4. Shanghai – Longhua Camp, from an interview with Rachel Bosebury Beck, Shanghai High School International Division
5. Lyn Smith, Young Voices: British Children Remember the Second World War (London: Viking, 2007), 296
6. Ibid.
7. Ibid.
8. ‘One Suitcase, No Toys’ by Rose of Java, WW2 People’s War, Article ID: A3712231, BBC History, 24 February 2005, accessed 19 March 2010
9. Ibid.
10. Ibid.
11. ‘Nel’s Story: Part III: Internment in Work Camp Kampong-Makassar’ by anak-bandung, WW2 People’s War, Article ID: A2797338, BBC History, , 30 June 2004, accessed 22 January 2010
12. Ibid.
13. Ibid.
14. ‘Tjideng Camp – 1942 to 1945 (a women and children’s internment camp in Batavia) Hetty’s Story’, Children of Far East Prisoners of War (COFEPOW), Website: www.cofepow.org, accessed 13 January 2009
15. ‘A Lost Youth’ by greyladies, WW2 People’s War, Article ID: A8049378, BBC History, 26 December 2005, accessed 1 May 2010
16. ‘Phyllis Briggs’s War – Life in the Dutch Houses [P. Thom : Part 5]’ by Bournemouth Libraries, WW2People’s War, Article ID: A3478179, BBC History, accessed 27 November 2008
17. Ibid.
18. Ibid.
19. ‘Prisoner of War Memories’ by Cassandra Jardine, Daily Telegraph, 29 November 1997
20. Ibid.
21. Ibid.
22. Lyn Smith, Young Voices: British Children Remember the Second World War (London: Viking, 2007), 294
23. Ibid.
24. Ibid.
25. ‘Tucsonan Recalls POW Ordeal after Japan Captured Corregidor’ by Bonnie Henry, The Arizona Daily Star, http://www.azstarnet.com, accessed 15 May 2008
26. Max Hastings, Nemesis: The Battle for Japan, 1944-45 (London: Harper Perennial, 2008), 247
27. ‘Japanese Internment Camp in China’ by Moira Barbara, WW2 People’s War, Article ID: A4038220, BBC History, 9 May 2005, accessed 21 January 2010
28. Ibid.
29. Ibid.
30. Ibid.
31. Keat Gin Ooi, Japanese Empire in the Tropics: Selected Documents and Reports of the Japanese Period in Sarawak, North West Borneo, 1941-1945, Ohio University Center for International Studies, Monographs in International Studies, SE Asia Series 101, 1998, 332
32. Ibid: 391
Chapter 11 – The Last Tenko
1. ‘Shanghai – Longhua Camp’, from an interview with Rachel Bosebury Beck, Shanghai High School International Division
2. Ibid.
3. War Ministry to Commanding General of Military Police, Taiwan, 1August 1944, Document No. 2710, Record Group 238, Box 2015, (National Archives and Records Administration (NARA), Washington D.C.)
4. Ibid.
5. George Duncan’s Historical Facts of World War II: Massacres and Atrocities of World War II, Pacific (including Dutch East Indies) http://members.iinet.net.au/~gduncan/massacres_pacific.html# Pacific
6. War Ministry to Commanding General of Military Police, Taiwan, 1August 1944, Document No. 2710, Record Group 238, Box 2015, (National Archives and Records Administration (NARA), Washington D.C.)
7. ‘Heather Burch remembers Lunghwa CAC’, interview, Shanghai High School International Division
8. Ibid.
9. Bernice Archer, The Internment of Western Civilians under the Japanese, 1941–1945, A Patchwork of Internment (Routledge, 2004), 206
10. Author to supply ref for Bates at proof.
11. ‘My Experiences in Japanese Concentration Camps on Java, Indonesia’ by Johan Rijkee, WW2 People’s War, Article ID: A4180169, BBC History, http://www.bbc.co.uk/history, accessed 3 January 2009
12. Ibid.
13. Ibid.
14. Ibid.
15. Ibid.
16. ‘Nel’s Story: Part III: Internment in Work Camp Kampong-Makassar’ by anak-bandung, WW2 People’s War, Article ID: A2797338, BBC History, 30 June 2004, accessed 22 January 2010
17. Lord Russell of Liverpool, The Knights of Bushido: A Short History of Japanese War Crimes (London: Greenhill Books, 2005), 210
18. Gavan Daws, Prisoners of the Japanese: POWs of the Second World War in the Pacific (London: Pocket Books, 2006), 350
19. ‘A Lost Youth’ by greyladies, WW2 People’s War, Article ID: A8049378, BBC History, 26 December 2005, accessed 1 May 2010
20. Ibid.
Chapter 12 – The Lost Children
1. ‘British PoWs vow to fight on’, BBC News, 26 November 1998, http://www.bbc.co.uk/news, accessed 10 January 2009
2. ‘My Memories of Being a Child Civilian Internee’ by Eileen Page (nee Harris), Children of Far East Prisoners of War Association, Website: www.cofepow.org, accessed 5 January 2009
3. ‘Lost’ by Arie den Hollander, Children of Far East Prisoners of War Association, www.cofepow.org, accessed 10 January 2009
4. Ibid.
5. Ibid.
6. Ibid.
7. Ibid.
8. Ibid.
9. Ibid.
10. ‘One Suitcase, No Toys’ by Rose of Java, WW2 People’s War, Article ID: A3712231, BBC History, 24 February 2005, accessed 19 March 2010
11. ‘Lost’ by Arie den Hollander, Children of Far East Prisoners of War Association, Website: www.cofepow.org, accessed 10 January 2009
Chapter 13 – Blood Link
1. ‘Britain to pay debt of honour to Japanese PoWs’ by Michael Smith and Andy McSmith, Daily Telegraph, 19 June 2001
2. Ibid.
3. ‘Japanese PoWs uncover cash timebomb’ by Tim Butcher, Daily Telegraph, 24 April 1998
4. ‘PoWs to receive “debt of honour” ’, BBC News, 7 November 2000, http://www.bbc.co.uk/news, accessed 9 January 2009
5. A debt of honour: the ex gratia scheme for British groups interned by the Japanese during the Second World War, The Parliamentary Ombudsman, Parliamentary and Health Service Ombudsman, http://www. ombudsman.org.uk, 2005
6. Ibid.
7. Ibid.
8. ‘Subjects of rough justice’, The Standard (Hong Kong), 28 October 2006
9. Ibid.
10. Ibid.
11. ‘£10,000 PoW payments delayed’ by Philip Johnstone, Daily Telegraph, 12 June 2001
12. ‘Victory at last for war camp widow snubbed by MoD’ by Philip Johnstone, Daily Telegraph, 10 October 2006
13. Ibid.
Selected Sources and
Bibliography
Archives
1. MacMillan Brown Library, University of Canterbury, Christchurch, New Zealand
Imperial Japanese Army, Box 263, Exhibit 1978, Document No. 1114-B:
Regarding the outline for the disposal of Prisoners of War according to the change of situation, a notification, Army-Asia-Secret No. 2257, by the Vice War Minister, 11 March 1945
2. National Archives and Records Administration (NARA), Washington D.C.
1. Chief Prisoner of War Camps Tokyo to Chief of Staff, Taiwan Army, 20 August 1945, Document No. 2697, Record Group 238, Box 2011
2. War Ministry to Commanding General of Military Police, 1 August 1944, Document No. 2710, Record Group 238, Box 2015
Published Sources
Allan, Sheila, Diary of a Girl in Changi, 1941–45, Simon & Schuster Australia, 3rd Edition, 2004
Archer, Bernice, The Internment of Western Civilians under the Japanese 1941–45: A Patchwork of Internment, Hong Kong University Press, 2008
Arthur, Anthony, Deliverance at Los Banos, New York: St. Martin’s Press, 1985
Bayly, Christopher & Harper, Tim, Forgotten Armies: Britain’s Asian Empire & the War with Japan, Penguin Books, 2005
Chang, Iris, The Rape of Nanking: The Forgotten Holocaust of World War II, Penguin Books, 1998
Cogan, Frances B., Captured: The Internment of American Civilians in the Philippines, 1941–1945, University of Georgia Press, 2000
Colijn, Helen, Song of Survival: Women Interned, White Cloud Press, 1998
Daws, Gavan, Prisoners of the Japanese: POWs of t
he Second World War, Pocket Books, 1994
Emerson, Geoffrey, Hong Kong Internment, 1941–1945: Life in the Japanese Civilian Camp at Stanley, Hong Kong University Press, 2008
Felton, Mark, The Coolie Generals: Britain’s Far Eastern Military Leaders in Japanese Captivity, Pen and Sword Books Limited, 2008
—— Japan’s Gestapo: Murder, Mayhem and Torture in Occupied Asia, Pen & Sword Books Limited, 2009
—— The Real Tenko: Extraordinary True Stories of Women Prisoners of the Japanese, Pen and Sword Books Limited, 2009
Firkins, Peter, Borneo Surgeon: A Reluctant Hero, Hesperian Press, 1995
Hastings, Max, Nemesis: The Battle for Japan, 1944–45, Harper Perennial, 2008
Kaminski, Theresa, Prisoners in Paradise: American Women in the Wartime South Pacific University Press of Kansas, 2000
Keith, Agnes, Three Came Home: A mother’s ordeal in a Japanese prison camp, Eland Publishing Ltd (New Edition), 2002
Lord Russell of Liverpool, The Knights of Bushido: A Short History of Japanese War Crimes, Greenhill Books, 2002
Lindsay, Oliver, The Battle for Hong Kong 1941–1945: Hostage to Fortune, Spellmount Publishers Ltd, 2005
Lucas, Celia, Prisoners of Santo Tomas: Civilian Prisoners of the Japanese, Based on the Diaries of Mrs. Isla Corfield, Leo Cooper, 1975
Oronato, Michael P., Forgotten Heroes: Japan’s Imprisonment of American Civilians in the Philippines, 1942–1945 – an Oral History, Meckler, 1990
Smith, Colin, Singapore Burning: Heroism and Surrender in World War II, Penguin Books Ltd, 2005
Smith, Lyn, Young Voices: British Children Remember the Second World War, Viking, 2007
Southwell, C. Hudson, Uncharted Waters, Astana Publishing, 1999
Papers
Keat, Gin Ooi, Japanese Empire in the Tropics: Selected Documents and Reports of the Japanese Period in Sarawak, North West Borneo, 1941–1945, Ohio University Center for International Studies, Monographs in International Studies, SE Asia Series 101, 1998
Poelgeest, Bart van, Report of a Study of Dutch Government Documents on the Forced Prostitution of Dutch Women in the Dutch East Indies during the Japanese Occupation, Unofficial Translation, 24 January 1994
Newspapers and Periodicals
The Daily Mail
The Sunday Times
The Observer
Websites
Australian Broadcasting Corporation, http://www.abc.net.au/auhistory
BBC History WW2 People’s War, http://www.bbc.co.uk/history
Brave Women of Oceania, http://www.angellpro.com.au
Children of Far East Prisoners of War Association, http://www.cofepow.org
Dutch Resistance Museum, http://www.verzetsmuseum.org
Far East Prisoners of War Association, http://www.fepow-community.org.uk
Singapore Ministry of Education, http://www1.moe.edu.sg
Veterans Affairs Canada, http://www.vac-acc.gc.ca
11
Index
Adams, Dorie, 52
Anderson, Kathleen, 40–1, 139
Archer, Bernice, 41
Baker, Ruth, 41
Ballard, J.G., 14–15, 68–9, 139
Bates, Hilda, 53, 129, 142
Beatty, Rosemary, 51
Blair, Tony (British prime minister), 159, 160, 163
Bosebury Beck, Rachel, 8–9, 10–11, 15–16, 60–1, 62–3, 65–6, 69, 108, 109–10, 114, 134, 139
Boswell, Drina, 23–6, 119–20, 148–9
Briggs, Sister Phyllis, 120–1
Brooks, Robert, 17–18, 27–8, 31–2, 33
Bulley, Joan, 155
Burch, Heather, 11, 67, 69, 139
Calder, Ronald, 58, 65, 110
Chamberlain, Neville (British Prime Minister), 3
Chisholm, Moira, 58–9, 127
Churchill, Winston (British Prime Minister), 1, 20, 36, 158
Clark, Ella, 13
Douglas Shaw, Norman, 16, 56–7
Eagle, Roger, 17
Eames, Paget, 101–2, 114, 115
Eastick, Brig. Thomas, 142
Elias, Diana, 161–2, 163
Gale, Elizabeth, 96–7
Giang Bee, HMS, 23–6, 119
Gimson, Frank, 37
Goodman, Brig. Eric, 30–1
Gunther, Sister Pat, 121
Halberstadt, Nel, 67–8, 117–18, 145–6
Hamson,
Hilary, 43
Harris, Eileen, 22, 35, 90, 150–1
Hayashi, Lt.-Col. Toshio, 93, 125
Henderson, Olga, 21, 28, 32, 34, 91–2
Hillen, Ernest, 89, 90, 95–6
Hollander, Arie den, 151–2, 153, 154
Hong Kong:
European evacuation of, 3–5
Hong Kong Volunteer Defence Corps, 36
Internment Camps - see Internment Camps
Honnor, Jacqueline, 44, 45–6, 93, 94, 95, 112, 122–3
Horner, Capt. R.M., 30
Idzumo, 12, 13
Internment Camps:
Ambarawa 8Camp (Java), 96, 143–4
Ash Camp (Shanghai), 5960
Bangkinang Camp (Sumatra), 86, 101–2, 103, 104, 114
Batu Lintang Camp (Borneo), 50–3, 97–9, 129–30, 140
Bicycle POW Camp (Java), 76–7
Bloemenkamp (Java), 89
Camp Kramat (Java), 74
Changi Camp (Singapore), 31–2, 33, 34, 35–6, 91–2, 123–4
Chapei Camp (Shanghai), 59
Columbia Country Club (Shanghai), 59, 60
Haiphong Road Camp (Shanghai), 57
Kampong Makassar Camp (Java), 96, 116–17, 128–9, 145–6
Karangpanas Camp (Java), 84–6
Kares-e Camp (Java), 67, 117
Los Banos Camp (Philippines), 96–7
Lunghwa Camp (Shanghai), 58, 60, 61–2, 63–7, 68–9, 108–10, 134, 138–9, 162
Muntilan Camp (Sumatra), 103–4
Muntok Camp (Banka Island), 119–23, 127–8
Palembang Camp (Sumatra), 120–1
Pootung Camp (Shanghai), 58, 97
Santo Tomas Camp (Manila), 44–8, 93–5, 112
Sime Road Camp (Singapore), 90
Stanley Camp (Hong Kong), 37–43, 139, 162
Tjideng Ghetto (Java), 72–83, 84, 113, 118, 147
Weihsien Camp (Weifang, China), 70, 110–12
Yangchow A Camp (Yangzhou, China), 61, 62
Yangchow B Camp (Yangzhou), 61
Yangchow C Camp (Yangzhou), 62
Yu Yuan Road Camp (Shanghai), 59, 61, 127
Iwabuchi, R.-Adm. Sanji, 124
Japan:
7th Army, 102
16th Army, 102
atomic bombing of, 131–2
orders to murder prisoners of war and internees, 134–5
surrender of, 133–4
Japanese Internment Camps: see Internment Camps
Kampen, Elizabeth van, 83–4
Keith, Agnes, 51
Kekwick, Anneka, 42–3Lewis, Karen, 46
Liddell, Eric, 70
Maas, James, 61, 63, 65, 66, 69
MacArthur, Gen. Douglas, 71, 93, 123, 157
Maltby,
Maj.-Gen. Christopher, 36, 54
Mao Zedong, 157
Midway, Battle of (1942), 123–5
Milne, Betty, 35–6
Munnoch, Catherine, 17, 20, 21
Murray, Rosemary, 43
Neufeld, Rebecca, 162–3
Nimitz, Adm. Chester W., 71
O’Herne, Jan, 105–7
Palmer, Lt. Rita, 95
Parham, Muriel, 150
Percival, Lt.-Gen. Arthur, 1, 2, 19, 29
Peterel,HMS, 12–14
Polkinghorn, Lt.-Com. Stephen, 12–14
Prising, Robin, 45, 48
Reading, Marquess of, 158
Rijkee, Johan, 86–7, 128, 144–5
Ruff, Jan, 10
Selwyn-Clarke, Dr P.S., 37
Shangha
i:
Internment Camps: see Internment Camps
Shanghai Volunteer Corps, 11–12
Shaw, Ralph, 55–6
Simson, Brig. Ivan, 32–3
Singapore:
Battle of (1942), 2–3
Internment Camps: see Internment Camps
Sonei, Lt. (later Capt.) Kenichi, 74, 75–6, 77, 79, 81, 82, 83, 118
Southwell, Hudson, 50
Special Operations Executive, 12
Suga, Lt.-Col.
Tatsuji, 50–1, 129–30, 140–2, 143
Tithrington, Arthur, 159
Thomas, Sir Shenton, 27, 30
Truman, Harry S. (US President), 132
Tulloch, Valerie, 15, 61
Tuxford, Don, 52
Ullom, Lt. Madeleine, 125
Wang Ching-wei, 59
Wake, USS, 12
Williams, Dr Cicely, 36
Yamashita, Lt.-Gen.
Tomoyuki, 17, 124
Young, Sir Mark, 3, 30, 37