acceptance of Jewish fighters, 80
development of Armia Ludowa, 45
in Southeastern Poland, 44
Zygmunt Rytel’s work with, 22
Halperin, Ada, 137
Hashomer Hatzair
Aba Kovner and, 6
Ciechanow Jewish resistance group and, 127
Israel Gutman as member, 130–131
Leah Silverstein as member, 161, 162
Mordechai Anielewicz and, 73
response to deportations, 72
Roza Robota as member, 134
Tosia Altman as member, 178–179
Yosef Kaplan as member, 165
Hehalutz organization, 122
Heinsolor, Miriam, work with ŻOB, 163
Henryk “Shmendryk.” See Smolar, Hersh
Heydrich, Reinhard, order for Judenrat, 49
hiding places, in ghettos, 66–67, 76, 88, 90
Hilberg, Raoul
The Destruction of European Jews, 8–9
omission of facts in research, 10
as promoter of Jewish complicity, 11–12
Himmler, Heinrich, destruction of ghettos, 77–79
Hitler, Adolf, view of Polish, 26, 206n7
Holocaust scholars, moderate approach of, 15
Holocaust survivors, self-reported reasons for survival, 191
Holocaust trials, Richard Glazar’s testimony at, 152–153
Holuj, Tadcuszkj, transfer to Auschwitz, 126
Home Army (AK)
anti-Semitic policies of, 42–43, 104, 117–118
Antoni Zieleniewski’s work with, 30
claim of Jewish assistance, 184
cooperation with Jewish partisans, 43
Jan Karski’s work with, 183
role in occupied Poland, 42
support of Auschwitz rebellion plans, 129, 131
view of ghetto uprising, 78–79
Zygmunt Rytel’s work with, 22
honorable death, 75, 81
Hotel Polski, 177
House Committees (Warsaw ghetto), mutual aid activities by, 62–63
humanitarian activities
effect on Jewish morale, 58–59
in Jewish ghettos, 57, 58, 62
as resistance effort, 13
infanticide, 60–61, 207n17
International Military Tribunal (1945–46), lack of discussion of Jews, 2
Iser, Shmuel, 173
Izbica Lubelska, 185
Jagiellonian University, persecution of Polish elites at, 160
January Aktion, 79
JDC. See American Jewish Joint Distribution Committee
Jewish annihilation
disbelief of, 6
distinct stages of, 34–35, 47
for German economic benefit, 21
ghettos as first step, 52
origins of plan for, 26
renewed concentration on, 60
world leaders’ knowledge of, 186, 187, 188
Jewish children, efforts to protect, 60–62
Jewish civilians, routine murder by Germans, 26
Jewish complicity
assertions of, 2
assumption of, 15
Hannah Arendt’s interpretation of, 8–9, 11
New Year’s Manifesto (1942) and, 7
Jewish concentration camp inmates, dire conditions faced by, 126–127
Jewish Councils. See Judenrat
Jewish Fighting Organization (ŻOB)
elimination of collaborators, 72–73
Mila 18 headquarters, 173
turning point for, 78
Warsaw headquarters, 172–173
in Warsaw uprising, 80
work in ghettos, 76–77
Jewish Fighting Union, in Warsaw uprising, 80
Jewish ghettos
1947 death sentence mandate, 57
burials in, 165
conditions in, 52–53, 54, 58, 66, 161–162
deportations from, 54–55, 67–71
deportation survivor shame in, 71–72, 76
early rumors about, 52
effect on cooperation, 5
efforts to protect children in, 62–63
escape from, 175
as first step to Jewish annihilation, 52
food allocation in, 59–60, 64, 161
hiding places in, 66–67, 76
instability of, 54
labor system in, 59
manipulation of inmates in, 57–58
murder of “useless” Jews in, 60, 67
mutual aid activities in, 57, 58, 62
preventing food smuggling in, 65
prohibition against procreation, 60
survival in, 53–54
underground movement in, 62
women’s contribution to survival in, 55–56
See also Warsaw ghetto
Jewish Historical Institute (Warsaw), 22
Jewish laborers, maltreatment/disappearance of, 32–33
Jewish men
as chief enemies of Third Reich, 26, 50
effect of ghettos on, 55
Jewish Military Union (ŻZW), 72, 73, 77
Jewish passivity
arguments for, 11–12
assumption of, 1–2, 15
Isaiah Trunk’s research on, 14
mythology of, 6
Nathan Eck’s views on, 12
Jewish people
inattention to post-war fates of, 3
lack of post-war recognition as victims, 2
as Nazi collaborators, 3, 4
Jewish refugees, in Soviet-occupied Polish territories, 48–49, 50, 184
Jewish resistance
as armed struggle, 15, 148–149
in Auschwitz, 127
day-to-day survival as, 13
differing chronology of, 4
effect of topography on, 5
German retaliation to, 3
ingenious strategies of, 10, 15, 155–156
Israel Gutman’s research on, 14–15
lack of post-war recognition of, 2
multiplicity of forms, 12–13
Raoul Hilberg, 9–10, 11–12
readiness of, 81
reality of, 190
Ruben Ainsztein’s writings on, 14
search for cooperative parties, 4
Soviet aid to, 40
view of Jewish youth, 75
Jewish Resistance in Nazi Occupied Eastern Europe (Ainsztein), 14
Jewish Scout organization, 160
Jewish “self-hatred,” 200n19
Jewish underground
AK claim of assistance to, 184
disbelief in extermination, 6
leadership of, 5–6
organization of, 75–76
Jewish youth organizations, supply of underground leadership, 5–6
Jodla detachment (AK), 105
Judenrat
corruption among members, 53
diverse reactions of, 14
executions of, 50
female members of, 50
inmates’ view of, 53
Isaiah Trunk’s research on, 14
lack of support for underground, 5
as Nazi instrument, 9
order for establishment of, 49
Phillip Friedman’s research on, 13–14
Raoul Hilberg and, 8–9
refusal to accept ghetto conditions, 58
requirement to supply laborers, 32–33, 59, 87
role in ghettos, 62
July Aktion
“Bloody Thursday,” 206n11
mass murders during, 86–87
response of survivors, 87
Kahn, Eliahu, work in House Committee, 63
Kaminski, Yakov, 127, 128–129, 132
Kamionka, Poland, 32, 34
Kampel, Mania, 210n52
Kampfgruppe (Struggle Group), 128–129, 131, 132–135
Kanal, Israel, attempted assassination by, 72–73
Kaplan, Chaim, description of anti-Semitism, 27
Kaplan, Yosef
, 72, 163, 165
Karski, Jan
on assistance from non-Jews, 189–190
call for common alliance, 184–185
call to honor attempts to save Jews, 186–187
collection of evidence by, 185
compassion for underground workers, 188
death of, 190
denouncement of anti-Semitism, 185
early life of, 182, 183
informs world leaders of Jewish annihilation, 186, 187, 188
insistence of world-wide Holocaust knowledge, 190
photo of, 189
as professor at Georgetown University, 188–189
recognition by Yad Vashem, 183
torture by Gestapo, 185
work as courier, 163
work in Washington, D.C., 188–189
Katyn Forest, mass graves in, 181
Kerski, Jan. See Karski, Jan
kibbutzim, in Warsaw ghetto, 162, 163
Kielar, Wieslaw
description of Kommando uprising, 142–143
memoirs of, 210n50
removal from Auschwitz, 143
Kielce, Poland, 105
Klener, Yankel, election as Commander, 37
Klooga concentration camp, Julek Frohlich’s death in, 61
Koch, Eugen, 138
Kolo, Poland, 22–23
Kommando revolt, 135–138, 142–144
Kommandos
duties at Auschwitz, 127–128
eagerness to fight, 132–134
interrogation over rebellion plans, 137
murder of, 133–134
work with underground, 131–132
Kosovo, 93, 97
Kovner, Aba, 6
Kozibrodzka, Lea, 178
Kozilbrodzka, Lonka, 123
Krakow, Poland, persecution of Polish elites in, 160
Krakow ghetto, 102
Krakowski, Shmuel, on AK claim of assistance, 184
Krasnaja Gorka, 115–116
Kronika (historical text), 82
Krzemienice, Poland, 15
Kulka, Moshe, transfer to Auschwitz, 130
Kurland, Zvi, 152
Langbein, Hermann, 126, 133
Laniewska, Katarzyna, transfer to Auschwitz, 123
Lanzmann, Claude, 189
Latvia, Nazi collaboration in, 3
Laufer, Yehuda, 130–132
Lazower, Henryka, submission to deportation, 68
leadership, role in resistance, 5
Leczynski, Lolek, 22–24
Lejkin, Yakov, 65, 73
Lejtman, Shlomo, 154
Levi, Primo, opposition to “banality of evil,” 11
Lida ghetto, 74, 110
Ligeti, Herta. See Fuchs, Herta
“like sheep to the slaughter,” origin of phrase, 6
Lipiczanska forest, 120
Lithuania, Nazi collaboration in, 3, 90
Lodz ghetto
construction of, 52
liquidation of, 193
“Mrs. Mokrska” House Committee work, 63–64
Sara Zyskind’s experience in, 56–57
Lubartow ghetto, transfer of Kamionka Jews to, 34–35
Lubetkin, Cywia, assistance to ghetto escapees, 175
Lubetkin, Zivia, work with ŻOB, 72, 163
Lublin ghetto, 74
Madejsker, Sonia, work as courier, 178
Mafia organizations, 149–150
Marchwinski, Jozef, 119
Margolis, Ala, 196
Margolis, Anna, 194–195
Markow, Fiodor, betrayal by, 119–120
Masarek, Rudi, resistance efforts of, 147
Mechlis, Michal, plan to save Bielski partisans, 115–116
Meed, Shlomo, 52, 56
Meed, Vladka
chronic hunger of, 57
identification card of, 168
photo of, 51
recollection of ghetto lecture, 58–59
view of women’s roles in ghettos, 55–56
“menashke,” 131
Mengele, Josef, 124
Miete, Kütner, 151
Mila 18
collective suicide at, 81, 176–177
German discovery of, 176
relocation of ŻOB headquarters to, 173
Milaszewski, Kasper, 115
Miller, Stefan, death by suicide, 68
Minsk ghetto, 109
Mir ghetto, 89
“missing Jews” of Skarzyn, 29–30
money-for-passports exchange scheme, 177–178
Monowitz. See Auschwitz
moral effects, of Jewish resistance, 10
Morczak, Wladyslaw, 68, 83
Moscow University, 24
Nalibocka forest, 113, 114–115
Narodowe Sily Zbrojne. See National Armed Forces
National Armed Forces (NSZ), 42, 115, 157
Nationalist Party
anti-Semitism of, 42, 184
and Polish government-in-exile, 183
and Polish underground, 25
Nazi General Government, Polish government-in-exile and, 183
New Year’s Manifesto (1942), 6
Nirenska, Pola, 189
Nossig, Alfred, assassination of, 73
Novogrodek ghetto, 74
Nowolipki Street, Oneg Shabbat archives at, 71
NSZ. See National Armed Forces
Nuremberg Trials (1947–48), 2
Okinowo, 93
Oneg Shabbat, 49, 62, 66, 68, 70–71
orphanages, deportation to Treblinka, 69–70
Oswiencin concentration camp. See Auschwitz
Pajewski, Theodor, 69
Pankiewicz, Tadeusz, 102, 207n20
Paris revolt (1944), 13
partisan movement
effect on Jewish morale, 40
formation of, 39
inclusion of Jews in, 40
Jewish partisans, 43–46
value placed on professionals, 91, 100, 206n12
See also Bielski Jewish partisan group; Soviet partisans; Vilna Partisan Organization
passing (as non-Jews), 20
passive vs. active fighting, 20–21
Pawiak prison, 83, 123
Peasant Party, 25, 183
physicians
need for, 96
in partisan groups, 91, 100, 206n12
Pieczorski, Alexander, 155–156, 157
Pilecki, Witold, 125, 129, 130
Platon (Soviet General), 113–114, 118
Poalei Zion Left party, 47, 107–108
Podgorze ghetto, 102
Podlesie, Poland, 28
Polesie, Poland, 107
Polish army, support of Polish underground, 25
Polish elites
hiding in Jewish ghettos, 88–89
Hitler’s determination to destroy, 181
imprisonment in Auschwitz, 124, 125
as most threatened population, 17
persecution by Einsatzgruppen, 26
persecution in Krakow, 160
refusal to heed warnings, 89
removal during Aktions, 86–87
Polish Foreign Service, 183
Polish forests, 41–44
Polish government-in-exile
basic principles of, 42, 183
Jan Karski’s view of, 183–184
lack of concern for Jewish people, 184
political movements included in, 42, 183
Stalin’s abandonment of, 181
use of former army officers, 25
Polish Jews, school admission quotas, 15
Polish officers
murder by USSR, 181
saved by underground, 160
work with AK, 125
Polish Peasant Party, 42
Polish Socialist Party (PPS)
Antoni Zieleniewski as member, 22
response to deportations, 72
support of Żegota, 20
Zygmunt Rytel as member of, 16–19
Polish
underground
protection of former Polish officers, 25
summer of 1943 success of, 27
varied political ties of, 126
work of Jan Karski in, 182–183
Polish Workers Party (PPR), cooperation with Jewish partisans, 44–45
Polska Partia Robotnicza. See Polish Workers Party
Polska Partia Socjalistyczna. See Polish Socialist Party
Ponary, mass shootings at, 166
Ponmarenko, Pantileimon, 39
Porat, Dina, on Kovner statement, 6–7
PPR. See Polish Workers Party
PPS. See Polish Socialist Party
prisoners of war (POWs), execution by German Army, 84
procreation prohibition, 60–61
Pruszkov forest, 90
Rabinowicz, Hannah, 110–112
Rada Glówna Opiekużcza. See Central Welfare Council
Radom, 105
Rather Die Fighting: A Memoir of World War II (Bleichman), 46
Raysko, Poland, 136
religious observances, prohibitions to, 58
Remba, Nachum, 69–70
Resilience and Courage (Tec), 194
resilience vs. resistance, 4, 15
resistance
conditions necessary for, 4
definition of, 4, 13
importance of strategic base to, 5
multiplicity of forms, 12–13, 196
need for cooperation in, 4, 130
resistance groups. See Jewish resistance
Reuerstin, Regina, 175
RGO. See Central Welfare Council
Ribbentrop-Molotov Agreement, Stalin’s pressure to honor, 41
Ringelblum, Emanuel
anguish over fate of Jewish children, 61–62
arrest/execution of, 83
contribution to history by, 49, 70–71, 72, 82–83, 83
dedication/self-sacrifice of, 48
description of women’s lives, 50–51
disappearance of, 68
on food allocation/smuggling, 64–65
photo of, 48
praise of couriers, 158
refusal to flee German invasion, 47–49
return to Grojecka Street bunker, 69
study of Jewish women, 62–63
on tragic deaths in ghetto, 65–66
tribute to ghetto activists, 63
view of Adam Czerniakow, 68
view of Jewish history, 14
Ringelblum, Judyta, 68, 83
Ringelblum, Uri, 68, 83
Rizyszczyce, Poland, 122
Robota, Roza
execution of, 142
photos of, 127, 134
refusal to divulge information, 138, 139, 140–141
speaks to Zippi Spitzer-Tichauer, 140–141
work with underground, 131–132, 134–135, 140–141
Roniker, Jerzy, 160
Rosblat, Lutek, assistance to ghetto escapees, 175
Rotkopf, Tonia, description of German kindness, 193–194
Rotman, Lutek, 172, 174
Rotman, Maria, 172, 175
Rozycka, Marylka, work as courier, 180
Rudashevski, Yitskhok, 54–55, 59
Rufeisen, Oswald, 89