Chinese New Year 69, 87, 103, 190, 215
Spring Festival Gala 215–16
Chinese Red Cross 144, 145
Ching Kwan Lee 188
Against the Law 188
Chongqing 82, 165
Christianity 230–1
the Clash 72
Coca-Cola 6
Cohen, Leonard 165
Communist Party 9–10, 25, 27, 39–40, 55, 56, 62, 84, 86, 100, 102, 104–5, 111, 113, 158, 180, 181, 209, 231, 251, 271–4, 296
Beijing Committee 58
Century of Humiliation education 251–2
‘Document 9’ 274
Old Guard 98, 118, 123, 186
Politburo Standing Committee 122–3, 127, 133, 135
political control 49, 97, 118, 122–4, 128, 133–6, 156, 251
‘princelings’ 182, 271, 272
Communist Party of Australia 214
Communist Party Youth League 188
Confucianism 102
Coward, Noel 170, 171
Private Lives 170
Cui Jian 93–4, 129, 147, 192–3, 214, 301
‘Nothing to My Name’ 93–4, 95, 99, 117, 129, 214
‘A Piece of Red Cloth’ 129–30, 192–3
Cultural Revolution 8, 10, 11, 12, 15, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 25, 27, 34–5, 36, 39, 41, 43, 44, 45, 47, 49, 52, 55, 56, 67, 76, 90, 102, 124–5, 154, 155, 162, 163, 164, 167, 195, 251, 252–3, 259, 269, 297
‘Ten Years of Turmoil’ 120
Dalai Lama 85, 167, 168, 212, 213, 224, 231
Dandong 152, 184, 283
Daoism 230, 231
Darwin Festival 263
Dashanzi International Arts Festival 234
Delacroix, Eugene
Liberty Leading the People 15, 22, 43, 67
democracy 25–7, 52, 101–2, 110, 113, 117
‘Charter 08’ 227–8
reform activism 226–7
Democracy Wall 10–11, 24–6, 28, 30, 41, 42, 43, 46–7, 52, 53–4, 58, 59, 67, 72–3, 103, 105, 110, 227, 291
Deng Lijun 70–1, 74, 88, 136, 301
‘Small Town Story’ 70
Deng Liqun 83
Deng Xiaoping 1, 8–10, 19, 20, 26, 40, 41–3, 44–7, 49, 52, 60, 61–2, 65, 70, 71, 76, 78, 84, 86, 90, 98, 105, 108–10, 112–13, 116, 118, 121, 122, 126–7, 132, 133, 136, 144, 157, 171, 179, 182, 197, 202, 207, 227, 231, 252, 253, 296–7, 301
open-door policy and reforms 1–2, 7, 8–11, 41–2, 72, 76, 96–8, 105, 152–3, 154, 155, 157–8, 177, 179, 197–8, 271
Southern Inspection Tour (nanxun) 158–9, 169, 253
Department of Railways 205
Dewar, Sue 257
Dharamsala 13, 167, 212, 213, 287
Ding Zilin 254
Doar, Bruce 257, 258, 259
Duyun 40, 63, 65, 248–50
Dylan, Bob 4, 35, 165
‘The East is Red’ 5, 14
Eastern Bloc 151, 157
economy 1, 7, 8, 112, 293–5
building boom after GFC 229
crony capitalism 176, 192
foreign investment 1, 156, 169, 186
getihu 97
‘ghost cities’ 229
global financial crisis (GFC) 228–30, 295
industrialisation 7, 20, 97, 111, 152, 170
land ownership 175–6
1990s transformation 156–7, 177–8, 188, 198
real estate ownership 169, 185
reforms 20, 49, 72, 83, 97, 105, 152–3, 154, 180–5, 197–8 see also open-door policy and reforms
special economic zones 72, 97, 101, 112, 113, 153, 156, 157–9, 169, 188, 271
State capitalism 175
state-owned enterprises (SOEs), corporatisation 182–5, 205
xia hai spirit 191–2
Emin, Tracey 213
Everyone I Have Ever Slept With 1963–1995 213
Erguotou 6, 8, 56, 88, 95, 96
ethnic groups and tensions see People’s Republic of China
Falun Gong 208
famine 8, 34, 77, 255–6 see also Great Leap Forward
Fang Lijun 162, 163, 166
Fang Lizhi 104, 112–13
films 36, 186–7
Farewell My Concubine 36, 169
Haze and Fog 282
Imbalance 186
Isn’t Something Missing? 240–1
River Elegy 111, 115, 147
Whose Utopia? 189–90
Yellow Earth 36
Financial Times 276
Fine Arts in China 91
Flying Tigers 130, 134
Fonteyn, Margot 170
Forbidden City 14, 25, 57, 90, 117, 217, 263
Four Cardinal Principles 49–50
‘Four Modernisations’ 26
France 160
French Revolution 112, 113, 150–1
Fulbright Program 134
Fuyang 77
Gallery of Modern Art (Queensland) 215, 302
Gang of Four 16, 30, 116
Gansu province 224
global financial crisis (GFC) 228–30
Gonkar Gyatso 84–6, 167–8, 212–14, 287–8, 302
My Identity 213, 288
My Identity, no. 5 288
Gorbachev, Mikhail 108–9, 124, 126–7, 157, 220
Great Hall of the People 17, 109, 117, 118, 127, 253
Great Leap Forward 8, 20, 27, 45, 77, 251, 252, 253, 255–6, 297
Great Wall 35, 99, 111
Grey Wolf 217, 258, 263
Gu Cheng 291
Guangdong province 158, 159, 160, 169, 186, 187–8, 189
Guangxi 65, 245–6
Guangzhou 10, 71, 154, 156–9, 177, 186–7, 236, 263, 281
Sanyuanli 187
Guangzhou Academy of Fine Arts 186
Guggenheim Museum 303
Guiyang 87
Guizhou province 40, 63, 65, 86, 87, 88, 94, 215, 246–50, 289
Guo Jian 40, 63–5, 68–71, 74, 86–90, 92–4, 109, 119–20, 121, 125–6, 131–2, 137, 140–1, 151, 159–61, 194–5, 214–16, 245–50, 275–8, 288–9, 297, 302
deportation 278–80
Picturesque Scenery 26 250, 289
Tiananmen Square diorama 275–9
guolaosi (‘overwork death’) 188
Han Chinese 89, 224, 258, 259, 260, 263–4, 266, 268
Hang on the Box 217
Hangzhou 241
Harbin 113
Harlem Globetrotters 44
Hebei province 34, 65, 138, 193
Hefei 76, 77, 101, 149, 166
University of Science and Technology 104
Henan province 180
Hirst, Damien 213
Hohhot 23
Hong Kong 153, 154, 156–7, 158, 159, 160, 161, 164, 170, 175, 182, 228, 249
‘hooligan literature’ 169
Hou Dejian 135–6, 143, 302
Hou Hanru 186
Houhai 216–17
Hu Jia 270–1
Hu Jintao, President 272
Hu Ming 47–8
Hu Qili 135
Hu Yaobang, General Secretary 62, 98, 104–5, 110, 116–18, 126, 146, 253, 271, 303
Hua Guofeng 20
Huafang Zhai 57–8, 60, 65
Huang Rui 11, 15–19, 21–4, 25, 28–9, 31, 32, 34, 36, 37, 38, 39, 41, 43, 47, 48, 50–1, 54, 55–6, 57, 58–9, 66–7, 74, 82–4, 95, 133, 136–7, 166, 202, 215, 233–5, 290–1, 298, 303
April 5 1976 15–16, 22–3, 43, 54, 55
Chairman Mao, 10,000 RMB 234–5
Democracy Wall 291
Last Will and Testament 55
New Life 55
‘The People’s Grief ’ 17–19
Huangpu River 171
Hubei province 101
Hundred Flowers movement 52, 61
Hutcheon, Jane 190
Ilham Tohti 269–71, 273, 303–4
India 81, 108, 168, 169, 262, 286
Indonesia 108
Industrial Revolution 7, 97
Inner Mongolia 11, 15, 21, 22, 34, 3
7, 71, 88, 256
International Center of Photography 212, 308
International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights 227
International Olympic Committee 155
‘The Internationale’ 116–17, 142–3, 144, 184
internet 156, 185–6, 208, 210, 224, 228
Great Firewall 224–6, 290
‘iron rice bowl’ 7, 182
Islam 81, 231, 259
Italy 211, 287
Japan 8, 133, 202, 229, 251, 252
Jarre, Jean-Michel 48, 82
Jia Aili 152–3, 155, 177, 184–5, 187, 236–7, 282–4, 304
‘The Wasteland’ exhibition 185
We Are from the Century 236–7
Jiang Feng 56, 66
Jiang Qing (Madame Mao) 16, 20, 29, 36, 40–1, 304
Jiang Zemin, General Secretary 216, 272
Kabul 72
Kangxi, emperor 158
Karakoram Mountains 80, 196, 217, 259
Karghilik 80, 261, 286, 287
Kashgar 257, 258, 259–64, 266, 286
Kazakhstan 260
Kennedy Center 44
Kerouac, Jack On The Road 36
Kirghizstan 81, 260
Kollwitz, Käthe 48
Khrushchev, Nikita 108
Korean War 46, 106
Kunming 63, 101, 199, 232, 267
Lehman Brothers 229
Lhasa 13, 84, 85, 86, 167, 213, 224, 287–8
Li Keqiang, Premier 292, 296
Li Peng, Premier 118–19, 122–4, 127–8, 133–4, 304–5
Li Xianting 161–2, 163
Liaoning province 152–3, 182–3
Liaoyang Ferro-alloy Factory (Liaotie) 183–4
Lin Biao 39–41, 305
literature, Western 35, 36, 92, 95
Liu Binyan 104
Liu Qing 47, 49, 50, 58–9, 67, 291, 305
Liu Shaoqi, President 40
Liu Xia 244
Liu Xiaobo 37, 41, 42, 60, 70, 135–6, 143, 210, 219, 227–8, 292, 305–6
‘To Change a Regime by Changing a Society’ 219
trial 244
Liu Xun 52, 56, 57, 58, 60, 65, 66
Liu Yiqian 174
London 13, 163, 195, 211, 212–13, 243, 287
Central Saint Martins art school 211, 212
‘Sensation’ exhibition 213
Lu Xun Academy of Fine Arts 184, 237
Lukqun 268
Ma Desheng 48, 51, 54–5, 58–9, 82–3, 84, 166, 306
Rest 54–5
Ma Liuming 193, 198
Macao 228
Madame Mao see Jiang Qing
Manchuria 35, 153
Mandarin (Chinese language) 65, 68, 70, 71
Mang Ke 29, 31, 32, 34, 35–6, 37, 41, 42, 50–1, 59, 83, 95–6, 100, 306
‘I Am A Poet’ 32
Wild Things 36
Mao Zedong 5, 12, 14, 15–20, 21, 25, 27, 35, 38–9, 41, 44, 51, 61–2, 102, 112, 114, 152, 154, 213, 221, 261, 271, 293, 306–7
contemporary art portrayal 114, 162–3, 234–5, 243
Great Leap Forward 8, 12
‘official verdict’ on 99
‘Talks on Literature and Art’ 293
May Fourth Movement 102, 112–13, 122–3
media 98, 147, 158, 180, 188, 208, 218, 222–3
control of 222–3
forbidden topics 219, 228
investigative journalists 209, 210
Western 104, 108–9, 146, 208
Miami 289
Ming dynasty 81
Minzu University 87, 89, 90, 120, 214, 250, 257, 269
‘Misty Poetry’ 4, 83
Mohe 88
Mongolia 39, 81, 153
Monument to the People’s Heroes 17, 23, 116, 127, 143
Museum of Modern Art (New York) 211, 308
music 4, 70–1, 72, 91, 92–4, 129, 192–3, 217, 240–2, 258, 263, 265
Western 88–9, 93, 165
Nanjing 68
Nanjing Bridge 76
NASA 44
National Art Museum of China 23, 28–9, 53, 57, 114–16, 230
National Gallery of Australia 215, 302
National Gallery of Victoria 299, 307
National Museum of History 44, 78, 253
‘The Road of Rejuvenation’ exhibition 253
National People’s Congress 113, 117, 145, 146
Nationalist government (China) 246
Neighbour, Sally 171, 176, 179, 258
Neilson, Judith 289
Nepal 168
New China News Agency (Xinhua) 2
New Citizens Movement 273
New Culture movement 102
New York 13, 136, 170, 194, 195, 287, 289
Nguyen, Van Tuong 218
Nixon, President Richard 4
Nobel Peace Prize 37, 41, 60, 244
North Korea 119, 124, 153, 283
North Miami Museum of Contemporary Art 289
Novak, Robert 42
Olympics see Beijing Olympics
Open-door policy and reforms 1–2, 7, 8–11, 41–2, 72, 76, 96–8, 105, 152–3, 154, 155, 157–8, 177, 179, 197–8, 271
Opium Wars 55, 170, 252, 253, 279
Osaka 84
Ottoman Empire 257
Ou Ning 187
Pakistan 259
Panchen Lama 231
Paris 66, 170, 195, 211
Pearl River delta 72, 156, 177, 186, 229
Pei Li 241–2, 284, 307
Isn’t Something Missing? 240–1
Peking University 37, 89, 99, 102–3, 113, 116, 119, 126, 145
Peng Dehuai 40
People’s Daily 62, 65, 111, 120–3, 124, 127–8, 134, 147
People’s Liberation Army (PLA) 9, 45–6, 47, 63–5, 68–9, 84–5, 86, 106–7, 246
casualties Tiananmen Square 146
court martials after Tiananmen Square 160
38th Group Army 138–40, 160
Tiananmen Square 1989 130–2, 135–44, 147–8, 149
zui ke ai de ren (the most beloved people) 106, 148
People’s Literature Publishing House 31
People’s Republic of China see also Communist Party
Administrative Procedure Law 208
advertising industry 154, 177
agriculture see agriculture
authoritarian control and repression 83, 223–4, 228, 251, 260, 269–79, 292, 295–6
border cultures 256–71
censorship 224–6, 292, 295
constitution 59, 60, 62, 86, 101, 208, 227, 231, 270, 274
consumer rights law 208
corruption 181, 183, 184, 198, 209, 222, 229, 272, 285
current political and social issues 292–7
economy see economy
ethnic groups and tensions 81, 87, 89, 224, 248, 257–60, 263–4, 266–71, 286
‘floating population’ 177, 180, 187–91, 230, 273, 294
food security 226
‘foreign experts’ 2, 204
founding 2, 8, 17, 19, 39, 56, 66, 112–13, 221, 246, 250
freedom of speech 24, 31, 58, 62, 102, 117
hooliganism 191
industrial accidents 218, 293–4
inequality 104, 156, 177–8, 198, 227, 231, 294
infant formula scandal 226
labour activism 188–9
Labour Law 189
land development 208–9
Lawyers Law 208
leadership 18, 62, 98, 109, 111–12, 118–19, 122–4, 127–8, 136, 157–8, 220, 251, 271–2, 292–3, 296
liumang 191
Mao’s ‘land reform’ 247
middle class 156, 179, 185, 208
millionaires 169, 179–80
natural disasters 218–19, 221–2
1980s, in 79–80
patriotic education 252
pollution 281–2
poverty 8, 34, 47, 55, 77, 78
religion 86, 230–1
‘rights lawyers’ 208–10, 230, 272, 273, 292
rule of law 20
7–10
society, changes in 4, 8, 11–12, 47–8, 97, 156, 208
Soviet relations 45, 108–10
traditional customs 250
transformation 156, 169, 177–8, 198, 294
United States, diplomatic relations with 44–5
universities 20–1, 31, 47, 53, 116, 118, 145
urbanisation 78–9, 153, 189, 208–9, 230
Vietnam and 45–6, 61, 63–4, 68, 74
village congresses 101
war on terror 267–8
youth culture 191
People’s (Renmin) University 89, 254
philosophy, Western 85, 92, 95
Pink Floyd 165
poetry/poets 17–19, 21, 32–3, 34, 36, 37, 83, 95–6, 100, 160–1
Western 96, 149
Pol Pot 45
Poland 131, 151
Prince Gong 291
private enterprise 1, 7, 97–8, 156
Pu Zhiqiang 209–10, 276, 307
Public Security Bureau (PSB) 57, 58, 67, 206
Qianlong, emperor 81, 256
Qiao Shi 135
Qincheng prison 47
Qing dynasty 35, 55, 57, 96, 158, 256, 291
Qing Ming festival 16–18, 19, 24, 245–7, 250
Qing Ming 1976 demonstrations 16–19, 21, 22, 24, 30, 33, 41, 42, 43, 55, 102, 110, 116, 136–7, 296–7
‘official verdict’ 24, 296–7
Qinghai province 84, 224
Qu Leilei 51
Queen Elizabeth II 97
Raby, Geoff 185
Radio Australia 71
Radio Beijing 145
Radio Free Asia 267
Rampling, Charlotte 82
Red Guards 18, 25, 27, 34–5, 38, 102
Reuters 61
Rome 166
Rong Rong 193
Rudd, Kevin 72
Russia see Soviet Union
Saatchi, Charles 213
Samaranch, Juan Antonio 155
Sanlu Group 226
Schiele, Egon 93
Seoul Olympics 220
Seven Star Huadian Science and Technology Group 233–5
Shaanxi province 217
Shanghai 10, 71, 76, 97, 98, 101–2, 104, 157–9, 169–76, 217, 293
building boom 173–4
migrant workers 174–5
Oriental Pearl TV Tower 172, 176
Peace Hotel 170, 171, 176
Pudong 171–3, 175
stock exchange 173–4
Shao Fei 48
Sheng Qi 75–6, 78–9, 82, 99–101, 102, 126, 149–50, 166, 210–11, 242–3, 290, 297, 307–8
exhibition shutdown 242–3
My Left Hand, Me (2000) (aka Memories, Me) 211–12
Shenyang 35, 182–3, 184–5, 237, 283
Shenzhen 72, 101, 156–9, 175, 188–9, 249
Siberia 257
Sichuan province 20, 72, 224
2008 earthquake 221–3, 229, 299
Sichuan Fine Arts Institute (aka Sichuan Academy of Fine Arts) 82, 165
Silk Road 13, 80, 217, 257, 258, 261, 262, 286, 287
Singapore 158, 218
Solidarity trade union 131
Song Zuying 215–16