25 Plutarch, The Lives of the Noble Grecians and Romans, translated by Sir Thomas North (1927), Oxford.
26 The history of the temple, which is inextricably bound up with Hatchepsut's own history, has been recorded by several authors; see for example Naville, E. (1894), The Temple of Deir el-Bahari: its plan, its founders and its first explorers: Introductory Memoir, 12th Memoir of the Egypt Exploration Fund, London; Wysocki, Z. (1979), The Temple of Queen Hatchepsut: Results of the investigations and conservation works of the Polish-Egyptian archaeological Mission 1968–72, Warsaw.
27 Naville, E. (1894), The Temple of Deir el-Bahari: its plan, its founders and its first explorers: Introductory Memoir, 12th Memoir of the Egypt Exploration Fund, London: 3.
28 Wilkinson, J. G. (1835), Topography of Thebes and General View of Egypt, London.
29 Lepsius, K. R., translated by L. and J. R. Horner (1853), Letters from Egypt, Ethiopia, and the Peninsula of Sinai, London: 255–6.
30 Sharpe, S. (1859), The History of Egypt: from the earliest times till the conquest by the Arabs AD 640, London.
31 Pierret, P. (1875), Dictionnaire d'Archéologie Égyptienne, Paris: 248. Translation, author's own.
Further Reading
The references listed below include the more basic and accessible publications with preference given to those written in English; all these works include bibliographies which will be of interest to those seeking detailed references on specific subjects. More specialized references to points raised in the text have been included in the notes.
Aldred, C. (1980), Egyptian Art, London.
Baines, J. and Malek, J. (1980), Atlas of Ancient Egypt, Oxford.
Breasted, J. H. (1906), Ancient Records of Egypt: historical documents, 5 volumes, Chicago.
Dorman, P. F. (1988), The Monuments of Senenmut: problems in historical methodology, London.
Dorman, P. F. (1991), The Tombs of Senenmut, New York.
Gardiner, A. (1961), Egypt of the Pharaohs, Oxford.
Grimal, N., A History of Ancient Egypt, translated by I. Shaw (1992), Oxford.
Harris, J. E. and Wente, E. F. (1980), An X-Ray Analysis of the Royal Mummies, Chicago and London.
Hayes, W. C. (1935), Royal Sarcophagi of the XVIII Dynasty, Princeton.
Hayes, W. C. (1959), The Scepter of Egypt Vol II, Cambridge, Mass.
Hayes, W. C. (1973), Egypt: internal affairs from Tuthmosis I to the death of Amenophis III, in I. E. S. Edwards et al. (eds), The Cambridge Ancient History, 3rd edition, Cambridge, 2.1: 313–416.
James, T. G. H. (1973), Egypt: from the expulsion of the Hyksos to Amenophis I, in I. E. S. Edwards et al. (eds), The Cambridge Ancient History, 3rd edition, Cambridge, 2.1:289–312.
Kemp, B.J. (1989), Ancient Egypt: anatomy of a civilization, London.
Lichtheim, M. (1976), Ancient Egyptian Literature II: the New Kingdom, Los Angeles.
Manetho, translated by W. G. Waddell (1956), Cambridge, Mass. and London.
Naville, E. (1895–1908), The Temple of Deir el-Bahari, 7 volumes, London.
Ratie, S. (1979), La Reine Hatchepsout; sources et problèmes, Leyden.
Redford, D. B. (1967), History and Chronology of the Eighteenth Dynasty: seven studies, Toronto.
Reeves, C. N. (1990), Valley of the Kings: the decline of a royal necropolis, London.
Robins, G. (1993), Women in Ancient Egypt, London.
Shafer, B. E., ed. (1991), Religion in Ancient Egypt: gods, myths and personal practices, London.
Smith, G. E. (1912), The Royal Mummies, Cairo.
Stevenson Smith, W, The Art and Architecture of Ancient Egypt, revised and edited by W. K. Simson (1981) New Haven.
Trigger, B. G., Kemp, B. J., O'Connor, D. and Lloyd, A. B., eds (1983), Ancient Egypt: a social history, Cambridge.
Troy, L. (1986), Patterns of Queenship in Ancient Egyptian Myth and History, Boreas.
Tyldesley, J. A. (1994), Daughters of Isis: women of ancient Egypt, London.
Watterson, B. (1991), Women in Ancient Egypt, Stroud.
Index
Figures in italic refer to a picture caption on that page.
Abd el-Rassul family of Gurna 92–3
Abu Simbel 172–3
Abydos 27,230
Africa, royal women of 48
Africanus 13, 230
Afterlife 35, 72, 169, 210, 216
Ahhotep I, queen 47, 57–8, 92, 97–8, 200
Ahhotep II, queen 127
Ahmose, pharaoh 24–7, 34; accession 24, 55;
and Ahhotep I 57–8, 97–8;
building projects 61;
cult and oracle of 108;
honours grandmother, Tetisheri 43,44, 61;
and Hyksos 24–5,26, 141;
military campaigns 24–7, 141;
mummy 93
Ahmose, queen 65, 75–7, 83,104, 175
Ahmose, son of Ibana 24–6, 61–2, 70–71, 83, 141
Ahmose Nefertari, queen 123, 133; burial 92,93,200;
cult 57, 62;
political role 57, 58–62, 97–8;
religious patronage 61, 159
Ahmose-Pennekheb (soldier) 26, 82, 83, 88, 116
Ahwere, Princess 66
Akhbetneferu, Princess 75
Akhenaten (Amenhotep IV), pharaoh 33, 66, 110, 136, 144, 226–7
Akhenkheres, daughter of Oros 136
Akhmim 181
Amarna, tombs at 53
Amarna period 202, 223
Amazons 140
Amduat (funerary literature) 123
Amen (god) 13,30, 169; barque of 106–7, 108, 152, 153, 170;
defacing of monuments 208, 223;
Djeser-Djeseru shrine 169;
and Feast of the Valley 169–71;
God's Wife of 59–60, 62, 83, 89,226;
Hatchepsut's devotion to 9, 33, 102, 103, 105, 107, 146, 154, 156, 161, 174;
and Horemheb 107;
Karnak temple 23–4, 30, 32,162, 163, 174, 188;
kings and cult of 5, 30–31, 32–3,
(endorses kingship) 95, 96, 107, 114;
and Min 162;
and mortuary temples 72, 169;
patronage of army 29;
queens' connection 46, 59–60, 62, 83, 89, 226;
and Re 30;
Senenmut as Steward of 153, 178, 185
Amenemhat I, pharaoh 15, 30, 47
Amenemhat II, pharaoh 145
Amenemhat III, pharaoh 17
Amenemhat IV, pharaoh 18
Amenemhat, brother of Senenmut 205
Amenemope, vizier 55, 206
Amenenthe (supposed pharaoh) 231–2
Amenhotep I, pharaoh 61–2; accession 26;
Ahmose Nefertari as regent 61, 97–8;
building projects 62, 71, 159, 162, 164;
burial 72,93;
cartouche 61;
cult and oracle of 57, 62, 108;
and Deir el-Medina 35, 57, 62;
foreign policy 26, 61–2;
marriage 67;
succession of Tuthmosis I 63,119
Amenhotep II, pharaoh 33, 91, 215, 224
Amenhotep III, pharaoh: building projects 17, 102; foreign relations 68, 144, 145;
marriages 66, 67, 226, (see also Tiy, queen);
and religion 33;
tomb 92, 213
Amenhotep IV, pharaoh see Akhenaten
Amenhotep (boy buried at Gurna) 196
Amenhotep, Chief Steward 117, 161, 196
Amenhotep, son of Hapu (architect) 176
Amenmose, Prince 75–6,77
amphora seals 99
Anath, Astarte (goddess) 20
Anen (brother of Queen Tiy) 51, 201
ankh 103, 111
Ankhesenamen, queen 66, 68, 227
Ankhes–Merire, queen 58
Anubis (god) 169, 174, 175, 199
ape, cynocephalous 151, 153
Apophis, pharaoh 19–20, 22–3
archaeology; bias 10–11,35,141
Archaic Period 43, 44, 235
Argo, island of 70
Armant 180, 223
army 27–9; booty 24–5;
career in 29, 41, 56, 183;
command structure 29;
equipment 21,28;
gods and victory 29;
Hyksos improve 21;
king as head 7,29;
Memphis headquarters 36, 70;
support for Hatchepsut's kingship 115;
Tuthmosis III trains in 113, 114;
woman as commander 47, 57–8; see also warfare
art, pictorial 17, 40, 146; depiction of sexes 133, 240; see also image, power of
arts 16–17, 21, 40, 62; see also art, pictorial; image, power of; literature; sculpture
Assyria 39
Astarte (goddess) 20
astronomy 194, 205
Aswan 142–3, 159–61, 200
Aten (sun disc), cult of 33, 223
Augustus, Roman Emperor 230
autobiographies 16, 24–6
Avaris (Hyksos capital) 19,25
Ay, pharaoh 53, 181
Ayrton, Edward 214
Babylon 39,68
barque, sacred see under Amen
Bay, Great Chancellor 228
Beechey, William 231
Belzoni, Giovanni Battista 122, 231
Beni Hassan 17, 155
Bhutto, Benazir 118
Binothris, pharaoh 133
Boadicea, queen of Iceni 140
bodyguards, royal 27
Book of the Dead 198, 199
booty 24–5
bow, composite 76
Britain 47, 48, 140; see also Elizabeth I
bronze working 21
Brugsch, Emile 93, 215
Buhen 195–6
building: brick 10, 37; destruction of earlier buildings 158–9, 221;
kings’ role 7, 40;
organization 7,154, 177, 194;
palaces 37;
propaganda value 9, 154, 155, 158, 174,234;
stone 10, 31,35, 38–9;
12th Dynasty 17;
workforce 7, 38; see also the individual places; obelisks; pyramids; temples; and under the individual pharaohs
Burton, James 122
calendar 12–13
Carter, Howard 84, 122–4,211–12, 214, 234
cartouches 22, 24, 61, 63, 78, 211; Hatchepsut 100, 230,231,233
Catherine the Great, Tsarina 191
Champollion, Jean François 231–2
Chapelle Rouge, Karnak 106–8, 164, 219–21; carvings 89, 107–8, 109, 160, 161;
dismantled 107, 220–21, 223
chariots, horse-drawn 21, 76
Chester, Revd Greville 213
children: mortality 73; royal 54–8,75–7
China: Han Dynasty 51
Christie, Agatha 121
chronology, table of 235
civil service: building supervision 154; careers in 56, 80, 183;
continuity 117,208;
development 15,21, 39, 41;
shrines at Gebel Silsila 184;
support for Hatchepsut's kingship 115, 138;
titles 185–6; see also Senenmut
Cleopatra VII, queen 4, 140, 191, 229–30
coffins 126–7, 212
concubines, kings' 50–54
conscription, labour 7
continuity 5–6, 8–10, 42, 50, 117, 208
copper 16, 39, 144
Coptos 30, 145, 152
co-regency 63–5, 95–6, 101, 105–6, 110, 114, 215
cosmetic container 129
Crete, Minoan 190
Cusae: temple of Hathor 158
Dagi, vizier 199
dating system 12–13; see also regnal years
Davis, Theodore M. 123, 124
death 10; Second, of soul 72, 216; see also Afterlife; mummies; tombs
defacement of monuments 208, 228–9; see also under Hatchepsut; Senenmut
Deir el-Bahri: cache of mummies 91–4, 126–7, 212, 213; Djeser-Akhet 165, 175, 208, 220;
excavations 79;
fragmentary statues of Hatchepsut 221–2;
graffiti, workmen's 188,189, 190–91;
‘Hatchepsut Hole 221;
Hathor cult 165;
Mentuhotep II's mortuary temple 165, 167, 175;
monastery 165, 176;
processional way 159, 170;
Senenmut Quarry 221;
tombs (Inhapi) 92–4,
( Senenmut, see under Djeser-Djeseru);
tunnels to Valley of the Kings 119, 121; see also Djeser-Djeseru
Deir el-Medina 35–6, 56–7, 62, 108, 230
desecration of monuments see defacement
Djehuty, Chief Treasurer 143, 168
Djeser-Akhet 165, 175, 208, 220
Djeser-Djeseru, Deir el-Bahri 1, 165, 166, 167–71, 173–6; after Hatchepsut's death 230, 231;
Amen cult 169;
Anubis, chapel of 169, 174, 175;
carvings of Hatchepsut's life 101–6, 109, 111, 131,141–2, 143, 160–61, 174,
(of mission to Punt) 146–7, 148, 150–51, 152–3, 174;
defacement 216, 221–2, 223;
excavation 11;
Feast of the Valley 169–71, 175, 220;
foundation deposits 168–9;
Hathor, chapel of 169, 171, 172, 173, 174, 175;
Hatchepsut's mortuary temple 84, 119, 169, 175;
Senenmut and 168, 177, 178, 194–6,
(tomb) 196, 203, 204, 205–6;
solar temple 169, 175;
statues 80–81, 130, 221–2;
Tuthmosis I commemorated 168, 175,
(mortuary temple) 119, 127–8, 169, 175;
Tuthmosis II's building work 167;
Tuthmosis III inscription 95
Djoser, pharaoh 58, 235
draughts-board 213
dress, Hatchepsut's 130–34
dynasties 12; 1st-2nd 44;
12th 5, 15–18, 40;
13th 18;
15th-16th 19, (see also Hyksos);
17th 5, 19, 21–4, 45–50;
18th 5,
(historical background) 24–42,
(queens) 45–50;
19th 37; see also the individual rulers
Eastern Desert: gold 16, 39
economy 21, 32, 38–9, 112, 154
Edfu: quarries 200
Edgerton, William 79
education 39–40, 88, 180
egyptologists 2–3, 4, 66–7, 77–80, 138–9, 231–4; see also the individual names
Elizabeth I, Queen of England 118, 137, 139, 140, 182, 191
Essex, Robert Devereux, 2nd Earl of 182
eunuchs 53
Euphrates, river 26, 70–71, 214–15
Eusebius 13
Faiyum 16
famine 38
Feast of the Valley 169–71, 175, 220
feminist theorists 139
festivals 102, 106, 107; see also Feast of the Valley
Field of Reeds 35, 169, 210, 216
foreign policy: dynastic marriages 50, 51–2, 68–9; 12th Dynasty 15–16; see also under the individual pharaohs
Freud, Anna 118
Freud, Sigmund 118, 139
funerary cults 27, 57, 62
Gandhi, Indira 139
Gaza Palestine 143
Geb (god) 69
Gebel Ahmar quarries 38, 200
Gebel Silsila shrines 183–4, 186
Gebelein quarries 200
Gibbon, Edward 115–16
Giza desert 76, 233, 235
gods 29–33; oracles 108–9;
see also religion and under the individual names
gold 16, 39, 145, 147, 151, 153
Gordon, Ch. H. 122
graffiti 122, 188, 189, 190–91
Greek Islands 39, 190
Gurna: Abd el-Rassul family 92–3; cemetery 196, 197, 198–203,206
Han Dynasty, China 51
Hapuseneb, High Priest of Amen 55, 116, 119, 168, 184
harems, royal
36–7, 50–54
Hatchepsut, pharaoh: advisers 116–17, (see also Senenmut); age at marriage 65;
age when widowed 96–7;
and Amen 29, 33, 102,107, 146,154,156, 161, 174;
appearance 126, 129–37;
birth 65;
birth story 101–6, 131, 174;
building projects 1,4, 9, 112, 154,177, (see also Djeser-Djeseru and under Karnak);
cartouches 100, 230,231,233;
character 2–4;
competence 112;
coronation 106–9;
death and burial 179, 210–14;
defacement of monuments 77–8, 114–15, 141, 155, 208,216–26;
divinity 101,192;
economy under 112, 154;
foreign policy 112,
(defence and warfare) 137–44,210,
(trade and exploration) 144–53, (see also Punt);
gender 1–2, 5,
(as man) 1, 105, 130–37, 231–3,
(as woman) 1,130,135–6,227;
and Hathor 76, 105, 171–3, 172, 174, 175;
justification of rule 101,146,154;
and Ka 103–4, 131;
as king 87–90, 98, 99–119, 133,
(date of becoming) 99–100, 101, 106–9, 111–13;
and maat 9–10, 89, 136, 146, 157, 158, 226;
memory see proscription below;
mummy 213–14;
names 13,99, 104,117,154;
and Neferure 4, 86, 87–90;
propaganda 2, 4, 6, 101–6, 146,
(monuments as) 9, 154, 155, 158,174, 234;
proscription of memory 1,4, 77–8, 80, 141, 155, 216–26,233,
(date) 114–15, 218–19,
(omitted from king lists) 1, 224, 230, 233, (see also defacement above);
Punt expedition see under Punt;
as queen consort 80, 81, 83–6, 100, 106, 112;
as regent 1, 97–8, 113–14;
regnal years 100, 106, 224;
sarcophagi 124, 126, 211–12,223;
sed-festival 109–11, 161;
self-presentation 101, 118–19, 130–37, 231–3;
and Senenmut 178, 179, 184, 189, 190–93,205, 207–8;
sexual behaviour 189, 190–93;
statuary 11, 130, 174–5, 184, 219;
titles 60, 83, 97–8, 117;
tombs, (king's) 119, 120, 121–8, 211–12, 223,
(queen's) 84, 85, 86, 119, 126;
trade missions 1, 9, 144–5, (see also Punt);
and Tuthmosis I 4, 117–19, 122, 132, 161,
(alleged co-regency) 101, 105–6, 110,
(builds mortuary temple for) 119, 127–8,169, 175;