descent to Po Valley in, 71–72
and dispute between Allobrogian brothers, 54–55
disputed route of, 61, 69, 281, 283–84
Ebro River crossing in, 39–40
elephants in, 27, 28, 40, 50, 60, 62, 65, 66–67, 72
entry into Gaul in, 41–44
in final climb to summit, 64–70
first ambush in, 56–57
first view of Italy in, 70
Gateway to the Alps in, 55–56
Isère River march in, 54–55
Magilus’ alliance with, 50–51
meeting with Celtic leaders in, 42
possible cannibalism in, 67
preparations for, 39, 60–61
Pyrenees crossing in, 40–42
Rhône crossing in, 43, 45–51
Rhône Valley march in, 51–52, 53–54
second ambush of, 65–66, 283
supposed rock-splitting incident in, 71
Hannibal, Northern Italian campaign of:
Apennine crossing in, 103, 111, 124, 125
Boii alliance in, 50–51, 101–2, 103, 106
in march down Adriatic coast, 124–25
in march to Etruria, 103–8, 290–91
Padana Celts’ alliances with, 76, 81, 82, 84, 87, 96, 97, 99, 100, 104–6, 147, 220
in Po Valley, 75–84, 85–98
Taurini defeated by, 76
in Ticinus battle, 79–81, 89
in Trebia battle, 91–96
in trek through Arno marshes, 103–8, 111
in Tresimene battle, 115–20
Hannibal, post-Zama career and exile of, 246
accused of plotting against Rome, 250–51, 255
Antiochus’ relationship with, 255–56
in Armenia, 258
in Bithynia, 258–61
in flight from Carthage, 252–53
Gerousia members prosecuted by, 250
at Hadrumetum estates, 247
peace treaty supported by, 244, 248, 249
in possible Cretan sojourn, 257–58
Prusias’ betrayal of, 260–61
in return to Carthage, 241, 243–44
Roman demand for arrest of, 256, 257
Scipio Africanus’ Asian meeting with, 256–57
as suffete (judge), 248–52, 255
suicide of, 261
in Tyre, 253–57
vipers used in battle between Pergamene navy and, 259–60
Hannibal, Southern Italian campaign of, 148–62, 196, 207
ambush and death of Marcellus in, 172–73
ambush of Romans at Locri in, 171–72
in Apulia, 137
attrition of veteran troops in, 174
bronze plaque erected by, 208, 306
Bruttians as allies of, 147, 151, 152, 166, 171, 196, 207, 209, 212, 218, 220, 221, 227
in Campania, 127–29, 133, 150, 154, 155, 157
in Cannae battle, see Cannae, battle of
Canusium food depot captured by, 137
capture of Tarentum in, 159–62
Capua’s defection from Rome in, 150, 152, 163, 166, 167
Carthage’s recall of, 227–30
as cut off from Spanish and Carthaginian resources, 175, 176–77
in decision not to march on Rome after Cannae, 146, 147, 169, 269
diplomatic failures in, 151–52, 153–54
disrupted intelligence network of, 197, 206
diversion of promised reinforcements from, 153
Fabius’ cautious strategy as effective against, 123–24, 156, 158, 167, 175–76
and Hasdrubal’s death, 208–9
horses slaughtered by, 227–28
and loss of Spain, 192–93
Magna Graecia as Achilles’ heel in, 151
in march on Rome, 168–71
Nuceria siege in, 151–52
reinforcements diverted to Spain from, 179
reliance on Spanish silver of, 192–93
repeated failures to capture Neapolis in, 150, 155
and Roman capture of Locri, 221
Roman capture of Siracusa in, 165
Roman interception of Hasdrubal’s messages to, 197
Roman recapture of Capua in, 163, 166–68, 170–71, 174
Roman recapture of Tarentum in, 162, 171, 174
Roman skirmishes with, 196
at Salapia, 157–58
Siracusan alliance with, 155, 163
stalemate in, 173, 218, 220, 227, 269
Hannibal, Spanish campaigns of, 20, 21, 23–30, 35–36
Cartagena as base of, 25
Saguntum besieged by, 33–37, 40, 101, 122, 146
Hannibal Monomachos, 67, 264
Hanno, 5, 6, 8, 9, 20, 35, 153, 228
Hanno (son of Bomilcar), 48–49, 140, 151, 166
Hasdrubal (Hannibal’s lieutenant), 81, 140, 141, 142–43, 144
Hasdrubal Barca (Hannibal’s brother), 4, 11, 41, 177, 186
Alps crossing of, 195
in battle with Syphax, 179–80, 212, 213
death of, 205, 206, 208–9
in escape from Claudius Nero’s trap, 182–83
in Metaurus battle, 200, 201–5, 212, 266, 304, 306
ordered to join Hannibal in Italy, 192, 193, 194–95
in Po River Valley, 195, 196, 198
Roman capture of messengers from, 196–97
in Spain, 18, 178–82
Hasdrubal Gisco, 179, 186
in Great Plain battle, 225–26
in negotiations with Syphax, 213–15
in relief of Utica, 223
Scipio’s night attack on camp of, 224–25, 268
in Spain, 181–82, 210–11, 214
Hasdrubal the Bald, 155
Hasdrubal the Fair, 4
Cartagena founded by, 17, 25–26
death of, 23
diplomatic skills of, 20, 21, 25
Roman treaty with (226 BCE), 22, 31, 32
Healy, Mark, 154
Helike, 18
Heraclea Minoa, 164
Herodotus, 38, 279
Hieron II, king of Siracusa, 150, 155, 163
Hieronymus, king of Siracusa, 155, 163
Himilco, 151, 164, 177
Homer, 4
Horace, 264
Hoyos, Dexter B., 51, 249, 269
Hydaspes River, battle of, 28
Hyland, A., 267
Iberia, see Spain
Ibiza island, 14
Ilercavones, 40
Ilipa, battle of (206 BCE), 209–10, 214, 236
Illyria, 30, 31, 34, 35, 135
Ilorca, battle of (212 BCE), 181–82
Imilce, 17, 21, 157–58
Indibilis, 181
Indus River, 28
Inferno (Dante), 104
Insubres, 43, 81, 118, 195
Introduction of the Cult of Cybele into Rome, The (Mantegna), 218
Isère River, 54–56
Issus, battle of (333 BCE), 38, 279
Italicus, Silius, 34
Italy, Hannibal in, see Hannibal, Northern Italian campaign of; Hannibal, Southern Italian campaign of
javeliners, Roman (jaculatores), 79–80, 85, 89, 93, 95
Júcar River, 18
Juno, 208, 306
Juno, Temple of, Cape Lacinium, 208
Jupiter, 170
Juvenal, 218, 264, 269
Lacinium, Cape, 208
Laelius, Gaius, 187, 188, 190, 213, 224, 226, 236, 238
Laevinus, Marcus Valerius, 156
Lampsacus, 254
Lancel, Serge. See multiple citations in notes
Lazenby, John. See multiple citations in notes
Leonidas, 24
Leptis Minor, 229
Lex Claudia, 112
libeccio (seasonal wind), 138
Libyan infantry, 178
Libyssa, 261
Licinius, Porcius, 197, 198
in Metaurus battle, 200, 201–2, 204
Liddell Hart, B. H., 232
&
nbsp; Liguria, Ligurians, 195, 215, 228, 230
Lilybaeum, 88, 243
Liternum, 263
Livius Salinator, Marcus, 197, 198, 206, 266
in Metaurus battle, 200, 201–2, 204, 205
Livy, as primary source for life of Hannibal, x, 88; see also multiple citations in notes
Locri, 151, 153, 171–72, 207, 221
Logic (Aristotle), 4
Lombardia, 22
Lucania, Lucanians, 149, 196, 206
Lutatius, Treaty of, 6–7, 8, 13, 21–22, 35, 146–47, 242
Lutatius Catulus, Gaius, 6
Lycurgus, 185
Magilus (Magol), 50–51
Magna Graecia, 84, 147, 149, 151, 166, 299
Magnesia, 256
Mago Barca, 4, 11, 140, 186, 211
death of, 228
in Italy, 91–92, 95–96, 140, 151, 215, 228
in Spain, 179, 181–82, 186, 209, 211, 212, 179
Maharbal, 119, 120, 140, 146
Malta, 89
Mantegna, Andrea, 218
Marcellus, Claudius, 164–65, 171–73, 198, 199
Marcellus, Marcus Claudius, 251, 252
Marius, Gaius, 267
Marmara, Sea of, 259
Mars, 102, 123
Massilia (Marseilles), 21, 31, 33, 37, 43, 45–47, 50, 52, 89, 195
Massinissa, king of the Massylians, 180, 181, 209, 211, 230, 252
in alliance with Scipio Africanus, 213
in Great Plain battle, 225–26
in night attack on Carthaginian and Numidian camps, 224–25
Sophonisba’s marriage to, 226, 241
Syphax’s rivalry with, 215, 223, 226, 241
in Zama battle, 236, 238
Mastetani, 18
Maurienne region, 58, 61–62
Mediterranean:
Roman control of, 153, 176, 245
Medulli, 61–62, 63
Melqart, 12, 15
Messapians, 84
Messina, Strait of, 155, 165
Metapontum, 175–76, 196
Metaurus River, battle of the (207 BCE), 200–206, 207, 212, 266, 304
Carthaginian casualties in, 206, 306
Claudius Nero’s speech before, 201
disposition of Hasdrubal’s army in, 204
Metellus, Lucius Caecilius, 232
Miles, Richard, 152
Minorca, 215
Minucius Rufus, Marcus, 125, 127
death of, 145
Fabius’ conflict with, 122, 126, 129, 133, 134
Hannibal’s ambush of, 134
hotheadedness and egotism of, 122, 123, 133, 134
Misa River, 200
Modena, battle of (215 BCE), 155
Montélimar, 53
Montgenerve Pass, 195
Moors, 15, 34
Murcia, 18
Mutina (Modena), 43
Napoléon, 240
Neapolis (Naples), 150, 155
Nepos, Cornelius, 18–19, 251, 253, 261
Nicarea (Nice), 45
Nico (Tarentine conspirator), 160, 171
Nola, 151, 154, 170, 198, 199
North Africa, 3, 11, 276
Scipio Africanus in, see Scipio Africanus, Publius Cornelius, North African campaign of
Nuceria, 151–52
Numa Pompilius, 135
Numidia, Numidians, 11, 226, 235
Carthage’s alliance with, 4, 179–80, 212–13, 220
in Roman infantry, 231, 232
Scipio Africanus and, 213
Numidian cavalry, 11, 16, 48, 51, 91, 106, 153, 167, 178, 194, 236, 267, 316
in ambush of Marcellus, 172
in Cannae battle, 138–39, 140, 142–43, 144
in capture of Tarentum, 160
in Castulo battle, 181
desertions to Rome of, 170
in Great Plain battle, 225
in Hannibal’s African campaign, 230
in raids on Padana Celts, 89
in Roman army, 230, 231, 232, 235, 236, 240
Servilius’ cavalry defeated by, 120
in Ticinus battle, 79–80, 85
in Trasimene battle, 115, 117, 119
in Trebia battle, 92–93, 94, 95
in Zama battle, 240
O’Connell, Robert, 222
Odysseus, Hannibal compared to, 4, 44
omens, 102, 113, 114, 123, 217
Oretani, 18, 36
Ortygia, 164–65
Ovid, 115, 218, 264
Padana, see Po Valley
Padana Celts, 75–76, 89
Etruria pillaged by, 107–8, 109
Hannibal’s alliances with, 76, 81, 82, 84, 87, 96, 97, 99, 100, 104–6, 147, 220
Palancia River, 33
Palos, Cape de, 17
Paullus, Lucius Aemilius, 135–36, 184, 265, 310
in Cannae battle, 140, 141–42, 144, 145
death of, 144, 145
Peloponnesian War (431–404 BCE), 143
Pergamum, 258–59, 260
Persians, 28
Perthus Pass, 41–42
Perusia (Perugia), 114
Pessinus, 217, 218
Petelia, 155
Philemenus (Tarentine conspirator), 159–60, 171
Philip V, king of Macedon:
in alliance with Carthage, 154, 156, 158–59, 171, 176, 212
Rome’s defeat of, 253–54, 260
Phoenician alphabet and language, 2
Phoenicians, 1–2, 14
Piceni, 199
Picenum, 124, 199
Pillars of Hercules, 12
Piso, C. Calpurnius, 168
Pistoia, 103
Placentia (Piacenza), 43, 61, 80–82, 87, 96, 100–101, 195, 196
Pleminius, 222
Pliny the Elder, 107, 157, 259, 261, 299
Plutarch, 138, 164, 258, 261, 264
Politics (Aristotle), 5
Polybius, as primary source for Hannibal’s life, x, 88; see also multiple citations in notes
Pomponius, Marcus, 120
Pont-St.-Esprit, 48
Po River, 80, 81
Posidonius, 15
Po Valley (Padana), 22, 43, 61, 70, 74, 75–98, 101, 195–96, 198
Celts in, see Padana Celts
Provence, 51, 53
Prusa (Bursa), 259, 260
Prusias, king of Bithynia, 258–59, 260–61, 265
Ptolemy V, king of Egypt, 254
Puteoli, 182
Pyrenees Mountains, 40–42
Pyrrhus, king of Epirus, 28, 147, 158
Quintus Catius, 200
Remus, 135
Reno River, 103, 289
Rhegium, 151, 155, 158, 207
Rhodes, 256
Rhône River, 21, 43, 45–51, 54
Rime of the Ancient Mariner, The (Coleridge), 106
Rivergaro, 88, 288
Riviera, 45
Roman army:
cavalry in, 141–43, 170, 178, 199, 230, 231, 235, 238, 267
Celtiberians in, 179, 180–81, 182, 209–10, 211
conscriptions for, 99–100, 123
Hannibal’s tactics adopted by, 265–68
Numidian infantry in, 231
rawness of recruits in, 83, 90, 123, 134–35, 136, 137, 140, 143
tactical weaknesses of, 97, 99
in transition to professionalism, 266–67
Roman navy, 46, 47, 155, 156, 164, 176, 177–78, 182, 187, 188, 190, 222, 223, 245, 258
Roman Senate, 5, 8, 35, 216, 221
anti-Scipio faction in, 251–52
comitia centuriata of, 185, 186
conscriptions ordered by, 99–100, 150
Fabius’ strategy questioned by, 126, 133
Flaminius’ conflicts with, 112–13
and Hannibal’s march on Rome, 168–69
Roman defeats and, 97, 120
Trasimene defeat and, 120
Rome, Romans:
Antiochus defeated by, 256
Boii enmity to
ward, 61
Celts and, 30
Celts’ resentment of, 84
colonial expansion of, 2
expansionism of, 149, 268
Fabius appointed dictator of, 121–22
Fabius’ strategy criticized by, 126, 129–30, 133
financial crisis in, 150
first families of, 135
free population of, 125
Hannibal’s arrest demanded by, 256, 257
Hannibal’s decision not to march on, 146, 147, 169, 269
Hannibal’s march on, 168–71
Hannibal’s misjudgment of willingness to continue war in, 147, 149–50, 154, 268, 269
Illyrian war of, 30, 31, 34, 35
indemnity payments from Carthage to, 7, 8, 14, 17–18, 21–22, 147, 242–43, 244, 249, 250
plebs in, 112, 136
post-Cannae attack from Hannibal expected in, 148–49
reaction to Metaurus victory in, 205–6, 207
reaction to Trasimene defeat in, 120, 121
Saguntum as ally of, 31, 32, 33, 35
Sardinia annexed by, 8, 22–23, 32, 33
Spain conquered by, 26
Spanish silver mining and, 17–18, 21
strengthened defenses of, 123
superstitiousness of, 123
territory controlled by, xiii, 153
treaty between Hasdrubal the Fair and (226 BCE), 22, 31, 32
Trebia battle as Hannibal’s first major victory against, 96, 97–99
two-general system of, 28, 90, 92, 101, 121, 266
Romulus, 135
Saguntum, 30, 31, 32, 182
Hannibal’s siege of, 33–37, 40, 101, 122, 146
St.-Jean-de-Maurienne, 62
Salapia, 17, 157, 173, 174
Samnites, 108, 147, 149
Sardinia, 8, 22–23, 26, 32, 33, 147, 153, 155–56
Sardis, 38
Savine-Coche Valley, 70
Scipio, L. Cornelius, 177
Scipio, Publius Cornelius, 38, 39, 52, 100, 177, 288
in battle of Ticinus, 89
cavalry of, 79–80, 85
and Celts’ treachery, 83
death of, 181, 184–85
in Dertosa battle, 178
Hannibal’s planned Alps crossing deduced by, 51–52
in Massilia, 46, 47, 50, 51, 89
in Po Valley, 76
Sempronius’ relations with, 87, 88, 90
in Ticinus battle, 79–81, 184
in Upper Baetis campaign, 180–81
Scipio Africanus, Publius Cornelius, 144, 148, 186, 215–17, 222, 249, 251
in Asia Minor meeting with Hannibal, 256–57
in Baecula battle, 191–92
at Cannae battle, 184, 186
Cartagena captured by, 186–91
Celtiberian hostages freed by, 190–91
death of, 263
double envelopment tactic adopted by, 226, 210–11
exile from Rome of, 263
Hannibal’s tactics adopted by, 210, 211–12, 219, 231, 266, 267–68
in Ilipa battle, 209–11, 214
intelligence gathering by, 189, 224
leniency toward Carthage favored by, 249, 250, 261
Locri captured by, 207