grave objects
Arzhan 1 and 2 kurgans 18, 19–23
Daodunzi cemetery 99–100
Egiin Gol graves excavation 230–1
linking Xiongnu and Hun 273–4
Noyon Uul (Royal Hills) 8–9, 227–30
Kaogong, Ai ‘ear-cup’ 213–14, 228
Xiongnu 228–46
grave wealth decrease/ increase 189–90
post-Huhanye, few weapons 245–6
Great August (da huang) title 57
Great Salbyk Kurgan 18
Great Ulugan River 25
Great Wall 3, 206, 262
and Ordos invasion 62
as Xiongnu legacy 291
effective 190
fortress, as film studio 208, 211
north Shanxi 138
northwards 180–5
bamboo strip records 180
record keeping 180–5
settlements 165
western 179–80
Wu extends/repairs 154, 158, 164–7
Xiongnu breakthrough attempt 105–6
Greeks, Ferghana Valley 166
Grousset, René, L’Empire des Steppes, on Hsiung-nu as Huns 268
Gu Ji 198, 203
Guan Zhong 37
Gunchen (Junchen) chanyu
succeeds Jizhu 135
death 152
Gurvan Saikhan mountains 173
Gutenberg, Johannes 241
Guyuk 90
hair braids, Xiongnu graves 9
halberds 172
Halley’s comet 1–2, 292
Han dynasty
founded by Gaozu (Liu Bang) 93
restored as Eastern Han 255
Han emperors
and client chanyus 212–13
and Wusun attack Xiongnu 192
attack & kill Zhizhi 202–3
conquer Wuhuan 190
crush Shache uprising 192
see also specific emperors
Han-Xiongnu relations see under Xiongnu
Han Fei, Legalist agenda 50, 55
Han Fei Tzu: Basic Writings 49n1
Han princesses, Xiongnu and 96–7, 215–17
Han Shu see under Ban Gu
Hancheng, Sima Qian’s tomb 112
Hann state, Xiongnu and 94
Hanye, Xiongnu general 160
Harris, David, Black Horse Odyssey 208
He, Han Emperor 256
Hedin, Sven 180
Helian Bobo, chanyu of Da Xia, builds city 261–4
Heng Mountains 138
Hercules 15
herders, wandering 10–29
Herodotus 92n7, 111, 235
on Scythians 16, 17
Herrmann, Albert, Historical Atlas of China, on Hsiung-nu as Huns 268
Hohhot 33, 215
Zhaojun memorial 223–4
Homeward Bound (TV film) 209, 211
Honeychurch, William 90–1
Honoria, persuades Attila to attack Orléans 288–9
horse-archers see archers, mounted
horse-based cultures, broken bones 21–2
horses
blood-sweating, Ferghana Valley 152, 166, 167, 192
decorations 233–4
domestication 11
Gol Mod 1 242
Jing increases stud farms 136–7
Xiongnu raid Jing’s studs 140
Hou Han Shu see under, Ban Gu
Hu people, Zhao and 37–8
Huandi chanyu
and peace-and-kinship treaty 175–6
failed China invasion 190
Huhai, Second Emperor, reign of terror 76–8
Huhanye, chanyu of eastern Mongolia tribes 193–4, 198
accedes South to China 194–7
and Zhaojun 218, 219–20, 224, 225–7
and Zhizhi 194–5
returns people to north 199
revisits Han emperor 211–12
dies 218
Hui, son of Empress Lü 100
Hulugu chanyu, and Li Ling 174
‘Hun City’ (Ivolga) 125, 126
Hungary, Hungary, Huns in 272
Attila returns, dies 289
Huns
Hun (Xwn) people 39
and Alans 270–1
at Roman defeat 286, 287
emerge from Central Asia 265–76
cross Volga, move west 269–76
in Hungary 272
inside Roman Empire 287–8
raid Rhineland 288
raid Turkey and Syria 288
return to eastern steppes 289
Huns origins controversy 266–9
descendants of ‘Hiong-nou’, de Guignes on 267–8
forgotten forebears 275
probably Turkic stock 276
Xiongnu as 2–4, 265–9
Xiongnu and Hun bows, asymmetrical 273
Xiongnu and Hun cauldrons 273–4
see also Attila
Hunye, defecting prince 158
Huo Guang regent 191
Huo Qubing
and Xiongnu wars 155, 158–61
assaults Black Water fortress 159
grave/ monuments 161–2
hyoid bone mysteries 230–1, 242–3
Ichise (Yizhixie) chanyu
power grab 152
ousts heir Yutan 145
flees Han assault 163
death 167
Ildico 289
Ili Valley southern Kazakhstan 268
Xiongnu princess sent 166
Imperial Russian Geographical Society 7
Imperial Workshop, Chang’an 242
Ingram, Isabel, and Ordos Bronzes 36–7
Inner Mongolia University Hohhot 260
Iran, Ordos Bronzes 35
iron replaces bronze, China 46
iron, trading for 146–7
Issyk Kul, Kyrgyzstan 33
Issyk lake, Kazakh 23–5
Ivolga, southern Siberia, cemetery 125, 126, 159
Jade Emperor 222
Jamukha 34
Jayne, Horace 36
Ji An, on Hunye 158
Jia Yi 98
on subverting Xiongnu 129, 135, 136
Jin 12th century empire 92
Jing, emperor 136–7
Jiuquan 160
Jizhu, (Laoshang), chanyu 121–2
death 135
defeats Yuezhi 133–4
Jordanes, Gothic historian, on Huns 278
Jorigt 138
Julius Caesar 200
Jurchens 139
Juyan border fortress 160
Juyan Lake 160, 180
Kangju kingdom
joins Zhizhi, attacks Wusun 198–9
Zhizhi takes over 201–2
Kaogong, Ai ‘ear-cup’, found in Noyon Uul 213–14, 228
Karakorum, Mongol capital 124, 126
Kassai, Lajos 85
Kazakh Institute 33
Kazakhstan 81, 166, 193
Khangai Mountains 258
Khasar 34
Khentii Mountains 124
Kherlen River 123, 124
Khökh Tenger (Blue Sky) 232
Khünüi River 238
Kitchen Deity 136
Klopsteg, Paul E., Turkish Archery 85n3
Kolomyya 272
Kondratiev, Sergei, and Noyon Uul grave mounds 8–9
Kossack, Georg, on Xiongnu imitating Chinese culture 246
Kozlov, Petr 36, 213–14
and Noyon Uul find 8–9
tombs 227–8
Kradin, Nikolai 44
Kuaiji mountain 70
Kublai Khan 104, 176–9
kumiss 24
Kunyang, great siege 254
kurgans (grave-mounds) 17–29
Kuruk river 107
Kushan empire 43
labour utilisation, Middle Kingdom 58–9
lacquered tray, provenance 241–2
Lanzhou
to Liaodong, Great Wall 62–3
to Xinjiang, Great Wall 164–7
Lao Ai 52–4
Laoshang, (Venerable-Supreme) see Jizhu
Lattimore, Owen 82, 153
legalistic period 48–59
Li Guang, ‘Flying General’ 137–41
and centre campaign 162–3, 164
confuses Xiongnu 140–1
on Xiongnu raids 137
defeated 151
Li Guangli, invasion/ migration 166
Li Ling, general
and Su Wu 174–6, 179
defeated, taken hostage 115, 171–6
defects to Xiongnu 116
Li Mu, strategy against Xiongnu 41–2
Li Qian (Rome) 201, 204, 209–10
see also Zhelai
Li Si, chancellor 55, 69, 71–5
Lintao, Xiongnu raid from Ordos 105–6
Liu Bang see Gaozu
Liu Bingyi Xuan Emperor 191
Liu He Emperor 191
Liu Jing 94, 95–7
peace-and-kinship treaty 130
‘peace’ appeasement 95–100
Liu Shi, Emperor Yuan 176–9, 198
Liu Xijun, poem about 217
Loewe, Michael 180
Long Cheng (Xiongnu gathering place) 122, 125
Lop Nor 107
Loulan, siezed by Xiongnu 107
Lü Buwei 51–4
Lü Empress 100–3, 216
and Modun 100–3
brutality 100–1
death 103, 106
Luandi clan 43
Luo Ma (Roma) 201
Luo, Mr 205–8
Lupicinus, and Visigoth refugees 279–81
Ma Junwang, on Tong Wan Cheng city 262–4
Ma Zhiyuan, Autumn in the Han Palace 222
Maenchen-Helfen, Otto, on sham bows 273
Maeotic marshes 269
Mahmoud, bowman 85
Mangasyn Khuree (Ogre’s Circle) 172
Mao Jiao 54–5
Mao Yanshou 221, 222
Maoqinggou cemetery 35
Markley, Jonathan
on Sima Qian 112
on Sima Qian’s history 132, 136
Martin, Hélène 242–3
Marxist history interpretations 82
Mayer, William, and Ordos Bronzes 36–7
Meng Tian 99, 197
and Fusu 71–8
and Great Wall 62–3
and Xiongnu tribes 61–2
border reinstated 151
Ordos advance 83
Straight Road see Straight Road
imprisoned 76
suicide 77–8
Meng Yi, chief minister 70–7
executed 76–77
Michael 203–4
see also Xu Zhaoyu
Miller, Bryan K 35
on Xiongnu appeasing Chinese 244–5, 246
Ming Great Wall fortress, as film studio 208, 211
Mingfei see Zhaojun
Minusinsk Hollow kurgans 18
Mirror of Good Governance (Zizhi Tongjian) 41
mirrors, beliefs 240–1
Modun, chanyu of Xiongnu 88–93
son of Tumen 43–5
and Empress Lü 100–3
and Tumen 86–8
and Wen 107–10
attack-and-retreat on Han 93–5
attacks Yuezhi 98–9
defeats Dong 88–9
government system
army ‘decimal’ system,’decimal’ system 92
East West viceroys & chiefs 91–2
unifies clans 91–3
reconquers Ordos 99–100
secretaries 104
death 109–10
Modun’s queen 94–5
Moldova 272
Mongolia
Dong Hu 81
eastern tribes revolt 193–4
independence 292
Xianbei rule 261
script 105
Mongols
13th century empire 4, 92
Xiongnu genetic link 275–6
Secret History of the Mongols 275
Mönkhöö (driver) 235
Murphy, Eileen, on Aymyrlyg excavations 21
Nazarbayev, Nursultan 24
Needham, Joseph, Science and Civilisation in China 55–6
Nestorians 124
Newton’s Third Law 3
Nibelungs, Huns attack 288
Nimi Mad King of Wusun 193
Ningxia 99
nomadic empires 81–93
livestock as wealth 82–3
Nomgon 172
North Ossetia-Alania 271
Noyon Uul (Royal Hills) 227–30
grave mounds 8–9, 243
skeletons 8
treasure/ objects 8–9
hair braids 9
Kaogong, Ai ‘ear-cup’ 213–14, 228
O’Neal, Shaquille 32
Odbaatar 9, 227
Odoacer, Roman emperor 289
Ogedei son of Genghis Khan 90, 123, 124
Olbia 16
Old Nie Yi, and trap for Xiongnu 149–50
Ordos 30–7, 40, 46, 81, 154, 157
antiquities, collectors and 35–7
coronet 32–3
Daodunzi cemetery, grave objects 99–100
graves 243
cave homes 263–4
invasion, First Emperor and 59, 60–75
Meng Tian’s advance 83
Modun reconquers 99–100
Qin straight road 60–9, 78
northern Xiongnu at 255–6
Xiongnu relocate to central Mongolia 83
Ordos Bronze Museum 32–7
Ordos Bronzes 31–7, 227
manufacture 37
trade routes 34–7
Ordos City 31, 66
Qin Straight Road 65–9
Ordos Loop 30–1
Oriental Holding Group 66
Orkhon River valley 124, 194
Orléans, Attila at 289
Ossetians 270
Ostrogoths 271
refugees arrive at Danube 279
cavalry attacks Romans 284–5, 286–7
Paludan, Ann 162
Parthians 200
passports, Great Wall 182
pastoral nomads 10–29
burials 15
Pazyryk culture 25–9
cemetery finds 25–6
People’s Daily, on Dubs-Harris hypothesis 208
Persian Achaemenids 92
Peter the Great, Russian eastward expansion 16–17
Pingcheng 94–5
pipa (Chinese lute) 221–2
Plutarch 200
Polo, Marco 235
Polosmak, Natalya 27–9
Priscus, Greek official, visits Attila 288, 289
Ptolemy, on ‘Khoinoi’ north of Sea of Azov 268–9
Puyi (last emperor) 36
Qi, conquest 56
Qilian 154
Qilian Mountains 98, 161, 162, 180, 199, 205
Qin, Shaanxi
emergence 1–3
enrichment/ expansion 48–56
army 55–6
becomes China, Middle Kingdom 56–7
Qin Straight Road, Ordos City 65–9
Rabelais 90
Rachewiltz, Igor de 89–90
Red Guards, campaign against old things 262–3
Roman empire
Huns and 265–6
Visigoths and 272, 276–86
Roman glass bowl, Gol Mod 234–5
Romania 271
Visigoths in 278–9
Romans in China 199–201, 203–11
and tourism 208–9, 211
Rome, Chinese names for 201
Romulus, Roman emperor 289
Rong and Di tribes, Inner Mongolia 37–81
campaign against 61
combining into Xiongnu 81–93
Roxelani 269
Rudenko, Sergei 25–6
Ruga, takes gold to stop raids 288
Russian eastward expansion 16–17
Saka see Scythians
Sand Hill Plot 71–8
Saracens
, rout Visigoths 286
Sarmatians 269–70
Scythes 15
Scythian art
Animal Style 28–9
bronzes 36–7
gold 17
Scythians 9, 15–29, 235, 270
burials 16–29
culture 15–29
migrate to Kashmir 134
settlements 15–29
slain enemies 40
tribes, pre-Xiongnu 30–1
women
‘Golden Man’ find 23–5
tough lives 21–3
Secret History of the Mongols 33–4
Segalen, Victor 161
Selenge River 125
Seuxie (Souxie) chanyu 242
Shaanxi, Tong Wan Cheng city 261–4
Shache uprising crushed by Han 192
shamans, access to Tenger 90
Shang Yang 48–50
Shanggu raid 151
Shangguan, Han empress dowager 190–1
Shanxi 138
Shaoxing 70
Shark, Mr (Zhang Ziyang, translator) 32–3, 36
She Yifeng 139
Shigi Qutuqu 42n
Shouxiang (Bayan Bulag) 172
Siberia, Russian eastward expansion 16
Sichuan, Qin expands to 49
Silk Road (early routes) 43, 106, 107
extends west 165–6
to India 152
Zhizhi and 201
Sima Guang (historian) 54, 157
on centre campaign 163
on emperor Jing 136
on flying machine 252–4
on Han rising power 192
on Han-Xiongnu wars 160
on Huhanye in Chang’an 196–7
on Li Ling 173–6
on Liu He 191
on Lü and Modun 102–3
on Modun and Gaozu 93–100
on Wang Mang 214
and Xiongnu 248–9
on Xiongnu split 197
on Zhang Sheng’s plot 170–1
on Zhizhi 201–3
Zhonghang Yue dialogue 122, 126–7, 129
Zizhi Tongjian, (The Mirror of Good Government) 41, 43, 44, 61–2
Sima Qian (historian) 39–40, 48–9, 50–3, 58, 136
defends Li Ling, castrated 115–18
Grand Historian, Shi Ji 111–20
on Dou Xian victory rituals 260
on Emperor Wen 106
on Han court women 216
on Han/ Xiongnu ‘peace’ 95–109
on Li Guang 137–42
on Li Ling 172–3
on Meng Tian 151–2
on Modun 86–93
on Wu’s trap for Xiongnu 150
on Xiongnu split 197
Shi Ji, Records of the Grand Historian 61–78
unreliable
anti-Wu agenda 114, 116–20
reporting distorted 112–14
Zhonghang Yue dialogue 122, 127–8, 132
Sogdia 39
Song Guorong 204, 208
spy-in-the-sky machine 252–4
stationery, wooden 180–1
Stein, Aurel 36
Straight Road 60–9, 77, 104, 218, 225, 233
construction theories 63–9
maintenance 67
Ordos City 65–9
Xianyang to Yellow River 63–9
Su Wu, general
Wu and Li Ling 174–6, 179
and Zhang Sheng’s plot 168–71
Suide, Ordos 75, 78
Syrdarya River 198, 268
Taihu Lake 177