Glass, Ira, 78
Glaucon, 54
Glauconian reasoning, 54–55, 56–58
global economy, 139, 142, 152
global warming, 56, 100, 124, 144, 185, 198
Goldberg, Sandy, 115
Goldman, Alvin, 194
Google, 5, 23, 30, 113, 128, 130, 135, 163, 174, 182, 203
business model of, 9
data collection and tracking by, 90, 155–56, 158, 161
as hypothetical “guy,” 24
monopolization by, 145–46
propaganda disseminated on, 66
in reinforcement of one’s own beliefs, 56
Google Complete, 155
Google Flu Trends, 158, 183
Google Glass, 149, 186
Google-knowing, xvi, 21–40, 25
defined, 23
limitations of, 174, 180
reliance on, 6–7, 23, 25–26, 30–31, 36, 113, 116, 153, 163, 179–80
Google Maps, 116
Google Street View, 23
Gordon, Lewis, 148
gorilla suit experiment, 30
government:
autonomy limited by, 109
closed politics of, 144–45
data mining and analysis used by, 9, 90–91, 93, 104, 107
online manipulation used by, 81
purpose of, 38
transparency of, 137–38
Greece, classical philosophy of, 13, 47, 166–67, 171–72
Grimm, Stephen, 164
Guardian, 81
Gulf of Mexico, oil spill in, 118
H1N1 flu outbreak, tracking of, 158
Haidt, Jonathan, 51–54, 56, 57, 60, 196–97
Halpern, Sue, 106
Harvard Law Review, 89
Hazlett, Allan, 49
HBO GO, 145
Heidegger, Martin, 177
Hemingway, Mark, 46
Higher Order Thinking Skills (HOTS), 61
Hippocrates, 13
hive-mind, 4, 136
HM (patient), 168–69
Hobbes, Thomas, 38, 109
holiness, logical debate over, 166–67
homosexuality, changing attitudes toward, 53–54
Houla massacre, 83
Howe, Jeff, 136
Huffington Post, 43
human dignity:
autonomy and, 58, 59–60
information technology as threat to, 187
interconnectedness and, 184–88
privacy and, 101–9
human rights, 54, 60
digital equality as, 142–48
protection of, 145
Hume, David, 48
hyperconnectivity, 184–88
identity:
digital reshaping of, 73–74
manufactured online, 80–81
“scrubbing” of, 74
illegal searches, 93
illusion, distinguishing truth from, 67–74
incidental data collection, 95–96, 99
inclusivity, 135–37
income inequality, 142
inference, 29, 60, 172
information:
accuracy and reliability of, 14, 27–30, 39–40, 44–45
collected pools of, 95–100, 107–9
distribution vs. creation of, 24
immediate, unlimited access to, 3–4, 23, 30, 42, 56, 113–16, 135–36, 141, 149, 153, 180
as interconnective, 184–88
vs. knowledge, 14
sorting and filtering of, 12, 26–29, 44–45, 127–28
information age, 111
information analysis, techniques of, 8–9
information cascades, 36, 66, 121
defined, 32
information coordination problem, 38–39, 56
information “glut,” 9–10, 44
information privacy, 94–100
and autonomy, 102–7
information sharing, coordination in, 4–5
information technology:
costs of, 145
data trail in, 9
democratization through, 133–38, 148
devices and platforms of, xvii–xviii, 3, 7–8, 10, 41–43, 69, 70, 77–78, 90–91, 106–7, 144, 148–49, 156, 180, 185–87
disquieting questions about, 6
in education, 148–54
experience vs., 173–74
hypothetical loss of, 5
paradox of, 6, 12, 179
pool of data in, 95–100
surveillance and, 89–109
typified and dephysicalized objects in, 69
unequal distribution of, 144–45
see also Internet of Things
information theory, 12
infosphere:
defined, 10
feedback loop of social constructs in, 72–73
network of, 180
pollution of, 148
vastness of, 128
InnoCentive, 136–37, 141
institutions, cooperative, 60–61
intellectual labor, 139–40
International Telecommunications Union, 135
Internet:
author’s experiment in circumventing, 21–24, 25, 35
in challenges to reasonableness, 41–63
changes wrought by, xv–xviii, 6–7, 10–11, 23, 180, 184–88
as a construction, 69
cost and profit debate over, 145
as epistemic resource, 143–45
expectations of, 80–83
as force for cohesion and democracy, 55–63
freedom both limited and enhanced by, 92–93
international rates of access to, 135, 144–45
monopolization and hegemony in, 145–46
as network, 111–13
“third wave” of, 7
see also World Wide Web; specific applications
Internet of Everything, 184
Internet of Things:
blurring of online and offline in, 71
defined, 7–8
integration of, 10
shared economy in, 140–41
threat from, 107, 153, 184–88
Internet of Us, digital form of life as, 10, 39, 73, 83–86, 106, 179–88
interracial marriage, 54
interrogation techniques, 105
In the Plex (Levy), 5–6
Intrade, 122–23, 136
intuition, 15, 51–53
iPhone, production of, 77–78, 80, 139, 144
IQ, 52
Iraq, 83
Iraq War, 137
ISIS, 128
isolation, polarization and, 42–43
I think, I exist, 127
James, William, 11
Jefferson, Thomas, 143
Jeppesen, Lars Bo, 137
joint commitments, defined, 117–18
journalism, truth and, 84
judgment, 51–55, 57
collective vs. individual, 117, 120–25
justice, 54
“just so” stories, 27–28
Kahneman, Daniel, 29, 51
Kant, Immanuel, 34, 58–60, 62, 85
Kitcher, Philip, 182
knowing-which, as term, 171
knowledge:
in big data revolution, 87–190
changing structure of, 125–32
common, 117–19
defined and explained, xvii, 12–17
democratization of, 133–38
digital, see digital knowledge; Google-knowing
distribution of, 134–35, 138, 141
diverse forms of, 130
economy of, 138–45
hyperconnectivity of, 184–88
individual vs. aggregate, 120–24
information vs., 14
Internet revolution in, xv–xviii
minimal definition of, 14–15
as networked, 111–32
new aspects in old problems of, 1–86, 90
personal observation in, 33–35
political economy of, 133–54
as power, 9, 9
8–99, 133, 185–86
practical vs. theoretical, 169, 172
procedural, 167–74
recording and storage of, 127–28
reliability of sources of, 14, 27–31, 39–40, 44–45, 114–16
as a resource, 38–39
shared cognitive process in attainment of, 114–25
three forms of, 15–17
three simple points about, 14–17
truth and, 19, 126
understanding vs. other forms of, 6, 16–17, 90, 154, 155–73, 181
value and importance of, 12–13
knowledge-based education, 61
Kodak camera, 89
Koran, 48, 61
Kornblith, Hilary, 194
Krakauer, John, 169
Kuhn, Thomas, 159–60
Lakhani, Karim, 137
Larissa, Greece, 13, 15, 182
Leonhardt, David, 122–23
Levy, Steven, 5–6
liberals, 43
libraries, 22, 134, 153–54
of Alexandria, 8
digital form of life compared to, xvi, 17, 20, 44–45, 56, 63, 128
as epistemic resource, 145
Google treated as, 24
“Library of Babel” (Borges), 17
“Lies, Damned Lies, and ‘Fact-Checking’: The Liberal Media’s Latest Attempt to Control the Discourse” (Hemingway), 46
Lifespan of a Fact, The (D’Agata), 79
literacy, 35, 134
literal artifacts:
defined, 69
social artifacts and, 71, 72
lobectomy, 168
Locke, John, 33–36, 39, 60, 67–70, 85, 127, 143
“Locke’s command,” 33–34
London Underground, mapping of, 112–13
machines, control by, 116
“mainstream” media, 32
censorship of, 66
majority rule, 120
manipulation:
data mining and, 97, 104–6
of expectations, 80–82
persuasion and, 55, 57–58, 81–83, 86
manuals, 22
manufacturing, 138–39
maps, 21–22
marine chronometer, 137
marketing:
bots in, 82
Glauconian, 58
targeted, 9, 90, 91, 105
marriage:
changing attitudes toward, 53–54
civil vs. religious, 58–59
as social construct, 72
martial arts, 170
mass, as primary quality, 68
Massive Open Online Courses (MOOCs), 150–53
mathematics, in data analysis, 160, 161
Matrix, The, 18–19, 75
Mayer-Schönberger, Viktor, 8, 158–59
measles vaccine, 7, 124
Mechanical Turk, 136, 141
media, 134
diversity in, 42
opinion affected by, 53
sensationalist, 77
memory:
accessing of, 114, 115
in educational models, 152
loss of, 168–69
superceded by information technology, xv–xvi, 3, 4, 6, 94, 149
trust in, 28, 33
Meno, 13
merchandising, online vs. brick and mortar, 70
Mercier, Hugo, 54
metrics, 112
Milner, Brenda, 168–69
mirror drawing experiment, 169
misinformation, 6–7, 31–32
in support of moral truth, 78–80, 82
mob mentality, 32–33
MOOCs (Massive Open Online Courses), 150–53
moral dumbfounding, 52
morality, moral values, xvii, 6, 44, 53–54, 195
“Moses Illusion,” 29–30
motor acuity, mastery of, 170–71, 173
motor skills, 167–74
Murray, Charles J., 147
music, as dephysicalized object, 69–70
Nagel, Thomas, 84
naming, identification by, 94
narrative license, truth and falsehood in, 78–79
National Endowment for the Humanities, 61
National Science Foundation, 61
Nature, 158, 161
Netflix, 69, 145
Net neutrality, defined, 145
netography, 112–13
of knowledge, 125–32
networked age, 111
networks, 111–32
collective knowledge of, 116–25, 180
knowledge reshaped and altered by, 125–32, 133, 140
in problem solving, 136
use of term, 111–12
neural system, 26
neural transplants, 3, 5
Neurath, Otto, 128–29
neuromedia, 3–5, 12, 17–19, 113–14, 132, 149, 168, 180–82, 184
limitations of, 174
as threat to education, 153–54
Newton, Isaac, 175
New Yorker, 25, 26
New York Times, 122, 174
Nietzsche, Friedrich, 111
Nobel laureates, 149
noble lie, 83, 86
nonfiction, 79–80
NPR, 78, 80
NSA:
alleged privacy abuses by, 98–100, 138
data mining by, 9, 91, 95–96, 108, 167
proposed limitations on, 109
Ntrepid, 81
nuclear weapons technology, xvii
nullius in verba (take nobody’s word for it), 34
Obama, Barack, 7, 100
administration, 109
objectivity, objective truth, 45, 74
as anchor for belief, 131
in constructed world, 83–86
as foundation for knowledge, 127
observation, 49, 60
affected by expectations, 159–60
behavior affected by, 91, 97
“oceanic feeling,” 184
“offlife,” 70
OkCupid, 157
“onlife,” 70
online identity creation, 73–74
online ranking, 119–21, 136
open access research sharing sites, 135–36
open society:
closed politics vs., 144–45
values of, 41–43, 62
open source software, 135
Operation Earnest Voice, 81
Operation Ivy, ix
opinion:
knowledge vs., 13, 14, 126
in online ranking, 119–20
persuasion and, 50–51
truth as constructed by, 85–86
optical illusions, 67
Oracle of Delphi, 16–17, 171
Outcome-Based Education (OBE), 61–62
ownership, changing concept of, 73
Oxford, 168
Page, Larry, 5–6
Panopticon, 91, 92, 97
perception:
acuity of, 173
distinguishing truth in, 67–74
expectations and, 159–60
misleading, 29–30, 67
as relative, 67–68
perceptual incongruity, 159–60
personal freedom, 101
persuasion, 50–51, 54–55, 56–58
by bots, 82
phone books, 22
phone data collection, 95, 108
photography:
privacy and, 89, 93
sexually-explicit, 99
photo-sharing, manipulation in, 82–83
Plato, 13–14, 16–17, 54, 59, 83, 126, 165–67
polarization, 7
herd mentality in, 66
isolated tribes in, 43–46
politics, 162, 196
accessibility in, 23
activism in, 66, 67
bias in, 43–46
closed, 144–45
elections in, 120–23
of knowledge, 133–54
opposition to critical thinking in, 61–62
persuasion in, 57–58
, 82–83
power in, 86, 133
prediction market in, 122–23
Politifact, 46
Popper, Karl, 41–43
Postman, L. E. O., 159–60
power, knowledge and, 9, 98–99, 133–34
practice, 172–73
prediction:
control vs., 182–83
markets, 122–23
searches, 155, 158–59, 183
prejudices, 72–73
primary qualities, defined, 68, 70, 74
printing press, 35, 134
Internet compared to, xv
prisons, 105, 106
fishbowl strategy for, 91
Pritchard, Duncan, 132, 203
privacy:
and autonomy, 89–109
as basic to human dignity, 101–9
changing concept of, 73
control and, 94–95, 186
devaluing of, 89–93, 99–100, 105
of information, 94–100
justification for invasion of, 107–9
right to, 89, 101–2
threat to, 4, 6, 89–109, 186
traded for security, 105, 108
U.S. legislation on, 93, 95–96, 108
values of, 93–95, 109
privacy policies, 105–6
prize competitions, 136–37
problem-solving sites, 136–37
procedural knowledge, 167–74
Professional Journalists’ Code of Ethics, 84
professors, 152–53
propaganda:
Internet as tool for, 66, 81
political, 82–83
property, changing concept of ownership of, 73
Proposition 8 legislation, 53
prosthetics, 191
pro tanto, 198
public life, defined, 63
questioning, skill in, 16–17, 171–72
race, 72, 157, 162
racism, 147
radio-frequency identification (RFID) microchips, 7
raft metaphor, for foundation of beliefs, 129
rationalist delusion, 50–55
Rawls, John, 49
reasonableness, 40, 41–63, 90, 125, 179, 196
as anchor for belief, 132, 195
defined, 50, 55
democracy and, 55–63
devaluing of, 147–48
as rationalist’ delusion, 50–55
reasons, reasoning:
arbitrary basis for, 47–48
circular, 130–32
common currency for, 50, 63
defined, 39
exchange of, 50–55
fragmentation in, 4, 41–63
Glauconian view of, 54–55, 56–58
individual sensitivity to, 84–85
knowledge based on, 15, 33, 36–40
rules of, 40
shifting the geography of, 147–48
in value judgment, 57
receptive knowledge, 26–31, 37, 48, 60–61, 153–54, 179–80, 187, 194, 203
as anchor for belief, 131–32
in motor skills, 169
reflective vs., 39, 51, 131, 154, 196
Reddit, 24, 116
reflective knowledge, 39, 51, 131, 154, 196
reliability, 14, 27–31, 39–40, 44–45, 114–16, 119–20, 123–25, 130, 194–95
religion:
marriage and, 58–59
science vs., 47–49, 66