Nur al-Din’s jihad 195
Saladin’s regime 237, 238, 244, 250
Shia split 44
Umayyad period 64
Syria
Abbasid rule 58
administration 30
Arab conquests 23, 29, 209
Arab tribes 30, 43, 48, 58
army 267
Assassins 248
Byzantine rule 15, 17, 61, 62
Christian population 3, 31
crusaders 109, 111
decline 45–6
drought 260, 263
dualism 245
Fatimids 63–4, 75
Ismailis 248
Jacobite Christians 41, 239
Mameluke rule 315, 329–30
Mongol advance 336
Nestorian Christians 239
persecution of Christians 53, 60, 68, 334–5
Persian conquest 16
pilgrim journeys 86
Saladin’s conquests 256, 262, 264, 292
Sunni Islam 248
Templar presence 221, 222, 337
Turkish conquest 79–81
Turkish rule 214, 248
Umayyad rule 30, 32, 45–6
Zengi’s invasion 162
T
Tafurs 110–11, 121
Tancred 104, 113, 121
Taranto 55
Tarsus, capture (968) 61
taxation
crusade tax 179
land tax (kharaj) 31
poll tax (jizya) 25, 31, 39, 49, 55, 280
tithes 140, 147, 179, 224, 243
Templar of Tyre, chronicler 229, 319, 325, 329
Templars abolition by pope 365–6
absolution by pope 356, 358, 361, 367
Acre base 289–90
Acre headquarters 228–9, 287, 300, 319
allegiance to pope 306, 339, 345
alms giving 199–200
archives 127, 152, 178, 223
arrest of French network (1307) 248, 344, 345–6
Arsuf battle (1191) 297–8
Assassin relations 250–52
banking system 226–8, 314
beards 138
building works 201–3
burned at the stake 363, 367, 368
castles in Amanus mountains 150–51, 214, 220
castles in Aragon 149
castles in Cyprus 329
castles in kingdom of Jerusalem 153
castles in Syria 221–2, 248
castles lost to Baybars 316, 317
casualties 214
chastity 137–8
Commander of kingdom of Jerusalem 203–4
confessions 348–51, 355, 356–8, 359–60, 366
costs 217, 313
credit notes 226
crusade tax 179
Cyprus headquarters 333
Cyprus position 295
Damascus campaign (1129) 134–5
description of 215–16
diplomatic achievements 309–10
discipline 181, 220, 226
Draper 203
dress 140, 179, 197
Egyptian expedition policy 213, 214–15
emissaries imprisoned in Egypt 309
encounter with Assassins 64
entrance rituals 344, 356–7, 360
established 120, 125–7
estates 152
European headquarters 178, 230
examination by cardinals 358–60
examination by pope 356–8
Fifth Crusade role 303–4
fleet 224, 228, 229, 320, 335
founding members 126, 142
founding vows (1119) 125, 130, 142
Frederick’s treatment of 308
Grand Masters 139–40, 203–4
guardians of the Grail 185
guarding Antioch passes 150–51, 220
Hattin battle (1187) 270–74
heresy charge 346–8, 356–7
horses 217
Jerusalem headquarters 1, 131, 147–8, 160, 197, 201, 203–5, 282, 307
Jerusalem refugees 286
knights 200, 204, 217
La Forbie defeat (1244) 312–13
land held by 223, 224, 225–6
Latin Rule 137–8
loans 227
markets and fairs 224, 228
Marshal 203
membership 200
military role 149–50, 223, 332
monastic life 148
name 1, 127
numbers 142, 153, 178–9, 204–5
origins 126, 140–44
papal bulls 139–40
papal inquiry 355, 362–3
policy against Egypt 309–10
policy and purpose 5–6
privileges and concessions 228
property granted to Hospitallers 366
proposed merger with
Hospitallers 340–42, 344
raids (1300) 336
records 226
relationship with Frederick 306, 308
religious order 137–40, 151, 204
rite of the Passion of Christ 358
rivalry with Hospitallers 215
role 127, 131, 133–4, 149, 200, 217, 223, 331–2
rural development in
Outremer 155
seal 143
Second Crusade role 180–81, 187, 189
Seneschal 203
sentences 366, 367
Sephoria position (1187) 268
sergeants 200, 204, 217, 224
Sixth Crusade 306
slave trade 229–30
squires 217
stables 202, 204
Third Crusade role 287–8, 297–8
tortured 348–9, 359–60
trade 224, 228, 229–30
treasure ships 227
treasurer 179
treasury 303
vows 194, 215–16
wealth 142–3, 149, 153
Temple
Herod’s 9, 26
Holy of Holies 21, 26, 122, 148
Solomon’s 9, 25, 27, 130–31
Western Wall 148
Temple Mount
Aqsa mosque 27, 68, 280, 282, 307, 310
Christian attitude to 26, 130–32, 139
Christian pilgrims 201
construction 9
Dome of the Rock 27, 31–2, 34–5, 310
expulsion of Muslims 309–10
Fatimid surrender to Franks (1099) 113
Frederick’s visit (1229) 307
Jewish attitude to 129, 148
jihad propaganda 278
madrasas 88
massacre (1077) 80
Muslim attitude to 27, 31–2, 129
Muslim pilgrims 32
Muslim worship under Frankish rule 148, 160–61, 244
Night Journey 33–4, 278, 280
Saladin’s purification 201, 281–3
Seljuk garrison 86, 122
Templar control 309–10
Templar headquarters 1, 131, 147, 197, 203–5, 282, 307
Umar’s mosque 26–7
Umar’s visit 25–6
Templum Domini (Temple of the Lord) 122, 201, 281–2
Templum Solomonis (Aqsa mosque, Templar headquarters) 1, 116, 122, 126–7, 147–8, 282
Terricus, grand preceptor 275–6
Teutonic Knights 303, 306, 307, 312, 317
Theobald Gaudin, Templar commander 328, 329
Theobold, count of Champagne 137
Theoderich, German pilgrim 201, 204, 290
Theodoret of Cyrrhus 11
Theodosius I, Roman emperor 10, 13
Theophanes, Byzantine chronicler 43–4
Thomas, patriarch of Jerusalem 53–4
Thomas, son-in-law of Heraclius 23–4
Thomas Bérard, Grand Master 315
Thomas the Presbyter 23
A Thousand and One Nights 47–8
Tiberias
meeting 265–6
siege (1187) 268–9
Titus, R
oman emperor 9
Toledo 93
Toleration, Edict of 11
Tortosa
county of Tripoli 219
defences 221, 248, 307
destruction by Nur al–Din (1152) 221
fall (1291) 329
port 228, 276
Saladin’s attack (1188) 292
Templar forces 204, 221, 223, 318, 319
Templar raids (1300) 336–7
ten-year truce with Mamelukes 324
trade 219, 224, 228, 258
Trapesac, castle 150
Trdat, architect 75
Tripoli
county of 119, 149–50, 219, 287
defences 319
fall (1289) 321, 325
port 228, 276
Templar commander 204
Troyes
capital of counts of Champagne 183
Council of 137, 139, 142
Truce of God 96
True Cross 16, 25, 201, 227, 268, 271, 296
Tughril, Seljuk sultan 74
Tughtigin, Damascus atabeg 128
Tulunid dynasty 58, 61
Turanshah, brother of Saladin 235–6
Turcopoles 204, 214, 224
Tyre
Fatimid control 289
port 228, 289
refugees from Jerusalem 80, 286
siege by Franks (1124) 128, 218
siege by Saladin (1187–88) 276, 277, 286, 291–2
Tzachas, Turkish pirate 89, 90
U
al-Ullayqa, Assassin castle 248
Umar, caliph 23, 25–7, 32, 42, 61, 130, 282
Umar II, Umayyad caliph 39
Umayyad dynasty
achievements 45–6
established 29
jihad against Byzantines 36–7
military defeats 37–8
overthrown by Abbasids 44, 45, 48, 58
religion 64
Temple Mount development 27, 32–6, 122, 204
wars of expansion 29–30, 36
Unam Sanctam (papal bull 338, 340
Urban II, pope
Alexius’s appeal 89, 90–91, 101
Clermont council 91
Clermont speech 71, 95–101, 102, 104–5, 336
Cluny visit 93–4
crusader crosses 102–3
death 119
Piacenza council 90
reformist programme 90, 114
support for military action against Turks 91–2, 94–5, 108–9
Urban III, pope 277
Usamah ibn Munqidh, writer and diplomat 156–7, 158–61, 162, 244
Uthman, caliph 23, 28
V
Venice, Venetians
Acre community 289, 323
Constantinople colony 257
Egyptian trade 65, 258, 320
Fourth Crusade 301–2
galleys from 335
Vézelay
abbey church 240
Easter meeting (1146) 173–4
Vienne, council (1311) 363–6
Vox in Excelso (papal bull) 365–6
W
Wadi al-Haramiya, Templar settlement 152, 155
Waldensians 246
Walid, Umayyad caliph 36
Walter Map, archdeacon of Oxford 141, 251–2
Warmund of Picardy, patriarch of Jerusalem 125
William, archbishop of Tyre as source 141
career 140–41
criticisms of Templars 207, 214–15
death 5, 141
history of Outremer 209
on Amalric 213
on Damascus 187
on Edessans 166–7
on Eleanor of Aquitaine 182–3, 185
on foundation of Templars 141–2
on Hospital 199
on massacre of Latins 257–8
on murder of Sinan’s envoy 251
on Saladin’s conquests 5, 261
on Templar knights 178
on wealth of Templars 143–4
on Zengi 158
William, seneschal of the Templars 178
William Falco, Templar knight 178
William of Beaujeu, Grand
Master 319–20, 326–7
William of Nogaret, minister of Philip IV 338–9, 343, 347–8, 355, 359, 362–3
William of Paris, French inquisitor 353, 355
William of Plaisians, lawyer 359
Würzburg chronicler 189
Y
Yazdegerd III, King of Persia 23
Yazid III, Umayyad caliph 43
Yolanda, queen of Jerusalem 305
Z
Zab, battle of the (750) 44
al-Zahir, Fatimid caliph 68
Zalaca, battle (1086) 93
Zara, fall (1202) 302
Zengi, Imad al-Din, governor of Mosul and Aleppo
alliance against 158, 162
army 233, 234
Baalbek siege 164
career 162
character 165
Damascus siege (1135) 158
death 169
Edessa conquest (1144) 165–9, 170, 187, 198
Homs siege (1137) 162–3
jihad 164–5, 169, 194, 237, 248
Montferrand siege 163–4
murder of monks 223
religion 237, 245
strategy 162
Zoroastrianism 16, 40, 46–7, 244 433
About the Author
Michael Haag
Historian and writer MICHAEL HAAG has written widely on the Egyptian, Classical, and Medieval worlds. He is the author of The Templars: The History & the Myth and Alexandria: City of Memory, a definitive study of Cavafy, Forster, and Lawrence Durrell in the city, as well as travel guides to Syria, Lebanon, and Egypt. He lives in London.
WWW.MICHAELHAAG.COM
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The Templars: The History & the Myth
Credits
Cover design by Richard Ljoenes
Cover artwork © RMN-Grand Palais /Art Resource, NY
Author photograph by Michael Haag
Copyright
Originally published in Great Britain in 2012 by Profile Books, Ltd.
THE TRAGEDY OF THE TEMPLARS. Copyright © 2013 by Michael Haag. All rights reserved under International and Pan-American Copyright Conventions. By payment of the required fees, you have been granted the nonexclusive, nontransferable right to access and read the text of this e-book on-screen. No part of this text may be reproduced, transmitted, downloaded, decompiled, reverse-engineered, or stored in or introduced into any information storage and retrieval system, in any form or by any means, whether electronic or mechanical, now known or hereinafter invented, without the express written permission of HarperCollins e-books.
FIRST U.S. EDITION
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data is available upon request.
ISBN 978-0-06-205975-8
EPub Edition August 2013 ISBN 9780062059772
13 14 15 16 17 /RRD 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
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