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Winters, Harold. Battling the Elements: Weather and Terrain in the Conduct of War. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1998.
Wise, Terence. Armies of the Carthaginian Wars 265–146 BC. Oxford: Osprey Books, 1982.
Wiseman, Timothy P. New Men in the Roman Senate, 139 B.C. to A.D. 14. London: Oxford University Press, 1971.
———. “Roman Republican Road-Building.” Papers of the British School at Rome 38 (1970): 122–52.
Woodward, Rachel. Military Geographies. Oxford: Blackwell / Royal Geographical Society (RGS-IBG), 2004.
Worley, Leslie J. Hippeis: The Cavalry of Ancient Greece. Oxford: Westview Press, 1994.
Zimmerman, Klaus. “Roman Strategy and Aims in the Second Punic War,” Chap. 16 in A Companion to the Punic Wars, edited by Dexter Hoyos. Malden, MA: Wiley-Blackwell, 2011.
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INDEX
A note about the index: The pages referenced in this index refer to the page numbers in the print edition. Clicking on a page number will take you to the ebook location that corresponds to the beginning of that page in the print edition. For a comprehensive list of locations of any word or phrase, use your reading system’s search function.
Page numbers in italics refer to maps. Page numbers beginning with 275 refer to notes.
Acerra, 152
Adriatic coast, 124–25, 197–98, 291
Aegates Islands, battle of (241 BCE), 6
Aemilia gens, 35, 135–36
Aeneas, 264, 306
Aeneid (Virgil), 208, 248, 264–65, 275, 306
Aetolian League, 253–54
Agrigento (Akragas), 164, 165
Agri River, 196
Akra Leuke (Alicante), 15, 17, 25, 33
Albinus, Postumus, 155
Alexander the Great, 28, 225, 269
as Hannibal’s role model, 4, 24, 38–39, 59
Allen, Stephen, 57
Allobroges, 54, 56–57, 65, 76, 195
Alpes-Maritimes mountains, 45, 51
Alps, see Hannibal, in Alps crossing
Ammianus Marcellinus, 71
Anamares Celts, 80–81
Anapus River, 164
Ancona, 199–200
Andalusia (al-Andalus), 14, 17, 180
Anio River, 168, 169
Antiochus III, Seleucid king, 10, 251, 254, 255–56, 258
Apennine Mountains, 101, 103, 111, 112, 124, 125, 157, 197, 289–90
Appian of Alexandria, 151, 152, 157, 195, 226, 227–28
Apulia, 123, 133, 135, 136, 137, 149, 154, 199–200
Archaeological Museum of Cartagena, 26
Archimedes, 163–65, 300
Arelate (Arles), 46
Arethusa, 164
Ariminum (Rimini), 83, 88, 112, 115, 119–20, 121, 197, 200, 291
Aristotle, 4, 5
Armenia, 258
Arno River marshes, 103–8, 111
Arpi, 157, 158
Arretium (Arezzo), 101, 103, 107, 109, 112, 113, 291
Arrian, 279
Artaxias, king of Armenia, 258
Arveni, 54
Ascanius, 135–36
Asia Minor, 254, 256, 260
Asina, Publius Cornelius, 168
Assyrian Empire, 2
Astarte, 208
Athens, 143
Atlas Mountains, 3, 29, 276
Attalus, king of Pergamum, 217–18
Aufidus (Ofanto) River, 131, 139, 140, 141, 267
Ausetani, 182
Aussois, 63
Baal, 1, 9, 10, 26, 78, 170
Baecula (Baelen), battle of (208 BCE), 191–92, 194
Bagradas (Medjerda) River, 225
Balearic slingers, 94, 115, 116, 140, 141–42, 230
Banyuls-dels-Aspres, 41
Barcid clan, 3–4
Barium (Bari), 151
Batuli, 17
Benevento, 125, 166
Bithynia, 258–61
Boii, 42, 43, 50–51, 101–2, 103, 106, 61, 70, 76, 82–83, 155, 195
Bomilcar, 4, 153, 165
Borghetto gap, 114–15, 116
Bramans Gorge, 64–65, 283
Brody, Aaron, 9
Brundisium (Brindisi), 84, 151, 154, 156, 158
Bruttium, Bruttians, 147, 151, 152, 166, 171, 196, 207, 209, 212, 218, 220, 221, 227
Caesar, Julius, 269
Camargue, 46, 51
Campania, 125–29, 133, 147, 149, 150, 154, 155, 157, 198
Cannae, battle of (216 BCE), 131, 132, 137–46, 156, 184, 186, 222, 231, 264, 265, 266, 296–97
Carthaginian casualties at, 144
compression of Roman infantry in, 139, 142, 143, 144, 237, 310
disposition of Carthaginian troops in, 138–39, 140
disposition of Roman troops in, 139–40
Hannibal’s double envelopment tactic in, 144
libeccio wind as factor in, 138
numerical superiority of Carthaginian cavalry in, 138, 139
rawness of Roman troops in, 135, 136, 137, 140, 143
Roman casualties in, 144–45, 148, 306
Roman prisoners taken in, 144–45, 146
Zama compared to, 242
Cantabrian Mountains, 194
Canusium, 137, 184, 198, 200
Capua (ancient), 154
in defection from Rome, 150, 152, 163, 166, 167
Roman recapture of, 163, 166–68, 170–71, 174, 182, 198
Carpetani, 27, 36, 40, 186
Cartagena, 21, 37, 267
booty from, 190
as Hannibal’s base, 25
as Hasdrubal Barca’s base, 178, 179, 180
Hasdrubal the Fair’s founding of, 17, 25–26
Scipio Africanus’ capture of, 186–91
as silver mining center, 17–18, 25, 27, 187, 191, 192
Carthage, Carthaginians:
Celtiberian alliances with, 14
colonies of, 2
Council of Elders of, see Gerousia
destruction of merchant fleet of, 243
Hannibal recalled by, 227–30
Hannibal’s flight from, 252–53
Hannibal’s Italian campaign as viewed by, 152–53
Hanno faction in, 6, 9, 35
harbor of, 2, 3
human sacrifice as possibly practiced in, 9, 277
indemnity payments to Rome by, 7, 8, 14, 17–18, 21–22, 147, 242–43, 244, 249, 250
and loss of Spain, 192–93, 212, 215–16
Macedonian alliance with, 154, 156, 158–59, 171, 176
Mediterranean trade of, 2, 7, 13, 21, 22, 26, 247
Mercenary Wars in, 7–8, 25
Numidian alliance of, 4, 179–80, 212–13, 220
people’s assembly of, 249, 250
Phoenician founding of, 1–2, 275–76
post-Zama peace treaty imposed on, 242–43, 244
Senate of, 5, 6
Temple of Baal in, 9–10
territories of, xiii, 5, 6
tophet of, 9, 277
and Treaty of Lutatius, 6–7, 8, 13, 21–22, 35, 146–47, 242
Carthaginian army, 16
under Hamilcar, 3, 5, 13–19
under Hasdrubal Gisco, 209–11
Numidian cavalry in, 11, 16
Carthaginian army, under Hannibal:
attrition of veterans in, 174–75, 193, 229–30
Balearic slingers in, 94, 115, 116, 140, 141–42, 230
camp followers and, 44
Carpetani’s desertions from, 40–41
Carthaginian reinforcements of, 153
Celts in, 29–30, 75, 79, 104–6, 115–16, 117, 118, 119, 140, 141, 142–43, 153, 160, 206, 225–26, 288,
304
disease among, 106
elephants in, see elephants, in Carthaginian army
heavy cavalry of, 38, 49, 50, 64, 72, 75, 79–80, 81, 85, 89, 94, 95–96, 138, 140, 141, 142–43, 160, 235, 236, 238, 240, 267
Ligurians in, 230
mercenaries in, 38, 225–26, 239, 304
new recruits in, 153, 236
Numidian cavalry of, see Numidian cavalry
pikemen in, 94, 95, 115, 119, 120, 128, 129
possible cannibalism in, 67, 264
post-Alps crossing condition of, 72–73, 75
post-Utica defeatism of, 232–33
provisioning of, 54, 62–63, 66–67, 73, 84, 108, 109, 125–26, 133
in trek through Arno marshes, 103–8, 111
Carthaginian army, under Hasdrubal Barca:
Celts in, 178, 180, 181, 191, 203–5
elephants in, 204
heavy cavalry in, 178
Libyan infantry in, 178
Ligurians in, 195
mercenaries in, 178, 191–92
Numidian cavalry in, 178
Carthaginian navy, 3, 4, 155, 222
in Aegates Islands battle, 6
at Ebro River battle, 177–78
Gerousia’s dismantling of, 5
in Hannibal’s recall from Italy, 228, 229
and Hannibal’s Southern Italy campaign, 153
at Siracusa, 164, 165
Carthalo, 149, 171
Casilinum (modern Capua), 154
Casilinum Pass, 127–29
Castulo, 21, 186, 212
Castulo, battle of (212 BCE), 181
Catalonia, 41
Cato, Marcus Porcius (the Elder), 107, 222
Celtiberians, 2, 15, 20, 28, 40, 186
in battles with Carthaginians, 23
Carthaginian alliances with, 14, 18, 21, 23
in Carthaginian army, 29–30, 178, 180, 181, 191, 204–5, 209–11, 225–26
hostages, Scipio Africanus’ freeing of, 190–91
in Roman army, 179, 180–81, 182, 209–10, 211
Celts, 22, 28–30,
bravery of, 104
in Carthaginian army, 203, 204, 205, 206, 288
duplicity of, 63, 65, 89
fickleness of, 90, 99, 100, 104–5
Hannibal ambushed by, 56–57, 65–66
Hannibal’s promise of freedom for, 96–97, 119, 146
Hannibal’s relations with, 29–30, 33–34, 36, 37, 42, 72, 147
trophy heads collected by, 82, 286, 287
see also specific tribes
Cercina Island, 252–53
Cerro del Molinete, 25
Chartreuse Massif, 55
Cicero, Marcus Tullius, 156–57
Cirta, 226
Clapier-Savine Coche saddle, 70, 284
Clastidium (Casteggio), 84
Claudia gens, 198, 206
Claudius Caudex, Appius, 167
Claudius Marcellus, Marcus, 151, 154
Claudius Nero, Gaius, 166, 196, 207, 268
background of, 198–99
Hannibal’s tactics adopted by, 199, 200
Hasdrubal Barca’s escape from, 182–83
and intercepted letter from Hasdrubal, 197, 198
in Metaurus battle, 200–205, 266
in return to Venusia, 205–6
in secret march to Metaurus River, 199
Claudius Pulcher, Publius, 170
Clausewitz, Carl von. See multiple citations in notes
Coleridge, Samuel Taylor, 106
Collina Pass, 103, 289–90
comitia centuriata, 185, 186
Cortona, 114
Crete, 257–58
Crispinus, Titus Quinctius, 172–73
Croton, 151, 207
Cumaean Sibyl, 157
Cybele, cult statue of moved to Rome, 217–18
Cynetes, 25
Cynoscephalae, battle of (197 BCE), 254
Dante Alighieri, 104
Darius III, king of Persia, 38, 225, 279
Dasius, 84
De Divinatione (Cicero), 156–57
Demetrius of Pharos, 135
Dertosa (Tortosa), 40, 187
Dertosa, battle of (215 BCE), 178–79
Dido, queen of Carthage, 208, 248, 264–65, 275, 306
Dio Cassius, 151, 152, 264
Diodorus Siculus, 9, 11, 18, 227–28, 264, 277, 279
Dora Riparia River, 75, 76
Drapanum (Trapani), battle of (249 BCE), 5
Drôme River, 53
Ducarius, 118
Ebro River, 22–23, 31, 32, 35, 39–40, 100, 176, 177, 178, 187, 188, 194
Ebro River, battle of the (217 BCE), 177–78, 179
elephants, African, 29
elephants, Asian, 28–29
as most likely used by Hannibal, 28
elephants, in Carthaginian army, 27, 40
in Alps crossing, 27, 28, 40, 50, 60, 62, 65, 66–67, 72
in Hannibal’s African campaign, 230
in Hasdrubal Barca’s Spanish campaign, 178–79
in Metaurus battle, 204
psychological effect of, 27–28
reinforcements of, 153
in Rhône crossing, 50
in Spain, 27
at Trebia battle, 95, 96
in Zama battle, 235, 236–37, 238
Emporion, 186, 191
Ephesus, 256
Eshmoun, Temple of (Gades), 15
Etruria, Etruscans, 101, 103–8, 197, 198
Eumenes II, king of Pergamum, 259
Ezekiel, Book of, 2, 254
Fabia gens, 35
Fabius, Quintus Pictor, 21
Fabius Labeo, Quintus, 258
Fabius Maximus, Quintus, 137, 148, 150, 171, 217, 221, 222, 266
appointed dictator of Rome, 121–22
in attempt to trap Hannibal in Campania, 127–29
family background of, 122
Hannibal’s attempts to provoke into battle, 124
Hannibal’s march on Rome discerned by, 168
Minucius’ conflict with, 122, 126, 129, 133, 134
nonengagement strategy of, 123–24, 126, 129–30, 133, 134, 154, 156, 158, 167, 175
Faesulae, 107
falcatas (Spanish swords), 141, 144, 296–97
Farina, Cape, 222
First Punic War, 4–8, 121, 156, 193, 241, 247
Flamininus, Titus Quinctius, 254, 260, 261, 264
Flaminius Nepos, Gaius, 134, 266
Arretium base of, 101, 103, 107, 109, 291
character and career of, 111–14
death of, 118
Hannibal’s understanding of weaknesses of, 113–14
in mistaken assumption about Hannibal’s plans, 102, 103, 108
plebian political base of, 112–13
in Trasimene battle, see Trasimene, battle of
Florence, 107
Frontinus, Sextus Julius, 222–23, 265, 266
Fulvius Centimalus, Cnaeus, 185
Fulvius Flaccus, Quintus, 167, 168, 169–70, 200, 221
Gades (Cádiz), 15, 21, 186, 192, 211
Gala, king of the Massylians, 179–80, 215
Galicia, 192
Gallic War (225 BCE), 151
Gaugamela, battle of (331 BCE), 28
Gaul, Hannibal in, see Hannibal, in Alps crossing
Gauls, see Celts
Geronium, 133, 134
Gerousia (Carthaginian Council of Elders), 4–5, 6, 20, 190, 243
anti-Barcid faction in, 248–49, 250–51
effectiveness of Hannibal’s campaigns questioned by, 153
Hamilcar sent to Spain by, 8–9
Hannibal accused of plotting against Rome by, 250–51, 255
Hannibal declared outlaw by, 253
post-Zama peace treaty accepted by, 244
Roman tenacity underestimated by, 5
Gibraltar, Strait of, 12
Goldsworthy, Adrian, 187
Gracchus, Tiberius, 166, 167, 265
Great Plain, ba
ttle of the (203 BCE), 225–26, 236
Grenoble, 54, 55
Grumentum, 196, 198, 199
Guadalquivir River, 21, 181–82, 209, 211
Hadrumetum (Sousse), 241, 247
Hamilcar Barca, 1, 3, 5, 147, 193, 196, 241
ambush and death of, 18–19, 20
appointed commander in Spain, 8–9, 10–12, 13–19
as careful to pay mercenaries, 25
Hanno’s feud with, 8, 9
as implacable enemy of Rome, 8, 265
Mercenary War quashed by, 7–8
and Treaty of Lutatius, 6–7, 8
Hannibal, 264, 268
aristocratic background of, 3–4
cancellation of Lutatius Treaty as goal of, 146–47
as careful to pay mercenaries, 25
childhood and adolescence of, 1–2, 8, 9–14
“conquer or die” speech of, 74
courage and boldness of, 23–24, 56–57
and death of Hamilcar, 18–19
diplomatic skill as weakness of, 155, 173
double-envelopment tactic of, 87, 144
education of, 4
environmental factors incorporated into tactics of, 120
Imilce’s marriage to, 17, 21
intelligence gathering by, 44, 91, 101, 103, 108, 111, 113–14, 120, 189, 231, 232–33, 268
leadership skills of, 21, 23–24
legacy of, 262–70
military training of, 15–16, 19
Odysseus compared to, 4, 44
principal classical sources for life of, x, 88
psychological insight of, 24, 62, 83, 97, 134, 266
Roman captives treated harshly by, 97
Roman tactical weaknesses exploited by, 97, 99
Roman writers’ demonization of, 263–64
Rome’s determination to fight on misjudged by, 147, 154
Rome’s refusal to negotiate with, 149–50
Sempronius compared to, 88
sight in one eye lost by, 107, 290
special comforts disdained by, 58–59
strategic misjudgments of, 269
tactical genius of, 97, 263, 265–66, 267
undying hatred of Rome sworn by, 10, 19, 29, 248, 265
Hannibal, African campaign of:
in escape from Zama, 241
Leptis Minor landing in, 229
in meeting with Scipio Africanus before Zama, 233
new recruits in, 230
Zama in, see Zama, battle of
Hannibal, in Alps crossing:
Allobroges’ fort captured in, 58
Arc River Valley march in, 58–59, 60, 61, 63–64, 282
dearth of archaeological evidence of, 69