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Index
Page numbers listed correspond to the print edition of this book. You can use your device’s search function to locate particular terms in the text.
Page numbers in italics refer to illustrations. Page numbers beginning with 191 refer to endnotes.
Academia.edu, 135
accuracy, 14, 27–31, 39–40, 44–45, 130
of data searches, 163
sacrificed for a “noble lie,” 78–80, 82
Achilles, 13
actionable information, defined, 14
Affordable Care Act, 122–23
Afghanistan War, 137
Agarwal, Anant, 150
Agony and the Ecstasy of Steve Jobs, The, 77
“aha” moments, 175, 176
AIDS, 198
airport body scans, 108, 109
Alexandria, library of, 8
Amazing Stories, 41
Amazon, 9, 80–81, 136, 141
tracking by, 90, 97, 105
Amherst University, 152
Anderson, Chris, 156–60, 182
“animal” knowledge, 131
answer “cards,” 66
AnswersinGenesis.org, 48
anterograde amnesia, 168–69
Apple, 77
a priori beliefs, 47
Arabic language, 81
Arab Spring, 66
architecture, as analogy for structure of knowledge, 126–28
“Are We Living in a Computer Simulation?” (Bostrom), 193
Aristotle, 171
artificial intelligence (AI), 116, 176
assassinations, 83
assumptions, in data analysis, 162
attractive nuisances, 98
authority:
appeals to, 60–61
in educational models, 151
evaluation of, 62
questioning of, 34, 61–62
trust in, 34
automobiles, information technology compared to, xvii–xviii, 11–12, 180
autonomy:
of decision, 102–4
democratic respect for, 58, 59–63, 101–7
privacy and, 89–109
of thought, 33–34, 39, 63, 147–48
threat to, 4, 102–7, 147, 187
Bacon, Francis, 9
Barnes and Noble, 9
BCIs, 191–92
Beck, Harry, 112–13
beliefs:
anchoring of, 131–32
architecture of, 126–27, 129–30
assuming responsibility for, 6
capacity for change of, 53–54
collective, 117–18, 200
democratic encouragement of diverse, 60–61
faith-based, 47–48
justification for, 14–16, 128–32, 148
networks of, 128–32
private vs. public, 60–61
as receptive states of mind, 27
reinforcement of one’s own, 7, 43, 45–46, 49–50, 51–52, 54–55, 56, 61, 63; see also confirmation bias
socially embedded, 116
undesired, 198
Bentham, Jeremy, 91, 92, 97
Berkeley, George, 68–69
Berlin Monthly, 58
Bible, 48, 49, 61, 66
big data:
analysis in, see data analysis, data analytics
definitions of, 8–9, 156
in digital form of life, 155–78
limitations of, 183
mining of, see data mining
participants in, 111–32
political economy of knowledge in, 133–54
privacy and autonomy issues of, 89–109
Big Data: A Revolution That Will Transform How We Live, Work, and Think (Mayer-Schönberger and Cukier), 8
“big data hubris,” 183
big knowledge, 155–63
“big man” theory, 162
Big Oil, 9
Bing, 30
blogs, blogosphere, 8, 24, 55, 65, 113, 118
Bloom, Paul, 54
Bloustein, Edward J., 101–2
Boden, Margaret, 176
Borges, Jorge Luis, 17, 44
Boston Marathon bombing, 31
Bostrom, Nick, 20, 193
bots, see socialbots
Brabham, Daren, 136, 142
Brain in the Vat thought experiment, 18–20
brain-to-brain communication, 192
brainwashing, 102
Brandeis, Louis, 89–90, 94, 101
Brin, Sergey, 186
British Petroleum, 118
British Royal Society, 34
Bruner, J. S., 159–60
Bush, George W., advisor to, 86
calculators, 153
Caldarelli, Guido, 112
cameras, 89, 94
; security, 91, 97
Cancer Ward (Solzhenitsyn), 185
capitalism, changes in, 140–41, 144
Cartesian coordinates, 175
Cartesian foundationalism, 126–29, 131
Catanzaro, Michele, 112
Cavell, Stanley, 10
CCTV, 91
CD-ROMs, 8
censorship, 42, 65, 66, 134, 144
self-, 97
Chabris, Christopher, 30
Chalmers, David, 115
chat rooms, 118
chess, 165
children:
and hands-on experience, 174
understanding in, 177
China:
iPhone production in, 77–78, 139
oppressive government policies of, 81
truth deleted from Internet in, 65, 66
Chuck, 167–68, 173
Church, power held by, 133–34
CIA, 100
data searched by, 99
Clark, Andy, 115
climate change, 56, 100, 124, 144, 185, 198
cloud:
data storage on, 23
data trail on, 9
in information sharing, 4–5
coherentism, 130
see also fabric metaphor, for structure of beliefs
Collaborative Commons, 140–41
educational model of, 151–52
as first world resource, 144
collective responsibility, 118–19
College Humor (website), 24
common point of view, 48
communication:
isolation and, 41–42
neuromedia and, 113–14
of standards, 39–40
computers, xvii
brains and, 19
games, 19–20, 191
reality simulated in, see SIMs
self-awareness in, 116, 193
Concept of Mind, The (Ryle), 168
conclusions, jumping to, 29–30, 58
Condorcet Jury Theorum, 120–21
confirmation bias, 54–55, 56
defined, 51–52
Congress, U.S., NSA vs., 99
consequences, 172
conservatives, 43
context, in data analysis, 161
continuum hypothesis, defined, 197
“cookies,” tracking by, 90
Copernicus, Nicolaus, 34
corporate responsibility, 118
corporations, as “people,” 200
correlation analyses, 158–59
Coursera, 150
cover-ups, 83
creationism, 49
creativity:
“impossible” aspect of, 176, 177
knowledge and, xvii, 6, 180
as personally relative, 176–77, 181–82
in reaching understanding, 15–16, 174–77, 181, 183
value and importance of, 183
credibility, 40, 46, 50, 119–20
and human rights, 147
criminal justice system, identification techniques in, 93–95
critical thinking:
democratic institutional support for, 61–62
importance of, 125
knowledge through, 33–34
crowdsourcing, 136–37, 141–42
Cukier, Kenneth, 8, 158–59
culture:
form of life as, 10, 17–18
video map of, 161–62
cyborging, 5–6, 191–92
Daedalus, 13
D’Agata, John, 79–80
Daily Kos, 43
Daisey, Mike, 77–80, 82
data, information vs., 12, 14
data analysis, data analytics, 9, 90, 91, 155–63
data maps, 160
data mining, 90–91
abuses of, 95–107
commercial use of, 97, 105–6
control and, 96
incidental collection in, 95–96, 99, 199
intention in, 96–98, 100
data storage, 91, 95–96, 99–100, 108
data trails, 9, 185
dating sites, 157
deception:
justified, and relation to autonomy, 83
truth and, 75–83
decision making:
autonomy in, 102–7
overruling in, 102
undermining in, 102–3
Deepwater Horizon oil spill, responsibility for, 118
dehumanization, 105
democratization:
capitalism vs., 141–42
Internet as force for, 11, 49, 55–63, 125, 133–38, 148
of public policy, 121
Dennett, Daniel, 74
dependency relationships, in understanding, 165–67, 177, 182
dephysicalized objects, defined, 69
Descartes, René, 19–20, 34, 39, 126–27, 129, 162, 174–76, 177
Dewey, John, 151
Dianetics, 61
Dick, Philip K., 75
dictionaries, 21–22
digital form of life, xviii, 3–20
as abstract and depersonalized, 41–50
caveats about, 184–88
as a construction, 70–74, 83–86, 187
defined, 10
limitations of, 16
understanding in, 153–78
see also Internet of Us
digital groups, 118–19
digital knowledge:
caveats about, 184–88
dependence on, xvi–xviii, 5, 12, 21–26, 31, 36, 179
distribution of, 113
education and, 148–54
full and equal participation in, 146
as interconnective, 184–88
international access rates for, 135, 144–45
massive proliferation of, 8, 11–12, 32, 56, 128
network of, 111–32
as power, 9, 98–99, 186
ready accessibility of, 3–4, 23, 30, 42, 56, 113–16, 135–36, 141, 149, 153, 180
speed of, 23, 29–30, 42, 135
using alternative sources to, 21–23
see also Google-knowing
dinosaurs, 66
discursive knowledge, 169
“divided line” graph of knowledge, 126
DNA identification techniques, 93–94
Dreyfus, Hubert, 168, 171
drugs:
abilities changed by, 173
SIM life compared to, 77
Duke University, 152
earthquakes, emotional epicenters of, 160–61
eavesdropping, 101
Ebola, 16
economy, 111, 162
as digitally dependent, 7–8, 9
free-market, 145
full and equal participation in, 146
globalization of, 139, 142
of knowledge, 138–45
manufacturing in, 138–39
prediction markets in, 122–23
education:
cheapening of, 152–53
crisis in, 149–50
as epistemic resource, 143, 145
information technology and, 148–54
old model of, 151–52
U.S. hegemony in, 149
education bubble, 149, 152
education systems, 35–36
edX, 150
Einstein, Albert, 175, 177
elections, 120–23
emails, 81
emotion, reasoning vs., 51–55
“End of Theory, The: The Data Deluge Makes the Scientific Method Obsolete” (Anderson), 156–57
Enlightenment, 33–34, 58–59
environment:
interacting with, 174
receptive tracking of, 27–30, 131
“environmental luck,” 203
epilepsy, 168
epistêmê, 14, 170, 172
epistemic economy, 147–48
epistemic equality, 138–48, 150, 187
epistemic inclusivity, 135–36
epistemic inequality, 142–48, 201
epistemic injustice, 146–48, 201
epistemic principles, 14, 47, 50, 55, 57, 60
as democratic, 62, 135–36
epistemic resources, 143–45
epistemic trust, 195
epistemology, defined, see epistemic principles
Epistemology and Cognition (Goldman), 194
Essay concerning Human Understanding, An (Locke), 35
ethical values:
changes in, 53–54
democratic, 58
and fragmentation, 44
technology and, xvii, 6, 89–90
“eureka” moment, 176, 177
Eurocentrism, 162
Euthyphro (Plato), 165–66, 172
evangelicals, 47–49
evidence, in change of belief, 54–55
expectations:
in changing of social constructs, 72–73
conclusions colored by, 29–30, 160
theoretical, 159
of truth, 79–80
experience:
as foundation for knowledge, 127, 131
in hands-on movements, 173–74
illusion and reality in, 18–19
procedural knowledge in, 172–73
understanding through, 16, 173–74
experts, expertise:
knowledge based on, 15, 35–38, 120, 139–40
outsourcing of, 141–42
in predicting, 122–23
in problem solving, 137
understanding and, 170–71
explanation, 165–67, 182
extended mind hypothesis, 115
fabric metaphor, for structure of beliefs, 129
Facebook, xvii, 8, 24, 43, 72, 124
hegemony of, 146
as simulacrum, 16
tracking by, 105
fact-checking, 46–47, 56, 85, 130
falsehoods, 77–83
“fast thinking” processes, 29–30
FBI, data searched by, 99
fiction, 79–80
fingerprints, 93
FISA, see Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Act
fishbowls, digital life compared to, 91
Fishburne, Laurence, 18–19
Flanagan, Owen, 73–74
Floridi, Luciano, 10, 69–71
Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Act (FISA; 1978), 88
court of, 99, 109
form of life:
defined, 10
philosophy in, 17–18
Forms (Platonic), 126
foundationalism, Cartesian, 126–29, 131
Fox News, 43
fragmentation:
of reason, 148
threat of, 4, 41–63
Freebase, 151
freedom of choice, autonomy of decision vs., 102
French Revolution, 58
Freud, Sigmund, 184
Fricker, Miranda, 146–48, 201
Galileo, 34, 68
Galton, Francis, 120
games, gaming, 20, 191
gatekeeping, 128, 134, 146
gender, 162
in marriage, 53–54, 72
in problem solving, 137
Georgetown University, 77–78
Gilbert, Margaret, 117–19, 200