they supported the American government: The poll for Amy Zegart was conducted by YouGov. The author is grateful to Professor Zegart for sharing the polling data.
CIA officials hadn’t learned of his death: Mark Landler and Choe Sang-Hun, “In Kim Jong-Il Death, an Extensive Intelligence Failure,” The New York Times (December 19, 2011).
were beginning to stream through: The description of the Benghazi attack comes primarily from a detailed timeline contained in the investigative report of the State Department’s Accountability Review Board. Additional details came from interviews with several American officials.
This just is not an intelligence mission: Author interview with Ross Newland.
it is no longer a stop for tourists: The author is grateful to Timothy Pratt for his reporting from Indian Springs, Nevada.
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PHOTO CREDITS
1: AP Photo/HLG.
2: AP Photo/Jason Reed, Pool.
3: Paul Hosefros/The New York Times/Redux.
4: AP Photo/Mike Wintroath.
5: Dino Fracchia/REA/Redux.
6: AP Photo/Canadian Press, Tom Hanson.
7: AP Photo/CIA.
8: Courtesy of W. Ross Newland.
9: AP Photo/Gary Mangkron.
10: Tariq Mahmood/AFP/Getty Images.
11: AP Photo/Anjum Naveed.
12: Brendan Smialowski/The New York Times/Redux.
13: Courtesy of Arthur Keller.
14: AP Photo/Jacquelyn Martin.
15: AP Photo.
16: Mohamed Abbasheikh, 2012, all rights reserved.
17: AP Photo/Pablo Martinez Monsivais, Pool.
18: Stephen Crowley/The New York Times/Redux.
19: Mark St George/Rex Features/AP.
20: AP Photo/Hamza Ahmed, File.
21: AP Photo/K. M. Chaudary.
22: AP Photo/U. S. Navy, Spc. 1st Class William John Kipp Jr., File.
23: Left: AP Photo/Qazi Rauf. Right: Warrick Page/The New York Times/Redux.
24: Linda Spillers/The New York Times/Redux.
INDEX
The page numbers in this index refer to the printed version of this book. To find the corresponding locations in the text of this digital version, please use the “search” function on your e-reader. Note that not all terms may be searchable.
Abbas, Abu, 54
Abdulmutallab, Umar Farouk, 232, 304, 305
Abizaid, John
Damadola raid and, 135
Ethiopian invasion of Somalia and, 148–49
Abu Nidal organization, 57
Abu Salim prison, 254
Achille Lauro (cruise ship) hijacking, 54
Addington, David, 9
Adkins, Jim, 53
Afghanistan, 51, 112
CIA–ISI cooperation during Soviet occupation of, 27
Kayani’s thesis on controlling Afghanistan during occupation, 112–13
Soviet invasion and occupation of, 48
Afghanistan War, 5, 63, 138, 192–94, 197, 219, 229, 258, 299, 315
competition and mistrust between CIA and Pentagon in, 17–19
Defense Department dependence on CIA at start of, 67–68
initial strategy of CIA in late 2001, 12–13, 32–33
Khairkhwa’s pursuit and capture, 21–23
Pakistan’s efforts to get Omar to give up bin Laden, 31–32
Taliban pushed out of Afghan cities, 20
Afghan Resistance Movement (ARM), 112–13
AfPax Insider project, 194–99
Afrah, Mohamed Qanyare, 137
Afridi, Shakil
arrest and sentencing of, 295–97
as CIA source, 279–84, 286
Ahlu Sunna Waljama (ASWJ), 251–52
Ahmed, Abdullahi Yusuf, 144, 146–47
Ahmed, Ibrahim Saeed. See al-Kuwaiti, Abu Ahmed
Ahmed, Mahmud, 28–29, 32, 33
Ahmed, Sharif Sheikh, 249
Ahmed, Shirwa, 151
Alec Station (bin Laden–hunting unit), 91, 163, 319
Ali, Sheikh Hassan Yaqub, 251
Al Jazeera, 180, 231
Allen, Charles E., 88, 90, 91, 92, 98
Allen, John, 294
Alliance for the Restoration of Peace and Counter-Terrorism (ARPCT), 137–38, 141–43
al Qaeda, 12–13, 14, 81
Arab Spring and, 255
Haqqani and, 35
Kenya and Tanzania bombings by, 27
legal authority for Pentagon to wage war against, 77
in North and East Africa, 138–39, 246
in Pakistan, 37–38, 265–66, 269–72
SOCOM’s lack of actionable intelligence on, 66–67
in Somalia, 140–41
in Yemen, 138–39
al Qaeda in Mesopotamia, 229–30
al Qaeda in the Arabian Peninsula (AQAP), 139
al-Awlaki tracked and killed in Yemen, 302–10
bin Nayef assassination attempt by, 213–16, 229, 232
U.S. covert actions in Yemen against, 229–34
al Qaeda Network Execute Order, 128–29
al Shabaab, 139–40, 142, 147–48, 151, 241, 242, 243, 245–47, 249–52
American Civil Liberties Union, 222–23, 312–13
Andrews, Robert, 65–66, 67, 68, 75, 78, 178–79
Angleton, James, 92, 153
Arab Spring, 252–55, 316
Archangel, 239
Armitage, Richard, 28–29, 33
Army. See Delta Force; Green Berets; Rangers
Ashby, Turner, 145
al-Asiri, Abdullah, 213–16
al-Asiri, Ibrahim, 215, 232
assassinations, 43–46
Blackwater-phase of CIA killing program, 121–26
Ford’s banning of, 46, 88, 300
Lebanese hit men, training of, 54–55
legal opinions justifying Obama’s targeted-killing operations, 300–1
by Predator drone strikes (See Predator drones)
targeted-killing program, 217–20, 221, 226–28, 300–1, 312–15
atmospherics, 195
Aurakzai, Ali Jan, 36–38, 170–71
Authorization for Use of Military Force (AUMF), 77
Aweys, Hasan Dahir, 139, 140, 142
al-Awlaki, Abdulrahman, 310–12
al-Awlaki, Anwar, 302–10, 312
background of, 302–4
drone hunt for and strike on, 306–10
legal justification for killing of, 304–5
al-Awlaki, Nasser, 302, 303, 312
Ayro, Aden Hashi Farah, 140, 150
Bagh, Mangal, 280–81
Bajaur operation, 115–17, 132
Balkan War, 60–61, 90–91
Ballarin, Michele, 143–47, 238–42, 247–53
building ties to Sufi groups in North and East Africa, 248, 250–52
CIA turns down services of, 239–40
in Mali, 325–26
Pentagon contract awarded to, 240–41
plot to assassinate al Shabaab leaders, 249–50
Somali piracy and, 238–39, 247–48
al-Banna, Ibrahim, 311
Baradar, Abdul Ghani, 269
Battle of Mogadishu (Black Hawk Down episode), 141, 142, 245, 251
Bay of Pigs operation, 220
BBC, 103, 109
Beirut embassy bombing, 54
Benghazi attack, 316–17
Bennett, John, 268, 269
Bergdahl, Bowe, 202, 203
Berger, Sandy, 89, 92, 93–94
Berlin Wall, 58
Biden, Joe, 228
bin al-Shibh, Ramzi, 40
bin Laden, Osama, 6, 11, 15, 17–18, 34, 78, 88–89, 232, 319
&
nbsp; Arab Spring and, 255
al-Harethi’s bombing of Cole ordered by, 86
hunt for, 162–67, 265, 270–72, 283–84
9/11 Commission critical of CIA’s inability to kill, 81
SEALs’ mission to kill, 133, 284–89
U.S. pressure on ISI to push Taliban to turn over, 27–28, 31–32
bin Laden-hunting unit (Alec Station), 91, 163, 319
bin Nayef, Muhammad, 213–16, 217, 229, 232
Black, J. Cofer, 11–12, 14, 15, 32, 33, 91, 123, 319
Black Hawk Down episode (Battle of Mogadishu), 141, 142, 245, 251
Blackstar, 239, 241
Blackwater USA, 122–25, 240, 258, 325, 327
Blackwater Worldwide, 243
Blair, Dennis, C.
as Director of National Intelligence, 223–26
fired after public criticisms of CIA secret operations, 234–35
as Military Support to CIA, 60–61
Blee, Richard, 91–92, 268
as advocate of drone program, 91, 319
reflecting on targeted-killing program, 319
Bolivia, 48–49
Bosnia, 61
Boykin, William, 79–80
Branch, Austin, 195
Brennan, John, 5, 231
al-Awlaki killing and, 302, 304–5, 308
as Obama’s counterterrorism adviser, 216–18, 220
British intelligence
MI5, 166
MI6, 6–7, 40
Bush, George H. W., 199
Bush, George H. W. administration, 76–77
Bush, George W., 12, 13, 20, 31, 53, 57, 77, 87, 156, 219, 226, 253–54, 314
advised by Rumsfeld and Goss against stripping CIA of military operations, 81–82
CIA tasked with global manhunt by, 10–11
daily briefings of, 13–14
drone strikes and, 218, 265, 267
escalation of CIA’s covert war in Pakistan ordered by, 173
Iraq surge ordered by, 186
Musharraf’s meeting with, 34
North Waziristan peace agreement and, 170–72
order granting CIA power to kill, 9
terrorists and patrons to be treated alike, 28–29
Bush, George W., administration, 40, 41, 58, 179–80, 192, 207, 314
escalation of drone strikes in Pakistan in 2008, 265–67
legal opinions justifying extreme interrogations, 300–1