Taiyuan 94
Taklamakan Desert 134, 161, 192
Tamir River 243
Tangut empire of West Xia 261
tattooed people, Pazyryk cemetery 26
technology, early 13–15
Teletskoye Lake 25
Tengri (Blue Sky Mongolian deity) 32, 42, 90
Genghis Khan and 90
statue 160
tents development 11
Terelzh ‘fortress’ 125–6
terrace tombs, Gol Mod 235–46
Terracotta Army 2, 68, 76
Thompson, Edward, condemns Hsiung-nu as Huns myth 268
Three Beauties range 258
Thubron, Colin 204–5n5
Thucydides 111
Tian, Lady 106
Tian Shan Mountains 107
rivers 33
Tianmu Mountains 177
Tocharians 43
Tong Wan Cheng city 261–4
Tongxin County 99
Törbat, Tsagaan 84
on Chinese-style graves 244–5
trade routes, Ordos Bronzes 34–7
Tree of Life shamanic symbol 29
tribal migrations, Central Asia 189, 193–9
trigger devices 55–6
Trojan War, as folklore 275
Troyes, Attila defeated 289
Tsend (PhD student) 235–7, 243
Tumen, chanyu 42–5
and Modun 86–8
tribe relocates to central Mongolia 83
Tumen, Dashtseveg 44
Tumen River 44
Turkic Yuezhi 81
Turkish bows 84–5
Tuva kurgans 18
Ujiuli chanyu (Wuzhuliu) 228
visits Han emperor 212–13
‘ear-cup’ found in Noyon Uul 213–14, 228
Ukok Plateau, Ice Maiden 26–9
Ukok Princess 26–9
Ukraine, Russian eastward expansion 16–17
Ukrainian lowlands 272
Ulaanbaatar 244
see also Noyon Uul
Ulaanbaatar Museum of Mongolian History 227
Ulaanbaatar National University 231
Ulei-Jodi chanyu, son Deng, executed at Chang’an 251
Uyuk Culture 18–29
Uyuk River, Valley of the Kings 18, 19–23
Valens Roman Emperor 272
and Visigoths 272, 276–85
attacks Visigoths 283–5
remains never found 285
Vandals 271
Vikings on ‘Atli’ 290
Visigoths 271–2
refugees 278–86
at Danube 279–80
at Devnya 280
push south into Turkey 280–1
and Ostrogoths defeat Romans 284–5
at Constantinople, retreat 285–6
sieze Rome, settle in south-west France 286
vivianite 28
Wang Hui 150
Wang Mang, Xin Emperor 214
and Xiongnu 247–51
new seal trick 248–9
Wuhuan tribute 247–8
Xiongnu declare imposter 249–51
chaotic reign 251–5
currency reform disaster 247
Wang Shun 31, 35
Wang Zhihao 32, 37
Wanrong (Puyi’s wife) 36
Warring States period 33, 46–59
Water Xu 223
Watson, Burton
on Han court women 216
on Sima Qian 111–12
Wei Lu, chanyu aide 168–71
Wei Qing
and centre campaign 163–4
and Xiongnu wars 155
background 155–6
Wei Shaoer 156
Wei state 48
conquest 56
Wei valley 55
Xiongnu breakthrough attempt 105–6
Wei Zifu, Empress 155–6
Wen, Emperor 106–10
and Modun 107–10
peace proposal to chanyu fails 134–5
sends princess to Laoshang 121–2, 126–7
death 135–6
White City (Tsagaan Balgasun) 262–4
wig, Ice Maiden 28–9
William of Rubruck 124
women, tattoos, Pazyryk cemetery 26
writing materials, early 103–5
Wu Emperor 77, 113
and Chedihou chanyu 168–71
and Gansu (Hexi) Corridor 154–8
determines to take western oases 153–62
expedition to find Yuezhi 147–8, 152
extends/ repairs Great Wall 164–7
Han-Xiongnu war 115–16
new treaty 148
centre campaign 162–4
secures borderlands 154–60
seeks solution to Xiongnu problem 147–53
sets trap for Xiongnu 149–50
madness/ death 175
new coinage 181–2
Sima Qian indirectly attacks 119–20
takes Shuofang/ Ordos lands 151–3
TV series 112
heir dies 190
Wu Ling (Zhao king) 38
Wuhuan
Han conquest 190
tribute to Xiongnu, Wang Mang and 247–8
Wusun 81, 159
and Han attack Xiongnu 192
displace Yuezhi from Ili Valley 192–3
Han princess sent 166
king, and Huhanye 198
Wusun-Han peace-and-kinship treaty 193
Zhizhi reclaims 197–9
Wutai Mountains 138
Wuwei
bamboo strip records 180
chanyu 167–8
to Yumenguan, Great Wall western 179
Wuxing (Huzhou) 177
Xi, Han official, report on Xiongnu 197–9
Xian 112
Xianbei
invade north, kill chanyu 256
rule Mongolia 261
conquer Da Xia 264
Xianyang 51
Xiao Dan 207–8
Xiao, Duke 49
Xin dynasty, see Wang Mang
Xinjiang 43, 81
Xiongnu people 4
and eastern Mongolia 193–4
as Hun ancestors, see Huns origins controversy
origins 37–45
homeland 30–1
Mongolian genetic link 275–6
name derivation 39
poor herders phase 40–5
Scythian tribe ancestors 30–1
bases 124–6
fortress-city, Gansu Corridor 159
garrisons 158–9
Tong Wan Cheng city 261–4
White City (Tsagaan Balgasun) 262–4
see also Ordos
culture/ possessions
bows 83–6
cemeteries/ graves 7–9, 81, 228–46
Altai Mountains 272–3
double-edged swords 86
frontier markets 146
gold ornaments 233–4, 239–40
grave objects 228–46
grave wealth decrease/ increase 189–90
post-Huhanye, few weapons 245–6
see also Ordos Bronzes
legacy 291–2
socio-political organisation
aristocracy, adopt Chinese names 244
family life, Zhonghang Yue on 128–9
ideology, and Huhanye’s peace 244–6
tribal chiefs, relationship, with state 144–5
Wise Kings/ 24 Leaders political system 144–5
chanyu’s heir as Wise King of the Left 145
record keeping 129
split 1: civil war, north/ south division 194–9
Zhizhi’s northeners 197–9
see also Zhizhi
Huhanye’s southerners under Han 197, 199
see also Huhanye
split 2: by Bi (Khailoshi-Jodi) 255–6
northern
at Ordos 255–6
Dou Xian’s campaign against 256–60
flee northwest from Dou Xian 258
many flee south 256
vanish into Central Asia 261, 265
southern, inside Great Wall 256
merge with local populations 264
post-Han conquests 261–4
Xiongnu and other nations
150-year empire 143–85
rising power 81–110
control 36 kingdoms west of Great Wall 135
empire begins decline 189–99
vassal chiefs defect to Han 167
vassal kingdoms, taken by Huo Qubing 157
vassal states uprisings 190, 192
western regions lost 190
Xiongnu-Han peace relations 121–42
Han-Xiongnu peace-and-kinship treaty 97, 104–6, 129–32, 137, 148
renewal talks 167–71, 175–6, 190–3, 211, 224
and Han princesses 215–17
chanyus’ deals with China 144–6
appeasing Chinese 244–5
and Great Wall 166
communication with China 103–5
China protection racket 143–7
good relations with Han 211–13
Xiongnu-Han conflict
and Li Mu 41–2
and Wang Mang
and Wuhuan tribute to Wang Mang 247–8
Wang Mang and new seal trick 248–9
declare Wang Mang imposter 249–51
and Wu
Wu treaty broken 148
Wu’s trap avoided 149–50
Wu’s war against 115–16
plans to subvert 129–32
attack-and-retreat on Han 93–5
attack Lintao 105–6
avenge Han and Wusun attack 192
capture Zhang Qian 148
continuing raids on China 97–100
control north of Yellow River 100
control Ordos 99–100
defections to Han 137, 157–8
invade Yuezhi 133–4
invasion across Gobi 153
Han-Xiongnu war resumes 171–4
defeat Li Ling 171–6
raid along Great Wall 135
raid Chang’an 132–3
raid Jing’s studs 140
raid through Yanmen Pass 138–41
raids continue 105–6, 137, 152–3
Roman mercenaries myth 203–11
sieze Loulan 107
spies, reward for capture 184
Wise King of the Right
attacks Ordos 106–7
attacks Gansu Yuezhi 107–10
Xiutu, Xiongnu general 160
Xiyuqian (Modun’s secretary) 104, 109
Xu Zhaoyu (Michael) 158–9
Xu Zong, record keeping 181–5
Xuan Emperor (Liu Bingyi) 191
Yan, conquest 56
Yan Mountains 225
Yang Ye, general 139
Yangtze river 70
Yanmen (Wild Goose) Pass 94, 138–41
Yanran Inscription, lost; found; transcribed 259–61
Yanran Mountain 259, 260
Yap, Joseph 134
Yellow River 46, 208, 225
Ordos Loop 30–1
territories 61, 62
Yenisei river cemetery 20–3
Yesunge, as bowman 84
Yin Mountains wall 63
Yinchuan 208
Yongchang 199–201
modern visitors 204–5
Roman mercenaries ‘foreign-looking people’ 203–8, 210–11
Youliu, chanyu, killed by Xianbei 256
Yuan Emperor (Liu Shi) 176–9, 198
Yuan-Guidi chanyu, and Huhanye 193–4
Yuezhi tribe 43, 44
Xiongnu attacks on 107–10
Modun
escapes 87
attacks 98–9
Xiongnu invade 133–4
migration
displace Scythian Saka 134
pass on to India borderlands 134
displaced from Ili Valley 192
in Uzbekistan, refuse to return 148, 152
Turkic 81
Yumenguan, Jade Gate Pass 179–80
Yun, Zhaojun’s daughter 219
Zhang Qian
captured by Xiongnu, escapes 148
expedition to find Yuezhi 147–8
explores weatward trade routes 148, 152
on Ferghana horses 152
Zhang Sheng, plot against chanyu 168–9
Zhang Ziyang (‘Mr Shark’) 32–3, 36
Zhangye 158
motorway to Wuwei 199
woodland demanded from Xiongnu 255
Zhao 51, 57
conquest 56
frontier walls 41–2
Zhao Gao, chief eunuch
Sand Hill Plot 70–8
reign of terror 76–8
Zhao Mengfu 177–9
on Su Wu and Li Ling 179
Zhao state 37–8, 41–2
Zhao wall 63
Zhaojun 215–24
and Huhanye 212, 218, 219–20, 224, 225–7
journey to Mongolia 225–7
and pipa 221–2
marries stepson 218–19
stories
earliest 219–20
later 220–4
poem about 219, 220
TV series about 223
Zhaojun’s daughter 251
Zhelai (former Li Qian) 205–10
‘Roman’ monument 206
Zheng see First Emperor
Zhizhi and Han 198
and Huhanye 194–5, 218
and Kangju kingdom, attack Wusun 198–9
at Talas River 201–3
reclaims Wusun territory 197–9
takes over Kangju 201–2
Zhonghang Yue
accompanies princess to Laoshang 121–2, 126–7
becomes chanyu’s advisor 129, 132
Zhongxin 178–9
Zichu, prince 51–2
Zichu’s queen 52–4
ALSO BY JOHN MAN
Searching for the Amazons
ABOUT THE AUTHOR
John Man is a historian with a special interest in Asia and the nature of leadership. His books, published in over twenty languages, include bestselling biographies of Genghis Khan, Kublai Khan and Attila the Hun, as well as histories of the Great Wall of China, the Mongol Empire and the Amazons.
EMPIRE OF HORSES
Pegasus Books, Ltd.
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Copyright © 2019 by Erika Fatland
First Pegasus Books hardcover edition February 2020
All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced in whole or in part without written permission from the publisher, except by reviewers who may quote brief excerpts in connection with a review in a newspaper, magazine, or electronic publication; nor may any part of this book be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or other, without written permission from the publisher.
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ISBN: 978-1-64313-327-0
ISBN: 978-1-64313-382-9 (Ebook)
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