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Index
A | B | C | D | E | F | G | H | I | J | K | L | M | N | O | P | Q | R | S | T | U | V | W | X | Y | Z
A
Abell, Paul, 308
Adam, ancestral, 327, 329
Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, 149–50, 166, 171, 201
Afar region and language, 136, 137, 138, 148, 190, 193
African Medical and Research Foundation (AMREF), 116–18, 291
Africans, modern, 335
Africa’s Vanishing Art (Mary Leakey), 45–46
Afropithecus turkanensis, 48
A.L.666-1, 221
Alemseged, Zeresenay, 133
Alexeev, Valery, 219–20
Allen’s rule, 315
Allia Bay, 151–56
altricial babies, 228
Amin, Idi, 41
anamensis-afarensis lineage, 155, 176, 180, 181, 188, 192. See also single-lineage hypothesis
Anancus, 95, 96
Antarctica, 267, 286, 309–11
antelopes and antelope fossils, 91, 100, 178, 190–91, 245
anthrax, 72
Anthropocene, 344–45
Antiquities and Monuments Act, 304
Antón, Susan, 295–302
Apak Member, 83–86, 88, 92, 94, 96, 100, 106, 109, 157
apes. See also chimpanzees; gorillas
fossils of, 47–49, 170
versus hominins, 172–73
modern, 108, 150, 153, 162–64, 171, 208, 233, 282
aphelion, 258, 260
Arabian Desert, 276
Arabian Peninsula, 276
Arambourg, Camille, 183
Archaeopotamus harvardi, 87, 88
Archaeopotamus lothagamensis, 87–88
Ardipithecus (genus), 204
Ardipithecus kadabba, 173–75
Ardipithecus ramidus, 148–50, 151, 166, 168, 171–72
Armstrong, Neil, 3
Asfaw, Berhane, 201
Australia, 86, 188, 313, 332–33
Australians, Aboriginal, 148, 332–33
Australopithecus (genus), 138, 181, 182, 183, 204–6, 255
Australopithecus afarensis. See also anamensis-afarensis lineage; Lucy
A. africanus and, 178
A. anamensis and, 155–56, 166–68
A. bahrelghazali and, 192
Allia Bay fossils and, 151
brain size and, 162, 190
Hadar and Laetoli fossils and, 131, 133, 136–37, 171
hand bones of, 165–68
Hobbit bones and, 282
Kanapoi fossils and, 143–44, 153–55
Lomekwi expedition and, 100, 193, 201–4, 207
teeth of, 166–68
Australopithecus africanus, 177–81, 183, 201, 202, 295
Australopithecus anamensis. See also anamensis-afarensis lineage
A. afarensis and, 166–68
ancestors and descendants of, 170–72, 175, 176, 191
Ardipithecus ramidus and, 168, 171–72
environment of, 157, 159, 161
Flat Face and, 204
Little Foot and, 180
mandible found by Nzube, 159
maxilla found by Wambua, 237
MRD (cranium), 155–56
Australopithecus bahrelghazali, 192
Australopithecus ghari, 190–91
Australopithecus prometheus, 180
Australopithecus sediba, 180, 190, 191
autism, 252
B
Bab-el-Mandeb Strait, 276
baboon fossils, 177, 184–85
baboons, 25–26, 28–29, 162, 164–65, 250, 282, 344
balance, 254, 255
balloon barrage, 6
Bayaka pygmies, 335
The Beak of the Finch (Weiner), 103
Behrensmeyer, Kay, 30–31, 77, 79–80, 270
Belgium, 313
Benson (assistant), 145–46
Berger, Lee, 180
Bergmann’s rule, 315
Bering Strait, 334
biodiversity, 323
bipedalism
Ardipithecus kadabba and, 174
Ardipithecus ramidus and, 149–50
Australopithecus afarensis and, 162
Australopithecus africanus and, 177–78
brain size and, 214, 230
diet and, 189
gestation period and, 226, 228–29
hominins versus apes and, 172
Homo definition and, 215
human evolution into, 90, 101, 107–8, 110, 131–33, 135, 138–39
manual dexterity and, 162, 168–69
Orrorin tugenensis and, 173–74
running and, 253–55
Sahelanthropus tchadensis and, 175
birth canals, 226–29, 233
Black, Davidson, 209, 210
Black Skull, 54, 182–83, 188, 190
Bobe, René, 270
Bodo cranium from Ethiopia, 305
body louse, 336–37
body shape and climate, 315–16
body temperature regulation, 110
Boise, Charles, 181–82
bonobos, 251–53. See also chimpanzees
Booth, Cynthia, 23–24, 25, 26, 27
Boule, Marcellin, 314
bovids, evolution of, 41, 90, 101, 270
Bowen, Mark, 311
Brachypotherium, 91
brain enlargement
bipedalism and, 133, 162
cerebral rubicon, 214–15, 218
empathy and, 252–53
food uptake and, 107, 243–44, 248–49
hunting and, 248–49, 250, 253, 255
manual dexterity and, 162
migration out of Africa and, 340
brain size at birth, 225–29, 232–33
brain-to-body-size ratio, 218, 230
Bramble, Dennis, 245–47, 249, 253–55
Bronfman, George, 120
Broom, Robert, 177–78
Brown, Frank, 61–62, 196–99, 231, 259–61, 269, 308–9
Brownlee, Mr., 48
browsers, 91, 92, 95, 100, 101, 203
Brunet, Michel, 174–75, 180, 192
Brunhes, Bernard, 266
Brunhes Normal Epoch, 266
Buluk, Kenya, 47, 48
Burrowed Bed, 198
Bushmen of the Kalahari, 248
C
C3 and C4 photosynthesis, 98–101, 106
cactus finches, 103, 104
calcium absorption, 338, 339–40
calcium carbonate, 263–
64, 265
camels, 34
Campbell, Bob, 121–23, 141–42, 145–47, 216
canine teeth
in cats, 109
comparisons between, 149, 150, 171–72, 175, 178
honing and nonhoning, 172–73, 175, 184–85
Kanapoi specimens, 140, 150, 152–54
snout size and, 176, 181
Cape buffaloes, 134
capitate (hand bone), 166, 168, 282
carbon emissions, 99
carbon isotopes, 97, 98, 165
carnivores
early hominins and, 108–10, 161, 187, 203, 240, 244
extinction of, 270–71
fossils of, 70, 161
carrying angle, 131, 132
Caspari, Rachel, 237
Catalan Institute of Palaeontology Miguel Crusafont i Pairó, 276
Centre for Prehistory and Palaeontology, 20, 26
Cercopithecinae (cercopithecines), 25–26
Cercopithecus monkeys, 189
cerebral rubicon, 214–15, 218
Cerling, Thure, 96–100, 183–84
Chad, 174–75, 192, 193
Chaplin, George, 338–40
Cheboi, Kiptalam, 159
cheetahs, 34–35, 246
childhood, extended, 229–30, 237–38
chimpanzees
birthing, 225–29
cognitive skills of, 251–53
dental development in, 232
foetal and infant development, 226–27, 229, 230, 232
fossils of, 170
genome sequencing, 330
hands of, 163, 165, 168