K
Kant, Immanuel, 184–187, 211, 215–216, 218–219, 226, 228, 282
Critique of Judgment, 184
and subjective universal, 185
Kepler, Johannes, 66, 74, 124, 153–157
Kugler, Franz, 171–172, 189, 191
Handbook of the History of Painting, 171
L
L’Arte, 207
La Nouvelle Revue Française, 209
Lanzi, Luigi, 163–165, 172–173, 179, 187, 189, 191, 192
History of Italian Art, 163
Latin Church, 26, 34–36
See also Roman Catholicism
Laurana, Luciano, 114, 121, 122
Lehman, Philip, 204
Leonardo of Pisa (Fibonacci), 11, 63
Liber Abaci, 11
light, 30, 156–159, 235–236
particle/wave debate, 159, 235, 281
lux and lumen in, 73
as photon, 235–236, 238–239
See also physics
light cosmology, 153
Locke, John, 160–161, 183, 184
Essay on Human Understanding, 161
and tabula rasa, 161
Lohte, André, 209–210
Longhi, Roberto, 206–210, 212, 230, 247, 252, 260
Piero della Francesca, 208
Lorenzetti, Ambrogio, 10, 15, 42, 75
Good and Bad Government, 10, 75
luminescence, 73, 74, 183, 234, 239–240, 245–246
M
Machiavelli, Niccoló, 94, 256, 270
Prince, The, 94
madonna, 4, 10, 75, 112, 113, 117, 229
and child, 86, 89, 181
Malatesta, Isotta, 57
Malatesta, Sigismondo, 55–58, 68, 109
Malraux, André, 259
Mancini, Giacomo, 168
Mancini, Girolamo, 201, 203
Manet, Édouard, 209
Manetti, Antonio di Tuccio, 32
Mantegna, Andrea, 132, 134, 177, 194
Mantua, 14, 49, 52, 70, 99, 132
Marches, the, 14, 67, 205
Marchese, Vincenzo, 178
Marshall Plan, 254
Masolino da Panicale, 266
master (maestro), 4, 28, 143
materialism, 109, 161, 221, 238, 242, 284
Epicurean, 225, 283
scientific, 165, 279
See also positivism; scientism
mathematics, 11–13, 62–65, 98, 152, 154, 216
commercial, 10, 136, 145
See also Euclid; Nicholas of Cusa; Pacioli, Luca; Piero della Francesca works
mean and extreme ratio. See golden ratio
mechanistic science, 210, 234
Medici, Alessandro de’, 146
Medici, Cosimo de’, 25–26, 35, 40, 45, 108
Medici, Ippolito de’, 146
Medici, Lorenzo de’, 118
medieval synthesis, xi, 257, 259
Mediterranean, 4, 46, 52, 70, 71, 220
Meister Eckhart, 96
metaphysics, 19, 95–96, 211, 234, 236, 241, 279, 282–283
Metropolitan Museum of Art, 197, 199, 230
Michelangelo, 106, 146, 147–148, 165, 174, 194
Last Judgment, The, 141
Michelet, Jules, 188, 190
History of France, 188
Middle Ages, xi, 13, 20, 71, 80, 97, 129, 259
Milan, 44, 118, 144, 164, 179, 261
Ambrosiana Library in, 202
Brera Gallery in, 145, 166, 204, 265
French invasion of, 143, 145, 149
military ambitions of, 23, 35
See also Sforza dynasty
Milanesi, Carlo, 178–179
Milanesi, Gaetano, xvi–xviii, 178–179, 207, 260, 268, 270
mind. See brain; neuroscience; psychology; soul
Mirandola, Giovanni Pico della, 188
modernism, 199–200, 225, 227, 229, 281
Mona Lisa, 221, 245
Monte Cassino, 262
Montefeltro, Federico da, 67–68, 114–122, 166, 181
Montefeltro, Guidobaldo da, 123, 143, 144, 174
Montefeltro, Oddantonio, 68, 70
Morris, Desmond, 225
Naked Ape, The, 225
Museum of Copies, 194–195
N
Napoleonic Wars, 165, 166–167, 171, 212
National Committee for the Fifth Centenary of the Death of Piero, 272
National Gallery of Art (London), 171, 176–177, 181–183, 221, 250
National Gallery (Washington, D.C.), 273
National Socialism (Nazi), 217, 224, 256, 258
Nazarene painters, 169–170, 174
neo-orthodoxy, 225, 257
Neoplatonism, 26, 72, 96–98, 213, 221
See also Dionysius the Areopagite; Platonism; Plotinus; Proclus
Neo-Thomism, 257
Netherlands, 51, 87, 113, 114, 190
See also Flemish painters
neuroaesthetics, 224, 234, 240, 244, 245, 247, 250
neuroscience, xiii, 224, 232, 237, 238–239, 241–244
and beauty, 72, 28, 284
and Platonism, 242, 279
See also brain; essences; neuroaesthetics; psychology
Newton, Isaac, 109, 126, 158–160, 216, 233, 239
Opticks, 158
Nicholas of Cusa (Cusanus), 35, 94–100, 107–108, 184, 188, 215–216, 226
On Learned Ignorance, 97–98
Niebuhr, Reinhold, 257
Non-Euclidian geometry, 126
O
observant movements, 7, 121
occultism, 214
oedipal complex, 229
oil painting, 51, 60, 86–87, 113–117, 131, 143, 192
Olschki, Leonardo S., 203
ophthalmoscope, 233
optical illusion, 90, 127, 243
optics
history of, 29–30, 156–159, 233–234
See also biology of vision; Kepler, Johannes; physics
Origen, 96
Ottoman Turks, 34, 57, 70, 78–79, 99, 215, 220
P
Pacioli, Luca, 136–137, 143–145, 149, 155, 193, 253
De divina proportione, 143–144, 202
and plagiarism, 144, 147, 179, 202–203
Summa de Arithmetica, 136, 143–144
Padua, 27, 49, 96, 134, 170, 189
Palazzo Schifanoia, 213–214
Panofsky, Erwin, 216–219, 221, 224, 228, 254, 256
Perspective as Symbolic Form, 217
Studies in Iconology, 218
papacy, 4, 6, 8, 17
Eugenius IV, 22–27, 35–36, 68
Julius II, 101, 141
Leo X, 146
Martin V, 17, 24, 68
Nicholas V, 93, 164
Sixtus IV, 117–118
See also Pius II
papal bureaucracy, 8, 93
Papal States, 9, 56, 267
Passavant, Johann David, 169–173
Patriarch Joseph, 36
Pazzi bankers, 119
Pecham, John, 30, 52, 105, 156
Perspectiva communis, 52, 105, 156
perspective
artificial, 32, 106
distance point in, 32
history of, 29–34
Leonardo da Vinci and, 144
linear, 15, 51, 69, 90, 106, 152, 224, 281
natural, 106
painters’, 106
as rationalization of space, 152
as regola, 31
science and, 155
as symbolic form, 217–218
Perugia, 6, 10, 14, 89–91
, 133, 145, 272
Perugino, Pietro, 132, 164
Petrarch, xvii, 8, 39, 78, 116–117, 188, 279
Triumph of the Virtues, 116–117
philosophical Idealism, 284
philosophical Realism, 284
physics, 152, 154, 159, 230, 235
electromagnetism, 74, 232–235, 239
photon, 235–236, 238–239
quantum, 235
relativity, 227, 236
wave theory, 159, 232, 235
See also color; light
Picasso, Pablo, 197, 209, 210
Pichi family, 47
Piero Pilgrimage (Piero Trail), 272
Piero della Francesca
and architecture, 54–55, 58, 84, 90, 122, 135, 228
death certificate, 136, 271
education of, 10, 13–14
family of, 5–6, 133–135
influence of, 50–53, 134, 148, 164, 194–197, 199, 207–208, 280–283
landscapes, 41–42, 53, 76, 82, 88, 116–117, 131, 206
and madonnas, 112–114
and mathematics, 66, 105, 127, 174, 253, 280–281
modern interpretations of, 67, 219–222, 228–231, 247
and naturalism, 34, 42, 68, 192
Platonism of, 40, 61, 93, 96, 100, 102, 109
portraiture, 57, 60, 84, 90, 113–116, 119, 194
primitive style, 110, 195, 200, 253
published manuscripts of, 203
quincentenary, 271–274
Piero della Francesca works
Abacus Treatise, 61–67, 124, 144, 201, 203
Adoration of the Child (Nativity), 52, 130–131, 133, 182, 191, 220, 263
Archimedean manuscript of, 93, 107, 123, 269–271
Baptism of Christ, xx, 28–29, 41–44, 180–83, 226, 264, 274
Battle of Constantine, 52, 214
Battle of Heraclius and Chosroes, 194
Brera Altarpiece, 119, 265
Discovery and Proving of the True Cross, 82, 194, 196
Dream of Constantine, 83, 90, 266
Exaltation of the Cross, 82
Five Regular Solids (Libellus de quinque corporibus regularibus), 122–125, 142, 144, 174, 202, 203, 269
Flagellation of Christ, 55, 67, 68, 71, 180, 183, 206
Girolamo Amadi Kneeling before Saint Jerome, 50
Jerome in Penitence, 46
Legend of the True Cross, 79
Madonna del Parto, 112–113, 127, 265, 273
Michael the Archangel, 86–87
Misericordia Altarpiece, 47–48, 77, 119, 200, 263, 271
On Perspective for Painting (De prospectiva pingendi), 29, 102–107, 122–123, 127, 144, 202, 231
Resurrection, 75–77, 165, 172, 220, 247, 262, 282
Saint Augustine Altarpiece, 85–88, 204, 263, 273, 274
Senigallia Madonna, 113, 116, 120, 264, 273
Sigismondo Malatesta before Saint Sigismondo, 57–60, 200, 264
Virgin and Child Enthroned with Four Angels, 176
Pierozzi, Antonino, 31
pigments, 13, 16, 19, 51, 159, 236
Pilate, Pontius, 68, 70
Pini, Carlo, 178
Pisanello, 52, 215
Pittarelli, Giulio, 202–203
Pius II, 9, 70, 92–94, 107, 109, 200
as Aeneas Silvius Piccolomini, 93
and Piero, 101–102
plague, 36, 38, 48, 62, 111–112, 114
plague saints, 111
Plato, xiii, 11–13, 26, 40, 95, 243
and Aristotle, 40, 72, 126, 153–154, 216
and Euclid, 65–66
Republic, The, 95, 227, 258
and science, 128, 155–156, 280
and Sun, 73
Timaeus, 11, 12, 65–66, 153, 155, 156, 227, 287
Platonic Academy, 95, 142
Platonism, xiii, 93–100, 107–109, 151–154, 184–186, 226–227, 278–281, 283–285
Christian, xi, 7, 30, 40, 85, 94, 101, 107, 218
as dualism, xi, 96, 100, 109, 226
memory in, 128, 245
and science subculture, 100, 130, 153, 154, 156, 283
sensible and intelligible in, xi, 96–97, 109, 124–125, 130, 227, 277
as theology, 97, 108, 226
See also Ficino, Marsilio; Neoplatonism
Plethon, Gemistos, 40, 57
Pliny, 28, 270
Plotinus, 96
Pollaiuolo, Antonio, 132
polyhedra, 11, 63, 93
Archimedean, 65, 66, 94, 124, 144, 155
Platonic (five regular), 66, 122–124
polyptych. See altarpiece
Pope-Hennessy, John, 230
Popper, Karl, 223, 258
Open Society and Its Enemies, The, 258
Porphyry, 96
positivism, 210–212, 219, 220–225, 227–228, 230, 244
postmodernism, 219, 237, 229
Pre-Raphaelite Brotherhood, 174–175, 198
Proclus, 96
Protestant, 137, 141, 155, 166, 177, 225–257
psychology, 128, 216, 219, 226, 233, 241–243, 279–281
counterintuitive, 83, 243, 249, 281
imagination, 98, 153, 185–186, 211, 249, 278
innate ideas, 19, 73, 128, 151, 160–161, 216, 280
intuition, 151, 153, 185–186, 211, 218–219, 227, 242, 279–280
intuitive dualism, 280
intuitive essentialism, 280
Locke’s, 161
memory, 128–129, 228, 238, 241, 245–246, 250, 282
Platonist, 153, 160, 218, 243
religious, 226
social, 237
of vision, 157, 211, 221, 223–224, 239, 248
See also Idea; Kant, Immanuel; Locke, John; philosophical Realism
Pythagoras, 11, 12, 65, 127
Pythagorean theorem, 12, 65
Q
Queen of Sheba, 81, 84
Queen Victoria, xxii, 170, 282
R
Ramboux, Antoine, 169
Ranke, Leopold von, 172
Raphael, 114, 122, 142, 194
Passavant biography of, 170–172
Piero and, 101– 102, 141, 164, 173, 192
See also pre–Raphaelite; Pre–Raphaelite Brotherhood
Reformation, 99, 129, 133, 137, 257
Rembrandt, 83, 192, 246
Renaissance
grammar education, 10–11
High, 132, 141, 147, 167, 193, 199, 224
religion, 6–7, 26, 44, 99, 129
sermons, 30–31, 76, 142
Renaissance News, 259
Renaissance Society of America, 260
Revolutions of 1848, xvi, 175, 190
Reynolds, Joshua, 167
risorgimento, xvi
Robinson, John Charles, xviii–xxiii, 180–182, 261, 277
Rockefeller, John D., Jr., 204
Roman Catholicism, 4, 34, 39, 94, 154–155, 177, 256, 257
Roman Empire, 6, 8, 81, 96, 167
Rome, 56, 81, 92–102, 118, 200, 208, 213, 267–268
and antiquity, 7–8, 162
artists in, 15, 38, 92, 169, 171
and Grand Tour, 166–167
papal return to, 17, 23–26, 34
sack of, 142, 145
the Medici and, 146
Rossetti, Christina, 175
Rossetti, Dante, 175
Rossetti, Gabriele, 175
Royal Academy of Art, 167, 171, 174, 175
Royal Society, 158
Rucellai, Giobanni, 21
S
Sansepo
lcro, 3, 5, 45
Santa Maria Maggiore, 101, 200
Santa Maria Nuova Hospital, xvii–xviii, 37, 179, 268
Santi, Giovanni, 114
Cronica Rimata, 114
Savonarola, Girolamo, 142
scholasticism, 44, 95, 155
scientism, 279, 283
Second World War, 217, 219, 253, 256–257, 259, 261
Seurat, Georges, 195–197, 199, 207, 209–210, 246
Bathers at Asnières, 195–196
La Grande Jatte, 196
Sforza, Battista, 115–119, 181
Sforza dynasty, 49, 115, 144Shelley, 167
Siena, xvii, 21, 42, 75–76, 178
Palazzo Pubblico of, 10, 75
and Sienese art, 10, 15, 41, 163, 205
skepticism, 72, 100, 160, 184, 223, 283
Solomon, 81, 82
soul, 26, 40, 85, 96–97, 108, 128, 161, 238
transmigration of, 95
South Kensington Museum, xix, 181
Spain, 21, 51
Squarcione, Francesco, 134
St. Anthony of Padua, 21, 89–90
St. Augustine, 30, 229
St. Briget, 131
St. Clare, 90
St. Egidio Church, 37, 179, 268
St. Elizabeth, 90
St. Francis, 20, 79, 90
St. Nicholas of Tolentino, 86
St. Sigismondo, 57–58
State Archives (Florence), xvii, 179, 254, 266–268
Stoic, 94, 175
symmetry, 58, 112, 128–129, 265
T
taste, 163, 167, 188–184
See also connoisseur; Beauty
theology, 11–13, 19–21, 30–31, 39, 73–75, 99, 154–155, 184–186
in art, 43, 44, 58, 79, 133, 226
of double truth, 129
and infinity, 126
modern, 225–226, 237, 281
Platonist, 97, 107–108, 226
public, 256–257
as queen of sciences, 63
Tiber River, 28
Tiber Valley, xx, 5, 9, 44, 168, 205, 262
Tillich, Paul, 226
Tintoretto, 208
Titian, 141, 208
transcendentalism, 83, 185, 219, 225–226, 242, 249, 277–280
Traversari, Ambrogio, 13, 25–26, 35–37, 40, 49, 107
Vitae philosophorum, 26
Trevelyan, Walter, 176
Turner, Joseph, 168
Tuscany, xix, 12, 54, 62, 111, 180, 277
vernacular of, 29, 38, 61, 103, 116, 123, 143
U
Uccello, Paolo, 114, 148, 177, 179
Battle of San Romano, 177
Uffizi Gallery, xvii, 171, 181, 273
Umbria, 14, 62, 67, 118, 205, 269, 277
United States, 88, 203, 217, 253, 259, 274, 284
University of Hamburg, 215–217
University of London, 217, 255
University of Michigan, 354, 260
University of North Carolina, 260
University of Rochester, 260