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Index
abortion, 60
Abramovicz, Dina, 191–192
active vs. passive fighting, 20–21
Adrejewskie forests, 97
Ainsztein, Ruben
Jewish Resistance in Nazi-Occupied Eastern Europe, 14
They Fought Back, 14
AK. See Home Army
Akiva organization, 72, 172
Alexandrowicz, Julian
bravery of, 102–103
escape from Krakow ghetto, 103
satisfaction in helping others, 106
transfer to forest post, 105–106
work with AK, 104, 105
work with Żegota, 104
Allies
disregard for Jewish condition, 4, 186
promises to preserve Poland, 181
support of underground movement, 5
Altman, Tosia
escape from Mila 18 bunker, 177
interrogation/death of, 179
letter to Leah Silverstein, 166
photo of, 179
work as courier, 178–179
work with ŻOB, 163, 179
American Jewish Joint Distribution Committee (JDC), 62, 177
Anielewicz, Mordechai
comments on Warsaw ghetto uprising, 81
dislike of Mila 18 suicides, 176–177
as head of ŻOB, 72, 73–77, 163
photo of, 74
request of Hela Schupper, 174
anti-Jewish Aktions
“Bloody Thursday,” 206n11
mass murders during, 86–87
resistance efforts during, 79
response of survivors, 87
in Slonim ghetto, 88
anti-Semitism
of AK, 104, 117–118
among Soviet partisans, 107
Antoni Zieleniewski’s views of, 31
of Nationalist Party, 42, 184
in occupied territories, 27
of Polish people, 52, 80
of Polish prisoners, 124
of Soviet partisans, 93, 98
at Warsaw University, 23
of Yasha Gusev, 99
Zygmunt Rytel’s comments on, 21
“banality of evil,” 11, 200n17
Eichman in Jerusalem, 8
interpretation of Jewish complicity, 8–9, 11
and Louis de Jong, 9
omission of facts in research, 11
Armia Krajowa (AK). See Home Army
Armia Ludowa (AL), 45
arms
accumulation as resistance, 13
Allies rejection of requests for, 4
an army without, 15
difficulty in obtaining, 8, 13, 38, 77, 84
German attempts to collect, 91–92
inadequate supply of, 11
provided to Jewish partisans, 45
underground obtains, 5, 169–170
value placed on by partisans, 90–91
in Warsaw uprising, 80
Artenstein, Zacharia, 82
Asch, Nathan, escape from deportation, 68
Atlas, Icheskel, commitment to fighting Germans, 120–121
Auerswald, Heinz, food allocation orders, 64–65
Auschwitz
Bela Chazan Yaari’s imprisonment at, 123
Birkenau Bekleidungskammer, 131–132
brutal response to rebellion plans, 133–135
crematorium IV uprising, 135–138
failure of rebellion plans, 132–133
general rebellion plans at, 128–129
initial inmates of, 17, 125
investigation of Kommando uprising at, 137–142
Jewish resistance in, 127–128, 131–132
Josef Mengele’s visits to, 124
lack of resistance cooperation in, 126
Polish anti-Semites in, 124
political prisoners in, 126
subcamps at, 124
underground movement, 14–15, 125
willingness of new arrivals to cooperate, 130–131
Austrian resistance group, in Auschwitz, 126
autonomy
connection with survival, 191–192
search for through resistance, 10, 147
“banality of evil,” Hannah Arendt’s concept of, 11, 200n17
Baum, Bruno, support of Auschwitz rebellion plans, 131
Beatus, Frania, 179–180
Bekleidungskammer, 131–132
Belarus forests
challenges of life in, 40
flight of Russian soldiers into, 84
women’s lives in, 94–96, 207n17
Belorussia. See Belarus forests
Belzec death camp, 185
Bergen-Belsen concentration camp, 178
Berlinski, Hirsch, description of uprising, 77
Bernson and Bauman Hospital, 194–195
Bettelheim, Bruno, as promoter of Jewish complicity, 7–8, 11
Beutelager munitions center, 92, 96, 102
Bialystok ghetto, 123, 180
Bielanowicz, Mordechai, transfer to Auschwitz, 127
Bielski, Tuvia
ethos of resistance by saving, 121
extraordinary achievements of, 110
meets Hersh Smolar, 113
photo of, 111
Bielski Jewish partisan group, cooperative efforts of, 112–116
Birkenau
See also Auschwitz
“blame the victim” accusations, 2
Blatt, Thomas “Tovi,” 153
Bleichman, Ephraim (Frank)
early life of, 32–34
hides in Bratnik forest bunkers, 37–39
kills Polish collaborators, 39
opposition to AK, 43
Rather Die Fighting: A Memoir of World War II, 46
refusal to be transferred, 34–36
Bloch, Zelo, resistance efforts of, 147
“Bloody Thursday,” 206n11
Bobkov, Nikolai, 99
Borkomorowski, Tadeusz, 117–118, 184
Brande-Heller, Anna, 194–195
Bratnik forest bunkers, 37–38
Breslaw, Shmuel, work with ŻOB, 72, 163
Buchenwald, 7
Bukowska, Leokadia. See Silverstein, Leah
burials, availability in ghettos, 165
Central Committee of the Soviet Communist Party, 39
Central Welfare Council (RGO), 160
Chapajev brigade, 97–98
Chelmno, Poland, 153
Chernishev, Vassily. See Platon (General)
Chorazycki, Julian, work with underground, 149–150
Christian Labor Party, 25, 42, 183
Ciechanow, Poland, 127
Ciechanow Jewish resistance group, 127–131
collaboration/collaborators
attack on Ephraim (Frank) Bleichman, 38–39
fear of reprisals, 3–4
frequency of, 3
identification of Jews by, 27
Lithuanian collaborators, 90
reveal location of Bratnik forest bunkers, 38
sources of, 4
in Treblinka, 148
ŻOB elimination of, 72–73
compassion, providing balance with, 194
contagious diseases, penalty of death for, 58
cooperation
acts of kindness as, 191
of Jewish partisans and AK, 43
as key to facilitating resistance, 4, 15, 46, 130, 147
in kibbutzim, 164
preventing in ghettos, 54
Zygmunt Rytel’s reference to, 19–20
Council for Aid to Jews. See Żegota
couriers
challenges of life as, 188
Emanuel Ringelblum’s praise of, 158
Jan Karski as, 183
lack of local support for, 5
women as, 158, 163–164, 167–168, 172, 178–179
crematorium IV
resistance groups at, 128, 132–133
uprising in, 135–138, 143
cultural activities, effect on Jewish morale, 58–59
Cylenski, Boris, 154
Cyrankiewicz, Jozef
as Prime Minister of Poland, 130
rebellion plans and, 129, 131, 133
transfer to Auschwitz, 126
Czech resistance group, in Auschwitz, 126
Czerniakow, Adam
death by suicide, 67
petition to halt ghetto construction, 52
photo of, 53
wartime diary of, 8–9
Czestochowa, Poland, 165
Czuperska, Anna, 123
Dachau concentration camp, 7, 160
Davies, Norman, 106
day-to-day survival
connection to autonomy, 191–192
importance of solidarity to, 146–148, 149, 196
as resistance effort, 13, 191
women’s contribution to, 55–57, 63
Defiance: The Bielski Partisans (Tec), 110
de Jong, Louis, 9
Denmark, acceptance of Jewish immigrants, 22
deportation
escape from, 68
exemption from, 194–195
from ghettos, 67–71
of orphanages to Treblinka, 69–70
physical resistance to, 68
refusal of, 68
response to, 72
from Slonim ghetto, 74
submission to, 68
suicide as response, 67–68
survivor shame in, 71–72, 76
Destruction of European Jews, The (Hilberg), 8–9
Detachment 51 unit, 93
disobedience, as resistance, 10
Dobroszycki, Lucjan, 15
document forging
as resistance effort, 13
Zygmunt Rytel’s work in, 18–19
Dror organization, response to deportations, 72
Dubov, (Soviet General), 114
Dworzecki, Mark, 57–58
Eck, Nathan, attack on notion of passivity, 12, 200n19
Edelman, Mark, 195
education
admission quotas, 15
in ghettos, 59
prohibitions to, 58
respect for, 56
Warsaw University, 22–23
Eichman in Jerusalem (Arendt), 8
Eichman trial, Hannah Arendt’s coverage of, 11
Einhorn, Ahron, refusal of deportation, 68
Einsatzgruppen, cruelty of, 26
Eisenbach, Artur, view of Emanuel Ringelblum, 48
Eitani, Arieh, description of German kindness, 192–193
Endecja, anti-Semitism in, 23
Engel, David, on values of Jews in Polish ghettos, 49
Epstein, Thea, on work as a courier, 158–159
European Jews, 1943 status of, 4
Feldhendler, Leon, 154–157
Ferstenberg, Lusia, 131
“Final Solution,” origins of plan for, 26
Fiodorowicz, Yefim, 94, 107
food
allocation amounts, 58, 64, 161–162, 203n37
denial of for “misdeeds,” 87
inadequate supply of, 51–52, 59–60
for “missing Jews” of Skarzyn, 29–30
sale of to Jewish, 33–34
smuggling/sharing in ghettos, 65, 164
women’s role in providing, 55
forest life
Adrejewskie forests, 97
Belarus forests, 40, 84, 94–96, 207n17
Bratnik forest, 37–39
encirclement of forest partisans, 114–117
Katyn Forest mass graves, 181
Lipiczanska forest, 120
Nalibocka forest, 113, 114–115
Polish forests, 41–42, 43–44
Pruszkov forest, 90
Frank, Anne, 7–8
Frank, Martina, 144
Frank, Vincent, 144
Franz, Kurt, 151
Freiburg work camp, 193
Frenzel, Karl August, apology of, 153
Freund-Waldhorn, Dobka, 60–61
Friedman, Philip, research of, 13–14, 53
Frohlich, Julek, 60–61
Fryman, Chaim, assistance to ghetto escapees, 175
Fuchs, Herta (Ligeti), 138
Gaertner, Alla, 137, 138–139, 142
Galewski, Bernard, 152
Gancwajch, Abraham, 178
German Army
acts of kindness by soldiers, 192–194
attempts to collect arms, 91–92
encirclement of forest partisans, 114–117
executions of POWs, 84
German occupation/oppression
1943 increase in persecution, 28
as cause of Polish migration, 25
developing view of, 44
discussion at World Zionist Congress (1939), 47
elimination of Jewish leaders, 5
goal of humiliation, 27
inability of Jews to undermine, 10
initial Jewish view of, 32
lives of Jewish women under, 50
persecution of Jewish men under, 26, 50
purpose of, 4, 6
responses to, 3, 17, 28
German POW exchange scheme, 177–178
Gestapo
arrest of Bela Chazan Yaari, 123
arrest of Jan Karski, 185
arrest of Jurek Wilner, 166
cruelty of, 187
discovery of Grojecka Street bunker, 83
Giterman, Itzchak, death in Warsaw ghetto, 66
GL. See Gwardia Ludowa
Glazar, Richard
escape from Treblinka, 151–152
experience at Treblinka, 146–147
hesitation to be interviewed, 144–145
plans for Treblinka uprising, 150–151
time in Teresianstadt, 149
on Treblinka culture, 149
Goebbels, Joseph, view of Polish, 26
Gomerski, Hubert, 155–156
Gradowski, Henryk, assistance to Jurek Wilner, 166
Graf, Judith, in Soviet partisan movement, 94–95
Grodno, Poland, Bela Chazan Yaari’s visits to, 123
Grojecka Street bunker, 68, 83
guerrilla fighters, 205n1, 206n2
Gusev, Yasha, anti-Semitism of, 99
Gutman, Israel
arrival in Auschwitz/Birkenau, 130
fear of torture, 139
publications on Warsaw Ghetto revolt, 14–15
suspicion of Euen Koch, 138
view of AK, 184
view of crematorium IV uprising, 136
view of Kommando revolt, 143–144
work in underground, 130–132
Guzik, David, 177
Gwardia Ludowa (GL)