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    A History of Iran

    Page 41
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      and suppression of writers under Reza Shah, 225

      under Sassanids, 48–49, 62–63

      See also Architecture; Literature; Poetry

      Curzon, Lord, 215–216, 217

      Customs policies under Mozaffar od-Din, 200

      Cyaxares, 4

      Cyrus (Kurosh) and Achaemenid Empire, 12–16, 20, 21, 23, 26, 251. See also Achaemenid Empire

      Cyrus cylinder, 13–14, 15

      Daena, 8–9, 75

      Daghestan, 159–160

      Dahae tribe, 32

      Damascus, 76

      Daneshvar, Simin, 239

      Daqiqi Tusi, 86

      Dar al-Funun polytechnic school, 191, 196

      Daryaee, Touraj, 58

      D’Arcy, William Knox, oil concession, 200, 212

      Darius (Daryavaush), 17–20, 21, 23

      Darius III, 26, 28

      Darwinism, 116

      Darya-ye Nur jewel, 158, 171

      Dawkins, Richard, 116

      Dehqans, 47–48, 60, 87

      Deioces, 4

      Delhi, massacre by Nader Shah, 158

      Demonstrations

      after arrest of Khomeini in 1963, 242–243

      and Black Friday, 257

      broken up, 289–290

      and economic/religious elements in 1905, 201–202

      and Golhak in 1906, 202–203

      against government and land reform, 242

      and Montazeri’s funeral, 301

      for Palestinian cause, 299

      and social media, 298–299, 301

      by students in 1999, 280

      after 2009

      election, 296, 298–299, 301

      and Writers’ Association in 1977, 253

      Dietrich of Nieheim, 259

      Divan (Hafez), 115

      Divine Flashes (Iraqi), 109

      Divorce Iranian Style (film), 276

      Dualism

      and Manichaeism, 49–50, 52

      and Zoroastrianism, 7

      Dunsterville, Lionel, 214

      East India Company (EIC), 135, 177–178

      Eastern Orthodox Church, 53

      Ebadi, Shirin, 287, 294

      Ebtehaj, Abol-Hassan, 240

      Economy

      Ahmadinejad’s failure to deliver on, 286

      and conquests of Nader Shah, 157, 160, 162, 163

      difficulties under Mozaffar od-Din, 200–201

      growth from 1963

      to later 1970s, 246–247

      and growth in 1950s and 1960s, 240–241

      and industry under Reza Khan, 224

      inflation/out of control in 1970s, 247–248

      and late Safavid, 148

      in mid-1800s and foreigners, 194

      and Rafsanjani’s market freedom, 275

      revitalization under Abbasids, 80

      and sanctions by U.S., 275, 304, 311

      and Schuster and Russian desire to keep Iran poor, 209

      when Reza Shah came to power in 1926, 222

      in WWI and its aftermath, 214

      Education, 199, 224, 242, 247

      under Islamic Republic, 276–277

      Egypt, 17, 23, 30, 54

      Elam and Elamites, 2, 21

      Election, Iranian, Presidential of 2009

      demonstrations after, 296, 298–299, 301

      fraud suspicions with, 295–297

      governmental legitimacy harmed by, 302

      and Green Movement, 300–302

      and internal regime problems, 300, 303

      and probable fraud causing crisis, 299–300

      public opinion polls on, 301–302

      Revolutionary Guard Corps strengthened by, 300–301

      rumors explaining results of, 297

      U.S. policy decisions and, 300

      voter motivations in, 297–298

      Election, Iranian, Presidential of 2013, 304–305

      Emam Reza shrine, 212, 227

      Emami, Saeed, 278

      Emams, Shia, 127, 128

      Esma‘il, 131–134, 141–142

      Esma‘il III, 166, 168

      Ettela‘at newspaper, 265

      Eumenes of Cardia, 29

      Ezra, 25

      Family Protection Law, 252

      Famines, 194, 214

      Al-Farabi, 81

      Farazdaq, 261

      Farrokhzad, Forugh, 226

      Fascist political movements, 229

      Fath Ali Shah, 176–177, 182, 184, 185

      Fatima (daughter of Mohammad), 71, 76–77, 124, 133

      Fedai, 250, 267

      Ferdowsi, Abolqasem, 37, 60–61, 86, 105, 117

      Ferguson, Niall, 286

      Fiqh, 253

      Fisher, H. A. L., 123

      Fitzgerald, Edward, 91

      Forms only shadow of real world, 108, 109

      Foruhar, Dariush and Parvaneh, 252, 253, 278

      Four Journeys (Molla Sadra), 244

      France, 178, 179, 180, 231

      Fravashi, 9, 34

      Free will, 92

      Freedom Movement, 253, 257, 265, 267

      Frye, Richard N., 125

      Fusus al-Kikam, Seals of Wisdom (Ibn Arabi), 108, 244

      Ganji, Akbar, 287

      Gardane, Count (Claude Matthieu), 179, 180

      Garden of Truth, The (Sana’i), 95

      Gaumata, 17

      Genghis Khan, 100, 118

      Georgia, 178

      Gerard of Cremona, 82

      Germany, 213–214, 228

      Al-Ghazali, 95

      Ghaznavids, 84, 86–87, 88, 89, 90, 104

      Ghuluww (extreme), 130, 131, 141

      Gibbon, Edward, 51, 62

      Gnostics, 49, 53, 94

      Golestan, Garden of Roses (Sa‘di), 110, 111

      Golhak protest of 1906, 202–203

      Gorbachev, Mikhail, 270

      Gordian, Emperor, 46

      Gotarzes, 33

      Governmental system

      and Abbas the Great, 135, 137–138

      and Abbasids, 78, 80, 84

      changes made by Sassanids, 47–48, 59–60

      Iranian election of 2009

      harming legitimacy of, 302

      Mohammad Reza Shah’s failure to establish representative, 252

      more representative than most Middle Eastern countries, 287

      and Nader Shah, 161

      in Qajar state, 183–184

      and religion controlled by state in 1990s, 271–272

      and resiliency of Persian scholar-bureaucrats, 120

      of Seljuk Turks according to Persianate Abbasid model, 90

      and Siyasat-Nameh or The Book of Government, 90

      and velayat-e faqih established by Khomeini, 253–254, 263–264

      Grand Bargain, 284, 289, 293

      Great Game, The, 187

      Greeks, 23–24, 32, 48, 81

      Green Movement, 300–302

      Griboyedov, Alexander, 182, 184

      Guardian Council, 264, 286, 297, 304, 306

      Gulf War in 1991, 274

      Gunpowder, 135, 141

      Hadiqat al-haqiqa, The Garden of Truth (Sana’i), 95–96

      Hadith, 82, 83, 172

      Hadrian, 42

      Haeri, Shaykh Abdolkarim, 244

      Hafez (Shams al-Din Mohammad Shirazi), 87, 112–115, 116, 118

      Hajji Firoz Tepe, 2

      Hajji Mirza Aqasi, 187

      Al-Hallaj, 94

      Hamas, 286, 290

      Harun al-Rashid, 84

      Hebrew script, 10

      Hecht, Anthony, 46–47

      Hedayat, Sadeq, 225, 255

      Hephtalite Huns, 58, 59, 63

      Heraclius, Emperor, 64–65

      Herat, 120, 192

      Herodotus, 1, 4, 9, 15, 18, 19, 27, 251

      Hezbollah, 263, 265, 266, 272, 286, 290

      Hezekiah, 13

      Hidden Emam, 188, 204, 253, 261

      Hijra, 70

      Hokumat-e Eslami: Velayat-e Faqih (Khomeini), 253

      Holocaust, 230, 290

      Hormuz, straits of, 135

      Hormuzd, 55, 56

      Hormuzd IV, 63, 66

     
    Hosein (son of Ali, grandson of Mohammad), 77, 123–124, 126–127, 173–175

      House of Justice (adalatkhaneh), 202

      Hoveyda, Amir Abbas, 253, 263

      Hulagu, 104

      Human rights issues, 250, 252, 279

      Hunayn ibn Ishaq, 81

      IAEA. See International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA)

      Ibn Arabi, 108–109, 138, 244, 260, 270

      Ibn Khaldun, 72, 83, 118–120

      Ibsen, Henrik, 111–112

      Ijtihad, 172

      Imperial Bank of Persia, 194–195

      India

      conquests in by Nader Shah, 157–158

      invasion of and establishment of Delhi Sultanate, 104–105

      and Iran’s importance to Britain, 212

      Moghul Empire, 139, 157–158

      and Timur, 118

      Indo-European family of peoples, 1

      Infant mortality rate, 247

      International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA), 291, 304, 310

      Iran and Iranians

      first inscriptions referring to, 45

      formal use of name in 1935, 226

      idea of, about culture/language not race/territory, 3

      identity of, 45, 117

      map of modern, 260

      Median state to become empire of, 5

      special sense of status among Middle Eastern nations, 285

      Iran/Contra affair, 269, 273

      Iran/Iraq war, 267–269, 274, 275

      Iranian settlers/migrations, 1, 2–3, 4, 6

      Iraq

      and Iran/Iraq war, 267–269, 274, 275

      shrine cities of southern, 132, 268

      Al-Iraqi, Fakhroddin, 107–110

      Iraq War (Second Gulf War), 288–289

      Ironside, General, 216–218, 219

      Isfahan, 118, 135, 136, 150, 152, 153, 167, 169, 249

      Islam, 69–71

      and al-Afghani, 198

      conversion of Iranians to, 75

      and corrupt authority vs. pious austerity, 126

      and earliest relations with Jews, 70

      and Manichaeism, 51

      and Mu‘tazilis vs. traditionalist Sunni ulema, 82–83

      and strict rules under Maljesi, 147

      Islamic Republic of Iran

      establishment of, 263

      and reconstruction, 274–276

      and reform platform of Katami, 277–281

      and repression of immorality in public, 289

      and sovereignty of its borders, 289

      still space for dissent and change, 287

      and women, 276–277

      Islamic Republic Party (IRP), 264, 266

      Islamic State (IS), 311

      Ismaili or “Sevener” branch of Shi‘ism/Assassins, 103–104, 128

      Israel

      and Ahmadinejad, 290–291

      early conquest of and deportations to Iran, 9

      emigration to, 279

      Iran’s hostile relationship towards, 278, 280, 284

      and nuclear-armed Iran, 286–287, 292, 310–311

      See also Jews and Judaism

      Ja‘far al-Sadiq, 128

      Jalal al-Din, 103

      Jami, 115

      Jangali movement, 212, 213, 214, 218

      JCPOA. See Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action (JCPOA)

      Jerusalem, 14–15, 25, 65

      Jesuits, 128

      Jesus of Nazareth, 5, 50, 52, 110

      Jews and Judaism, 9–10

      attacks and persecution of, 103, 140, 186–187, 208

      attitudes towards in late nineteenth century, 198–199

      and constitution of 1906

      and Majles, 204

      emigration to Israel and US, 279

      in 1930s, 229

      Mazdaen influence on, 9–10

      and Mohammad, 69, 70

      and Mohammad Reza Shah, 251–252

      and orphaned children helped to Palestine, 230

      and Parthians, 34, 40

      and sacking of Christian Jerusalem in 614, 65

      saving of by Sardari in France, 231

      and Shapur, 50

      tolerance towards, 14–15, 57, 74, 157

      under Islamic Republic, 279–280

      See also Israel

      Jizya tax, 74

      Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action (JCPOA), 309–310, 312

      Jordan, 288

      Julian, Roman Emperor, 55–56

      Justice, 21, 57

      Justinian, Byzantine Emperor, 62

      Ka‘ba of Mecca, 71

      Kadivar, Mohsen, 274

      Karbala, 77, 124–125, 126–127, 173–175, 268, 287

      Karim Khan Zand, 166, 168, 169, 184, 253

      Kashani, Ayatollah Abol-Ghasem, 237, 240, 245

      Kasravi, Ahmad, 233–234, 238

      Katouzian, Homa, 45, 287

      Kavad I, 58–61

      Kavad II, 65

      Kayhan newspaper, 265

      Kermani, Mirza Reza, 198

      Khadija (wife of Mohammad), 71

      Khamenei, Ayatollah Ali, 269, 273, 284, 295, 300, 302, 306–308

      Ahmadinejad’s public dispute with, 303

      Ahmadinejad’s reelection supported by, 297

      Khanaqas, Sufi, 94

      Kharijites, 76, 126

      Khatami, Mohammad, 277–281, 284, 296–297, 300

      Khomeini, Ayatollah Ruhollah, 243–244, 245, 303, 306

      arrest in 1963, 242

      article attacking in 1978, 256

      attacks upon U.S. government in 1963–4, 242, 243, 245

      and Bazargan as prime minster, 262

      becomes leading opponent to shah in 1963–4, 245

      and constitution, 245, 264

      criticism of closed-minded mullahs, 271

      death of in 1989, 269–270

      and denunciation of Persepolis event, 251

      exile of in 1964, 243, 245

      and fatwa vs. The Satanic Verses, 270, 273

      and government by ulema, 253–254

      and Ibn Arabi and Perfect Man, 108, 244, 260–261

      and letter to Gorbachev, 270–271

      and protection of Jews, 279

      return to Iran in February 1979, 258, 259–260

      and Revolutionary Council, 262

      and silencing of opposing Shi‘a leaders, 264

      and violence/repression, 262, 263, 265, 266

      Khorasan, 77, 80, 95, 103, 151

      Khorasani, Mohammad Kazem, 206–207

      Khorramites, 15, 83, 130

      Khosraw Anushirvan, 31, 59–60, 61–63

      Khosraw Parvez, 64–66

      Khosraw va Shirin (Nizami Ganjavi), 96

      Khwarezm, 100

      Kiarostami, Abbas, 293

      Kimiya-ye sa‘a-dat, The Alchemy of Happiness (al-Ghazali), 95

      Al-Kindi, 81

      Kingship, Sassanid concept of, 57

      Komitehs (revolutionary committees), 262

      Konya, 105

      Kuchek Khan, 212, 218

      Kuh-e Nur diamond, 158, 165

      Kurdish Democratic Party (KDP), 267

      Kurds and Kurdistan, 161, 262–263

      Land reform, 242, 246

      Layla and Majnoun (Nizami Ganjavi), 96–97

      Leonidas, 25

      Lezges of Daghestan, 159–160, 181

      Life expectancy, 276

      Literature

      banning of works by Hedayat, 225

      great body had been created by fifteenth century, 115

      and shu‘biyya movement, 79

      under Reza Khan, 225–226

      See also Poetry

      Lotf Ali Khan Zand, 170–171

      Love, 85, 96, 97, 98, 113, 116

      Macedon and Macedonians, 25, 26–30

      Machiavelli, Niccolo, 90, 148

      Macrinus, 43

      Madreseh tradition, 138, 140

      Magi, 9, 15, 17–20, 50, 53

      Magian wine (mey-e moghaneh), 93

      Mahmud Ghilzai, 150

      Majles or national assembly, 203–204, 206, 208, 211, 212, 231

      and Anglo-Persian agreement of 1919, 216


      attack upon by Mohammad Ali Shah, 207

      blocked by hardliner elements during Khatami presidency, 281

      and parties to support Mohammad Reza, 240, 250

      and Reza Khan, 219–220, 222, 224–225

      Schuster’s comments on, 210

      and seats for minorities, 279

      under Khomeini constitution, 264

      Makhmalbaf, Moshen and Samira, 293

      Malcolm, John, 171, 177, 178, 196

      Maleki, Khalil, 238

      Malkom Khan, 195, 196

      Al-Ma‘mun, 80–81

      Mandaeans, 50

      Mani, 49–51

      Manichaeism, 49–53, 59

      Al-Mansur, 79, 81

      Mantiq al-tayr, The Conference of the Birds (Attar), 97–100

      Marduk, 14, 25

      Marja, 173, 207

      Marlowe, Christopher, 221

      Martyrdom, 267–268

      Maryam Begum, 146, 147, 149

      Mashdad shrine, 137

      Mashhad University, 255

      Mashruteh (constitution), 202–205, 264. See also Constitutional Revolution of 1905–1911

      Masnavi of Rumi, 106

      Massagetae, 15

      Maurice, Emperor, 63, 64

      Mazdaism, 7, 8, 9, 10, 15

      and accession of Darius, 19–20

      and Ardashir, 44

      and Arsacids and Sassanids, 34

      becomes Zoroastrianism, 55

      and brotherhoods of fifteenth century, 130

      codification of under Sassanids, 54–55

      and fire altars by Sassanids, 49

      influence on Judaism, 10

      and Manichaeism, 49, 50–51

      massacres at Ray and Istakhr by invading Arabs, 75

      and Mithraism, 41–42

      and Shahnameh, 86

      and shu‘ubiyya movement, 79

      systematic recording of texts of, 40

      See also Avesta; Zoroaster and Zoroastrianism

      Mazdak, 59, 60–61

      Mazdakism, 15, 59, 61, 83

      Mecca, 69, 70, 71, 123, 125–126

      Medes and Median Empire, 4–5, 12

      Medina, 69–70

      “Mental reservation,” 128

      Merv massacre, 100, 102

      Mesopotamia, 2, 42

      Messiah, 8, 51, 129

      Migration, internal, 246

      Military matters

      and cavalry and dehqans, 60

      and cavalry exercises of Nader, 153

      during Achaemenid empire, 26

      and expansion of army under Reza Shah, 222–223

      of Fath Ali Shah no match for European powers, 182–183

      and feminine approach, 28–29

      and financial overextension, 184

      and military revolution by Nader Shah, 161–162

      and Mithraism, 41

      and oil revenue and U.S. aid, 239–240

      and Parthian arrows, 34, 36

      Roman tortoise/armor, 39, 40

      and Safavids, 135, 141

      and testing of Shahab III missile, 281

      and use of horses by time of Darius III, 26

      Millspaugh, Arthur, 223, 232

      Mind, empires of future are, 283

     


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