19.On the value of art see Gordon Graham, Philosophy of the Arts: An Introduction to Aesthetics (London: Routledge, 2000).
20.Jacob Burckhardt, The Civilization of the Renaissance in Italy (New York: Modern Library, 2002 [1860]), 385.
Index
A
abacus,10–11, 13, 62–64, 67, 102–103
Adams, Laurie Schneider, 229
Alberti, Leon Battista, 26–27, 29–30, 32–35, 53–57, 73–74, 92, 100, 234
on centric point, 32
On Painting, 27, 32–34
On the Art of Building in Ten Books (De re aedificatoria), 54
Platonism of, 32
Alberti diagram, 32
algebra, 64–65, 203
Alhacen, 30
De aspectibus, 30
altarpiece, 14, 16, 19, 85
as polyptych, 16, 18, 47, 86, 88–90
predelle(a), 88, 90, 114
See also Piero della Francesca works
American Council of Learned Societies, 259
Anastagi, Jacopo degli, 56
anatomy, 48, 87, 102, 108, 157, 238, 241
Ancona, 6, 14, 49, 107
Andréa del Sarto, 194
Angelico, Fra, 92, 102, 179
Angerstein, John Julius, 176
Anghiari, Antonio, 17–21, 23–24, 27–28, 268–269
Anghiari, Battle of, 44, 46, 267
Angiolo Giovanni Simone Angeli, 85
Annunciation, 82, 83, 90, 111, 264
Apennines, 62, 262
Aquinas, Thomas, 12, 19, 39, 73, 108, 154, 259
Summa Theologiae, 39, 108
Arabs, 11, 30, 39, 95, 108Archimedean polyhedra. See polyhedra
Archimedes, 66, 93–94, 123–125, 144–145, 269–271
architecture, 7, 9, 24, 43, 49, 56, 127, 152, 158
Palladian, 150, 166
Quadraturisti, 150
See also Alberti, Leon Battista; Bramante, Donato; Filarete, Antonio; Laurana, Luciano; Piero della Francesca; Vitruvius Pollio
Aretino, Leonardo, 36
Arezzo, 77–80, 92, 111, 143, 146–147, 168–169
Arezzo frescos
restoration of, 169, 173, 181, 204, 265
See also Piero della Francesca works
Aristotle, 12, 40, 94–95, 126, 216
Aquinas and, 108, 259
on art and color, 72–73, 171, 239
categories of, 39
cosmology of, 152–155, 158
works of, 25, 39
art conservation, 253, 261–263
art history, 161–165, 171–172, 207, 211–212, 217, 269, 279
See also Berenson, Bernard; Burckhardt, Jacob; connoisseur; Croce, Benedetto; Gombrich, Ernst; Kugler, Franz; Lanzi, Luigi; Panofsky, Erwin; Vasari, Giorgio; Warburg, Aby; Winckelmann, Johann; Wölfflin, Heinrich
art objects
banners, 13, 58, 85, 111
cantoria, xx
cartoon (cartone), 42, 59–60, 69, 87, 113, 266
cassones, 67
diptychs, 4, 52, 120, 171, 181
as fakes, 250
sculpture, 24, 27, 48, 115, 162, 181, 211
statuary, 8, 9, 14, 18, 24, 51, 125
trays, 4
See also altarpiece; art styles
art styles
baroque, 133, 147, 162, 181, 207, 270
Byzantine, 9–10, 14–15
chiaroscuro, 73, 74, 83, 90, 173, 192, 248
Cubism, 194, 197, 207, 209–210, 235, 246, 249
French, 9, 193–195, 197
Gothic, 9, 17, 43, 44, 54, 56, 136
Impressionism, 194–195, 199, 210, 245–246, 248–249
International Gothic, 14, 50, 52
landscape, 10, 28, 46, 116, 190, 196–197
mannerism, 224
metaphysical painters, 207
modernist, 199–200
naturalistic, 10, 15, 24, 27, 193, 245
neoclassical, 151, 194, 197
portraiture, 51, 52, 113–116, 130–131, 167, 190, 246
Post-Impressionism, 199, 210, 246
pre-Raphaelite, xix, 167, 170, 174–176, 180, 198, 200
primitive, 170, 174, 177, 188
representational, 246, 250
rococo, 162
Romanesque, 24, 54
romanticism, 165, 167, 169–172, 174–175, 188, 212
sacred conversation, 119, 120, 285
See also art objects
art theory, 151, 153, 186
Assisi, 10, 12, 15, 79
astrology, 53, 63, 123, 153, 214
astronomy, 63, 74, 96, 100, 102, 152–153, 156, 165
Athens, 71, 72, 96
Augustinian, 85, 86, 116
Aurispa, Giovanni, 40, 49
Austrian Empire, xix
B
Bacci family, 79, 81, 92
Bacon, Roger, 30
Banker, James R., xiv, 125, 252–254, 260–261, 265–271, 274, 281
Death in The Community, 267
Barbaro, Daniele, 149–151
Pratica della perspettiva, 149
Baron, Hans, 254
Crisis of the Early Italian Renaissance, 254
Barth, Karl, 225–226
Battisti, Eugenio, 260, 267, 272, 274
Baxandall, Michael, 244, 247–248
Beauty (Platonist), 19, 72, 98, 101, 151, 161, 241, 282
beauty, 19–20, 128, 160–161, 184–186, 282
as pleasure, 72, 234, 239, 241–242, 256, 279, 281–283
Becker, Marvin, 254–255, 259–260
Bellini, Giovanni, 121, 132, 177, 197, 207–209
Berenson, Bernard, 204–206, 210, 220, 247, 259
Central Italian Painters of the Renaissance, The, 205
and I Tatti, 205
ineloquent in art, the, 206, 220, 247, 259
Bernal Collection, 177
Bernardino of Siena, 21
Bertram, Anthony, 259
Bessarion, Basilius, 35–36, 49, 94–95, 99–100, 102, 107
Bible, 12, 43, 53, 71, 155, 229, 281
biblical numerology, 63
Biblioteca Riccardiana, 270
Bicci di Lorenzo, 80, 84, 93
biology of vision
afterimages, 20, 234
binocular vision, 106
center-surround cells, 239
feature detection, 239, 245–246, 249
feature extractors, 225
opponent cells, 239
peripheral vision, 32, 245
retina, 153, 157, 233, 236, 238–239
visual cortex, 238–239, 247, 249, 282
What and Where systems, 240, 246, 249
See also color; luminescence; neuroscience
Bisticci, Vespasiano da, 122, 189
Blanc, Charles, 194–195
History of Italian Renaissance Art, The, 194
Bologna, 25, 27, 36, 143, 145, 149, 272
Botticelli, Sandro, 52, 132, 177, 213, 221
brain, 83, 233, 236–247, 249, 250, 282, 284
modules, xiii, 129, 234, 240
neurons of, xiii, 72, 129, 238, 239, 245, 279
plasticity of, 243
science, 72, 108, 128, 223, 225
See also neuroscience; soul
Bramante, Donato, 122, 164
Brera Gallery, 166, 204, 265
Brunelleschi, Filippo, 24, 31–34, 54, 114, 179, 203, 270
Bruni, Leonardo, 25–26, 63, 78
Bruno, Giordano, 99, 100
Burckhardt, Jacob, xiii, 189–190, 215, 232, 255, 259, 285
Cicerone, 189
Civilization of the Renaissance in Ita
ly, The, 189, 215
Burlington Fine Arts Club, 181
Byron, George, 167, 171
Byzantine Empire, 34, 40
C
caesar, 56, 282
Camaldolese, 6, 7, 13, 25, 26, 40, 96
camera obscura, 156–158, 233
Caravaggio, 83, 141, 207
Carolingian, 52, 259
Cassirer, Ernst, 215–217, 219, 242, 254
Philosophy of Symbolic Forms, The, 216
Problem of Knowledge, The, 215
Cavalcaselle, Giovanni Battista, 190–192, 205
Cennini, Cennino, 14, 16, 27, 73
Craftsman’s Handbook, The, 14, 16
Cézanne, Paul, 196–197, 199, 206, 207, 209–210, 249
View of Gardanne, 196
chain of being, 96–97
Chavannes, Puvis de, 194–195, 197–199
Christianity. See Platonism; Protestant; Roman Catholicism; theology
Christie’s, 181, 183
Chrysoloras, Manuel, 40
Cicero, 64, 71, 94, 95, 129
Clark, Kenneth, 220–222, 228, 237, 260, 265
Piero della Francesca, 220
Clark, Robert Sterling, 204
Clarke, Anthony, 262
Coleridge, 167
College of Cardinals, 94, 107, 118
Colonna family, 23, 26
color, 73–75
Goethe and, 171, 187, 233–234, 239
Newton and, 158–159, 233, 239
spectrum, 158, 232–233, 235–236, 239
tricolor mixing, 239
See also biology of vision
Columbus, Christopher, 136
condottiere(i), 9, 10, 23, 35, 44, 115, 141
confraternities, 3–4, 7, 16, 47–48, 114, 135, 267
connoisseur, 149, 165, 187–188, 199, 200, 221, 279
Constantinople, 34–35, 40, 70, 78, 94, 97
Cooper, Anthony Ashley (3rd Earl of Shaftesbury), 160–161, 183, 184
Copernicus, Nicholas, 152–153
Council of Constance, 34, 35
Council of Florence, xviii, 35, 37, 44–45, 70, 94–95, 109
Counter-Reformation, 99, 100, 129, 133, 155, 257
Courtauld Institute, 255–256, 260, 266
Croce, Benedetto, 210–212
Crowe, Joseph A., 190–192, 205
D
da Vinci, Leonardo, 33, 64, 74, 106, 122, 143–145, 163
Last Supper, The, 74, 261
Dabell, Frank, 260–261, 266–269, 274
Damisch, Hubert, 229
Dante, 39, 103, 116, 171, 175, 203, 255
Divine Comedy, The, 175
Darwinism, 212, 213, 223, 236, 237, 282
Declaration of Independence, 284
della Francesca, Benedetto, 5–6, 28, 46
Dennistoun, James, 170, 172–174, 177–178, 187, 202
Memoirs of the Dukes of Urbino, 173
Descartes, René, 99, 100, 126
devotio moderna, 44, 95
dialectics, 96, 225, 284
Dionysius the Areopagite, 72, 96
Dominican, 7, 12–13, 31, 80, 92, 99, 142, 165
Donatello, 24, 27, 134, 148
double truth, 129
Dürer, Albrecht, 33, 149–151, 155, 216, 217
Painter’s Manual, The, 150
E
Eastlake, Charles, 170–173, 176–178, 180, 182–183, 187–188, 191, 199, 232
Eastlake, Elizabeth (Rigby), 169–171, 176
Eco, Umberto, xi, 185–186
Art and Beauty in the Middle Ages, xi
École des Beaux Arts, 194–195, 209, 210
Einstein, Albert, 99, 126, 216, 217, 227, 235, 278
Emperor Constantine, 52, 79, 81, 82, 83, 90, 214–215, 266
Enlightenment, 159–161, 165, 183–184, 186, 188, 257
Epicurean, 72, 212, 225, 280, 283, 284
essences, 11, 19, 28, 40, 250–251, 279–281
beauty as, 19, 101, 160
brain seeking, 128, 236, 242, 245–246
number as, 11, 54, 83, 124, 129, 241
as the Platonic intelligible, 130
Este, House of, 49–51, 53, 56, 213
Este, Lionello, 53
Eucharist, 39, 154
Euclid, 5, 11–12, 32, 105, 126, 281
Elements, 11, 42, 63, 64, 103
Optics, 29–30, 103, 123
Piero and, 42, 63–66, 103, 105, 123, 147–148, 174
existentialism, 226, 257
F
faith, 284
Ferrara, 21, 35–36, 118, 213–214
Council of, 44
Piero in, 42, 49–54, 164, 192
Ficino, Marsilio, 107–109, 152–155, 188, 215, 241–242, 270
Compendium in Timaeum, 154
Platonic Theology (Theologia Platonica), 108
Filarete, Antonio, 50
Treatise on Architecture, 50
First World War, 215, 257
Flemish painters, xxii, 42, 50–52, 60, 87, 113–114, 119–120, 131, 192
and oil, 51, 86, 116
See also van der Weyden, Rogier; van Eyck, Jan
Florence, xx, 9, 23–25, 142, 181–182, 205, 254, 267–268
See also Biblioteca Riccardiana; Council of Florence; the Medici; State Archives; Uffizi Gallery
Florence Baptistery, 24, 31, 33
fourth dimension, 235
Franceschi Marini, Evelyn, 260
Franceschi Marini family, 168, 179, 191
Francesco da Borgo (Francesco da Benedetto Bigi), 92–93, 107, 123, 269, 271
Franciscans, 7, 30, 56, 90, 94, 118, 136, 202
in Arezzo, 78–82
and Piero, 6, 92
and Plato, 12–13, 40, 73, 109
See also Assisi; Bacon, Roger; Pacioli, Luca
French Revolution, 165, 167
sinopia in, 59, 266
technique, 57–59
See also Arezzo frescos; Piero della Francesca works
Frick Collection, 274
Frick, Helen Clay, 204
Fry, Roger, 193, 197–200, 205, 207, 209, 247, 249
Futurists, 206, 207
G
Gardner, Isabella Stewart, 204
Garin, Eugenio, 254
genius, 27, 32, 148, 186–187, 211, 257
Gentile da Fabriano, 14–15, 38, 42, 50, 52, 92
geometry, 11–12, 30–33, 63–67, 74, 83, 101, 105–107, 122–129
artists and, 15, 24, 27, 54, 196–197
Piero and, 19, 20, 42, 19, 195, 203, 228, 248, 281
Platonic, 154, 158
of space, 126–127
See also Archimedes; Euclid; Piero della Francesca works
Ghiberti, Lorenzo, 8, 24, 134, 156
Ghirlandaio, Domenico, 132, 194
Ginzburg, Carlo, 230
Enigma of Piero, The, 230
God
biblical, 126
clockwork, 160
as Creator, 11, 13, 39, 40, 128, 156, 225, 280
and deism, 159
as ground of being, 226
Hebrew, 12, 72
mind of, 219, 278
as Nature’s God, 284
and number, 98, 154, 281
and pantheism, 99, 100
as wholly other, 225
Goethe, Johann Wolfgang, 162, 171, 187, 233–234, 239
Theory of Color (Zur Farbenhehre), 171, 187, 233
golden ratio, 11, 65, 66, 124
Golden Legend (Legenda Aurea), 80–82, 130
Gombrich, Ernst, 221–225, 228, 23
7, 244, 248, 258
Art and Illusion, 224
on making and matching, 223
on mental sets, 223, 248
Sense of Order, The, 224
Story of Art, The, 223–224, 237
Good, the (Platonist), 72
Grand Tour, 161, 166–168, 171–172, 178, 180, 203, 282
Graziani family, 28
Great Depression, 257
Greco-Roman, 7, 53, 66, 71
Greece, 40, 57, 97, 172, 283
Greek language, 8, 13, 25, 35, 40
Greek Orthodox Church, 34, 36
Guicciardini, Francesco, 142
H
Harzen, Ernst, 179, 202
Hebrew, 12, 72, 108, 226, 257, 281
Hellenists, 35, 57, 94, 226
Helmholtz, Hermann von, 232–235, 242, 247
Handbook of Physiological Optics, 233
Hercules, 130–131, 133, 204
historia, 34, 67
Hubel, David, 241
humanism
Christian, 71, 108, 119, 188
civic, 254
modern, 255, 257–258
Renaissance, 49, 188, 257
secular, 129, 256–258
humanists, 15, 57, 64, 96–97, 201, 255, 271
literary, 8, 93, 102, 109, 145, 201, 271
and science, 20, 25, 26, 63, 106, 143
and studia humanitatas, 8
See also Alberti, Leon Battista; Petrarch; Pius II
Hume, David, 161, 183–184, 187
Huxley, Aldous, 262, 282
I
iconography, 21, 57, 214, 218, 220, 230, 268, 282
iconology, 214, 216, 218–219, 221–223, 228, 230, 279
Idea (Platonist), 40, 70, 85, 96, 97, 98, 108, 124, 151, 185, 186, 216, 219, 243, 245, 279
imagination. See psychology
infinity, 65, 98–99, 100, 124, 126, 225
intuition. See psychology
J
Jefferson, Thomas, 284
Jerusalem, 71, 81–82, 84
John Palaeologus VIII, 34
John the Baptist, 21, 28, 37, 42, 43, 90, 267
John the Evangelist, 86
Jordan, Max, 202
Justus of Ghent, xxii, 114, 182