ticket buying, 138–39, 146, 206–7
Tiwari, Shekhar, 207–8
Transfer Raj, 66
transparency, of information, xiii, 22, 148–49, 245, 267–68
unemployment, 192
United Progressive Alliance (UPA), 3, 7–8
United States, 16–17, 134, 163, 296, 306
Unruh, Jesse, 124
UPA. See United Progressive Alliance
Uttar Pradesh, 15, 108–9, 109f, 113–14
Uttar Pradesh Association of Dead People, 43
Vadra, Robert, 65
Vajpayee, Atal Bihari, 131–32
Varshney, Ashutosh, 40, 137
vertical integration, 101–4
Vichare, Rajan, 288
Vig, Vikrant, 144
violence: election-related, 87–88, 107–8, 110, 353n61
rationale for, 377n121
Vivekananda, M., 151
Vohra, N. N., 108
Vohra Committee, 255
vote buying, 116–18, 130, 139–41
voters: aspirations of, 21, 29–30, 49, 51, 86
attraction of criminal politicians for, xi, 14, 20–21, 160–204, 209–11, 233–36, 291–92, 307–9, 375n91
education level of, 185–86, 185f
ethnicity as factor in behavior of, 167–70, 279, 371n43
ignorant, hypothesis of, 20, 23, 160–61, 163–66
information access for, 165–66
median voter model, 309
negative voting, 216
on secrecy of voting process, 190, 191f
social biases of, 234–35, 236f, 237f, 238f
urban-rural comparisons of, 235, 238f
Walton, Michael, 50
weak rule-of-law settings: abuse of discretion in, 171–72
criminality in politics as contributor to, 253
dimensions of, 172
exploitation of, by criminal politicians, 172–74
as opportunity for criminal politicians, 168, 176, 255. See also rule of law
Weber, Max, 252
West Bengal, 91, 93–94, 298–99
Wikileaks, 140, 207
Wilkinson, Steven, 81, 171, 175, 203
Williamson, Oliver, 101
Witsoe, Jeffrey, 195–96, 350n18
Yadav, Lalu Prasad, 179–81, 196–97, 197f, 278, 363n52, 372n60, 372n61, 373n65, 373n72
Yadav, Pappu, 5–6, 287
Yadav, Ramanand, 196–98, 376n115
Yadav, Ritlal, 200–201, 376n115
Yadav, Umakant, 7
Yadav, Yogendra, 78, 155
Yadavs, 5, 82, 178, 182, 187–89, 194, 202–3, 218
Yeddyurappa, B. S., 67–68
YSR. See Reddy, Y. S. Rajasekhara (YSR)
Yusuf, Huma, 301
zamindari system, 178, 303–4