evangelical, 59, 107, 113; at home, Protestant, 153; Jesuit, 12–13, 19, 21–22, 34; Moravian, 38–41; to Native Americans, 12–14, 18–21, 22–23, 36–42, 45–56, 117; Quaker, 38, 47. See also American Board of Commissioners for Foreign Missions (ABCFM); American Home Missionary Society; American Missionary Association; Society for the Propagation of the Gospel in Foreign Parts
The Missionary Herald, 88
Mississippi, 102, 144, 146, 159–61, 167–73, 180
Mississippi Freedom Democratic Party, 167
Moby Dick (1851), 92
Mohawks, 13, 19–21. See also Tekakwitha, Kateri
Montgomery bus boycott, 164, 165
Mooney, James, 119–20
Moore, Russell, 208
Moravians, 14, 36, 38–41, 45, 48–49, 51
Morehouse, Henry Lyman, 106
Morehouse College, 106–7, 162. See also Augusta Baptist Institute
Mormons, 110–11
Morse, Jedediah, 88
Mosaix Global Network, 213
Mott, Lucretia, 82
Movimiento Estudiantil Chicana de Aztlan (MEChA), 192
Muhammad, Elijah, 174
Mundelein, George, 153
Murray, Pauli, 160–61, 167–70
Muskogees, 50–51
Muslims, 8, 203–4, 206, 209; racialization of, 209–11, 215. See also Islam
National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP), 109, 132, 141, 142, 165
National Baptist Convention, 106
National Black Economic Development Conference (1969), 187
National Catholic Welfare Conference, 156
National Committee of Negro Churchmen, 187
National Convention of Colored People, 69
National Council of Churches, 180
National Origins Act (1924), 131, 156
Nation of Islam, 174–75
Native American Church, 111
Native Americans, 6, 13, 117–18, 148; Euro-American conflict with, 13, 25–26, 55, 112, 120–21, 148, 197; missions to, 12–14, 18–21, 22–23, 36–42, 45–56, 117; prophets, 37–38, 45–51, 100, 118–19; and religious awakenings, 45–56; and religious freedom, 196–201; removal of, 45, 48, 51–53, 57. See also Indian boarding schools; Indian Great Awakening; Indian Reorganization Act; Indian Rights Organization; Native American Church; individual tribes