Matilda, queen, wife of Stephen 225
Matthew of Edessa, historian 117
Maundrell, Henry 330
mawalis (converts) 38–9, 44
Mecca
caravans 19, 261
defeat of al–Zubayr 30
direction of prayer 21, 26–7, 160, 244
holy city 36, 68, 334
Kaaba 19–20, 26, 62
Mohammed’s life 20–22, 33, 282
Night Journey 33–4
pilgrimage to 243
ports for 261, 272
Umayyad family 28, 32
Medina (formerly Yathrib)
holy city 36, 68, 334
Mohammed’s life 20–21
Muslim capital 25
Night Journey 34
ports for 261, 272
Melisende, queen of Jerusalem accession 147
Armenian alliance 151
Bethany buildings 239–40
Church of the Holy Sepulchre 198
Damascus alliance 162
death of husband 185
family 147, 166, 186, 240, 265
grant to Templars 152
joint rule with son 206
marriage 132
palace 147
regency 206
Melitene, fall (933) 60
Messina 229, 294
Methodius of Patara, bishop 84
Michael VII Ducas, Byzantine emperor 81, 82
Michael VIII Paleologus, Byzantine emperor 336
Michael Rabo, Syrian Orthodox patriarch of Antioch 168, 170–71
Michael the Syrian, Jacobite patriarch of Antioch 141, 142, 238
Milan, Edict of 10
Milites Templi (papal bull) 140 Militia Dei (papal bull) 140
Militia Sancti Petri 83
Milvian Bridge, battle 10
Mohammed
Companions 20, 28
daughter 28
death 19
descendants 44
footprint 33
life 20–22
Night Journey 2, 27, 33–4, 36, 68, 278, 280–81, 334
praying towards Mecca 26
relics 94
view of Jewish and Christian prophets 46
view of Zoroastrians 46
Mongols 314–15, 324, 335–7, 340
Montferrand, siege 163–4
Montfort, surrender to Baybars 317
Montgisard, battle (1177), 254–6, 258
Montségur, castle 247–8
Mosul
Saladin’s control 263, 264
seized (1174) 236
Mount of Olives 33, 52, 130
Muawiya, Umayyad caliph 28–9, 33
Muin al–Din Unur, Turkish ruler of Damascus 158, 160, 162, 169, 187, 207
al-Muizz, Fatimid caliph 66
Mujin al-Din Ibn al–Sufi 207–8
Muntasir, Abbasid caliph 59
al-Muqaddasi, chronicler 128
Muqaddasi, Mohammed ibn Ahmed, geographer 32, 35
Muslim, term 38
Mutawakkil, Abbasid caliph 50, 59
Myriokephalon, battle (1176) 256–7, 303
N
Nablus
Melisende at 206
truce arrangements (1229) 306, 309
Turkish raids (1113, 1137) 129, 133
al-Nasr Mohammed, Mameluke sultan 334
Nazareth 62, 139, 266, 316
Nestorianism 40–41, 239
Nicaea
First General Council of 13
siege and fall (1097) 107
Nicene Creed 13
Nicholas IV, pope 321
Nicophorus Phocas, Byzantine emperor 61, 62
Nizam al-Mulk, chief minister to Alp Arslan 75
North Africa 29–30
Nubians 235, 310
Nur al-Din, son of Zengi
accession 169
Antioch campaign 214
Antioch saved from 193–4
assaults on Muslim rivals 162, 164–5, 195
capture of Egypt 213–14
Damascus relations 187, 188, 207–8, 237
death 236
dynastic ambition 162, 164
Egyptian rule 235, 236
Egyptian strategy 209–10, 211–12
Inab siege 193
jihad 164, 192, 194–5, 208, 211, 237, 248, 280–81
Kurdish forces 210–11, 233
Second Crusade 182, 186
Sunni 195, 211, 233, 245
threat to Outremer 196, 198, 210, 218, 220
Tortosa destruction 221
treaty with Jerusalem 208
tribute to Franks 208
O
Odo of Montfaucon, Templar knight 178–9
Odo of Wirmis, Templar brother 224–5
Old Man of the Mountain 248, 250, 251
Omne Datum Optimum (papal bull) 139–40
Oultrejourdain 261
Outremer
Acre capital 300
Acre fall 328, 331
agreement with Saladin 299–300
agriculture 155
Armenian alliance 151
Byzantine relations 257
castles 218–20
Christian population 195
coast 133, 288, 289, 299, 329–30
Damascus policy 309–10
defence of 200, 214
encirclement of 188, 214, 264, 315
fall 127, 230, 329
Fifth Crusade 303–4
forces 267, 312
Frankish defences 163, 167
Frankish retreat 329
Frankish settlement 145–7, 153–6
frontiers 166, 219
history 209
La Forbie defeat 313
Mameluke aggression 324
Mameluke threat 288
Muslim population 156–7, 243–9
Muslim relations 5, 120, 127, 156–7, 236
name 2
Nur al-Din’s campaigns 194, 210, 218
pilgrims 241
ports 227, 228, 229
relationship with the West 188–9, 191–2, 193–4, 264, 335
religious tolerance 238–42
Saladin’s campaigns 4, 256, 263, 275–6
Second Crusade 185–9
Seventh Crusade 313–14
strategy against Saladin 264
Templar activities 126, 127, 134, 149–50, 172, 178–9, 226
Templar forces 204–5
Templar independence 140, 143
Templar lands 153, 217, 223
Templar strategy 319–20
Templar trade 228, 229–30
territory 133, 287
Turkish threat 210
P
Palestine
Abbasid rule 48, 58
Arab invasion 23, 123
Arab tribes 48, 58
Byzantine conquests (975–6) 62
Byzantine rule 14–15, 17
Christian population 88, 156
Christian recovery 207
civil wars (788, 792) 48–9
coastal depopulation 298
conditions after First Crusade 128–9
Fatimid invasion 64
Fatimid rule 67, 77, 80
Frankish population 156
Frankish rule 129
persecution of Christians 53, 60, 68–9, 334
pilgrim journeys 86–7, 123–5
restrictions on Christians and Jews 49
Roman rule 9
rural population 42, 48, 156
settlement pattern 298
Turkish conquest 79–81
Umayyad rule 27, 30–32, 45–6, 64
Papios, bishop 167
Paris Temple
arrest and imprisonment of Templars 345–6
construction 230
Inquisitorial hearings 349
papal use of funds 321
Second Crusade plans 178–9
site 230
stronghold 226, 231, 232, 345–6
Templar banking system 226
&
nbsp; treasury of France 179
Pastoralis Praeeminentiae (papal bull) 354
Payen of Montdidier, Templar knight 142
Pechenegs 89, 90
Pelagius, papal legate 304
People of the Book 39–40
People’s Crusade 106
Persians
Arab victories over 23
Byzantine attacks on 17
capture of Jerusalem (614) 16–17, 197
Christian pilgrims 11
conquest of Syria 66
converts to Islam 44, 46, 47
Peter, former Templar knight 346
Peter Damiani, cardinal 83–4
Peter the Hermit 91–2, 105–6
Peter of Sevrey, marshal of the Templars 328
Peter of les Vaux-de-Cernay, chronicler 246
Philip I, king of France 90, 95
Philip II, king of France 232, 293, 294, 296–7
Philip IV (the Fair), king of France
arrest of Templars 224, 248, 343, 345
arrests of Italian bankers and Jews 346, 352
Chinon hearings 359
crusade project 340–41
debts 352–3
heresy charge against Templars 347–8, 352
imperial ambitions 340
money from Hospitallers 366
motive for arrest of Templars 352–3
plan to merge Templars and Hospitallers 340–42
relationship with papacy 338–40, 352, 353–6, 361, 365
sister’s funeral 342
spies in Templar order 344–5
Templars burned at stake 363, 367, 368
pilgrimage
Acre port 289–90
Bethany 239–42
Christian 11–12
Compostela 94
crusaders 103, 106
economic importance 196–7, 283
entrance fees 2, 91, 284
hospital for pilgrims 1, 125–6, 199, 200, 283
Jerusalem sites 129–32, 198
journey to Jerusalem 54, 55–7, 77–9, 86–7, 123–5
Muslim 20, 32
Outremer landscape 129
protection money 79
Rome 336
Saladin’s policies 283–4, 299
Templar protection 125, 131, 134, 150, 178, 223, 331, 342
pirates 60, 78, 89, 327
Pisa, Pisans
at Acre 289, 292, 295–6, 323, 328
campaigns against Arabs 93
Constantinople community 257
Egyptian trade 65
fleet 292
Poitiers
battle (732) 37, 52
examination of Templars 356, 358, 359
meeting of pope and king 355, 362
papal court 339, 353–4, 355–6
Polo, Marco 230, 249
Poor Clares 301
Poor Fellow-Soldiers of Christ 1, 125, 126, 127
Portugal, Templars’ position 149
Praxedis, queen (wife of Henry IV) 90
Q
Qadmus, Assassin castle 248
Qalaat al-Kahf, Assassin castle 248
Qalaun, Mameluke sultan 321, 324–5
Qarmatian sect 62, 64–5
qibla (direction of prayer) 26–7, 160–61, 282
Quantum Praedecessores (papal bull) 172–4
Qutuz, Mameluke sultan 314–15
R
Raimbald of Caron, master of Cyprus 359
Ralph of Diss, dean of St Paul’s 255
Ralph of Patingy, Templar knight 178
Ramla 77, 79, 80
Raymond II, count of Tripoli 162–3, 250
Raymond III, count of Tripoli 210, 252, 264–71
Raymond, prince of Antioch 175, 181–2, 186, 193, 194, 195
Raymond of Aguilers, chronicler 111, 114–15
Raymond of Toulouse, count 104, 107, 113, 116, 121
Raynald of Chatillon, lord of Oultrejourdain 254–5, 261, 264, 265, 268, 272
Revelations, Book of 84
Rhodes, Hospitaller state 295, 341, 342
Richard I (the Lionheart), king of England
achievements 299–300
Acre capture 295–6, 300
agreement with Saladin 299
arrival in Holy Land 293, 295
Arsuf victory 297–8
birth 183
campaign against Saladin 296–7
capture of Cyprus 294–5, 329
departure from Holy Land 299
Jerusalem strategy 299, 304
journey to Holy Land 294–5
reliance on Templars 287–8, 297–8
sale of Cyprus to Guy 329
sale of Cyprus to Templars 295
Third Crusade 287–8, 299
Riley-Smith, Jonathan 92, 146
Robert, count of Flanders 89
Robert, duke of Normandy 104, 121
Robert of Craon, Grand Master 139, 178
Robert of Sablé, Grand Master 295
Robert the Monk 98, 99–100, 114, 115, 141
La Roche de Roissol, castle 150
Roger II, king of Sicily 180
Roger of Flor, captain of a Templar galley 327
Roman Empire 13–14
Romanus IV Diogenes, Byzantine emperor 75–6
Romanus Lecapenus, Byzantine emperor 60
Rome
Arab attack (846) 54–5
coronation of Charlemagne 52
fall of (476) 14, 15
papacy 15, 40, 82, 89, 122, 305, 339
pilgrims 94, 336
western empire 13
Rosetta, Templar raids (1300) 336
Rossal (Roland), Templar knight 142
Rostan Berenguier, poet 342
Ruad (Arwad), Templar base 333, 337–8, 340, 341
Rum, Seljuk sultanate 256, 257, 263
Runciman, Steven 116, 302–3
S
Saewulf of Canterbury 123–4
St Mark, Fustat 66
St Mary, Jerusalem 56
St Simeon, Aswan 236
St Simeon Stylites, church of (Syria) 33
Saladin (Salah al-Din)
Acre loss 296
Acre position 292–3
Acre siege (1187–88) 291–2
agreement with Richard 299
aims 252
army 234, 267–8
Arsuf defeat (1191) 297–8
Assassin relations 250
capture of Jacob’s Ford (1179) 222, 259–60
capture of Jerusalem (1187) 1–3, 5, 200–201, 280–82
career 4–5
childhood and education 233–4
death 288, 299, 300
defence of Alexandria 212
domination of local Muslim rulers 162
dynastic ambitions 3, 4, 164, 263
execution of prisoners 261–2, 298
Hattin victory 270–74, 298
illness (1186) 262–3
Jerusalem entry 280–82
Jerusalem siege (1187) 277–80
Jerusalem terms 278–80
jihad 69, 236, 237, 248, 262
Montgisard defeat (1177) 254–5
relationship with Richard 296, 298
reputation 3
resources 256
rule of Egypt 235
Sunni Islam 245
treaty with Raymond of Tripoli 265, 266–7
Tripoli invasion (1180) 261
truce with Baldwin 260, 261
vizier 213, 235
warfare against Muslims 262–3
will 262
al-Salih Ayyub, sultan of Egypt 309, 310, 311–12, 313–14
San Vitale, Ravenna 33
Saphet (Safad), castle
design 219
fall to Baybars 316, 317–18
Templar castle 222, 223
Sassanian kings 23, 46, 48
Scheherazade 48
Sebeos, Armenian historian 17, 18
Seljuk Turks
Baghdad caliphate 74, 119, 158, 162
Baghdad capture (1055) 74
Byzantine appeals to West 82–4, 90–91
Byzantine fight-back 89
Byzantine losses 81
decline 158
destruction of Ani (1064) 74–5
Fatimid campaigns against 81, 86
First Crusade 107–12, 180
frontiers 166, 179
invasion of Armenia 72, 74–5, 77
invasion of Palestine 80
invasion of Syria 72, 80
invasions 70, 71–2, 76–7
Jerusalem capture and occupation 72, 80, 86, 88, 112, 122, 147
Jerusalem loss to Fatimids (1098) 112
Manzikert victory (1071) 71, 76, 81
migration 74
Nur al-Din’s conquests over 208
Palestine rule 86
People’s Crusade 106
religion 74
revolt against 79–80
Rum sultanate 166, 256, 257, 263
Saladin’s career 4, 233–4
Second Crusade 180
threat 85–6, 92, 93
Urban’s speech 101
Sens, archbishop of 363, 367
Sephoria (Tzippori) 268–9
Shagarat al-Durr, wife of al–Salih 313–14
Shaizar (Cezer), emir of 159–60, 161–2
Shaizar, stronghold 182
Shawar, vizier 209–10, 211–14
Sheikh al-Jebel, leader of Assassins 248
Shia Islam
caliphate 44, 64, 75
Fatimids 63, 64–5, 88, 195, 211
Ismailis 63, 211, 237
Nur al-Din’s jihad 195, 237, 248
origins 44
uprising against Mamelukes 333
Shirkuh, Kurdish general 209–10, 211–12, 213, 233
Sibylla, queen of Jerusalem 209, 265, 277, 284
Sicilian Vespers 320–21
Sidon 228, 329
sieges
Frankish castles 218–19
Frankish strategy 163
Middle Ages 205
Saladin’s techniques 259–60
see also Acre, Damascus, Edessa, Jerusalem
Siffin, battle (657) 28
Simon, Franciscan brother 346
al-Sinaji, Mohammed 61
Sinan, Rashid al-Din 250, 251
slave trade 229–30
Sophronius, patriarch of Jerusalem 25
Spain
Alfonso VII’s crusade 177
Almohades 263
Almoravids 87, 93, 177
Arab invasion (711) 36
Cluniac priories 94
emirate of Cordoba 44
house of Aragon 321
independence (756) 58
pilgrims 174, 198
Reconquista 37, 93, 94, 149
Templars’ position 149, 179, 224, 229, 232, 354
Umayyads 52, 58
Springs of Cresson, battle (1187) 222, 266, 269, 275, 293
Stables of Solomon 202, 203
Sufism 237, 267
Suger, abbot of St Denis 173
Sulaiman, Umayyad caliph 36
Sunni Islam
Alp Arslan’s campaigns 75
Assassins and 248–9, 250, 252
battle with dualists 245
caliphate 44, 64, 233, 333–4
in Egypt 63, 65, 66, 211, 237
in Jerusalem 88
Kurds 211
Mamelukes 333–4