and media propaganda, 73, 125
message of, 101–25, 196–97, 248–52
names of, 8–9, 28, 47, 63, 116, 166
as new paradigm, 235
as non-state actor, 11
numbers in, 51, 278
oaths of loyalty to, 234
oil smuggling, 46, 88
possible outcomes of, 192
propaganda of, 106, 114–16, 118, 119, 249–50
psychological warfare, 199, 208–18, 236
publications of, 113–14, 116, 119–20
publicity of, 3, 73, 74, 236–37, 243, 244–48, 251
purification as goal of, 195, 218, 230, 233, 254
recruitments, 88, 99, 197–98, 231, 236, 243, 249
rhetoric of the absolute, 178
rise of, 3–4, 6, 7, 13, 33–51
and Salafism, 268–69
and security concerns, 124
smart mobs of, 71
social media exploited by, see social media; Twitter
and Sunni Arabs, 31, 44–45
surveillance of, 251
territories controlled by, 4, 39, 44, 47, 72, 88, 110, 184–87, 220, 236, 237, 278
theocratic rule of, 48
U.S. air strikes on, 4, 48, 50, 95, 121, 125, 234
U.S. military preparations against, 189
utopian vision of, 6, 73
videos of, see videos
violence of, 43, 72, 77, 113–14, 116, 197, 198, 234, 243
vision of, 178, 192
wealth of, 46
West as target of, 200, 201–2, 233, 254
wilayat structure of, 51, 184–87
women’s brigades, 89–93
and World Cup (2014), 147, 156
Islam:
brief history of, 257–63
core beliefs of, 261–63
end times prophecy, 119, 220
Five Pillars of, 263
split of Shi’a and Sunni, 19–20, 258–60
Islamic Army of Iraq, 34
Islamic Courts Union, 63
Islamic Front, 49
Islamic Group, 179
Islamic Jihad, 179
“Islamic State Electronic Army,” 173
Islamic State in Iraq and the Levant (ISIL), see ISIS
Islamic State of (or in) Iraq (ISI), 62–63
air strikes against, 37
civilians targeted by, 27
expansion of, 39, 41, 42, 48
formation of, 26
leadership of, 37–38, 39, 105
Nusra merger with, 42–43
reorganization of, 39, 41
territories of, 39
violence used by, 38, 48
Islamic State of (or in) Iraq and Syria, see ISIS
Islamic State of Iraq and al Sham, see ISIS
Islamist groups, funding of, 41, 46
Islam Report, 128
J, and Twitter, 148–50
Jabhat al Nusra, see Nusra
Jamaat Jaysh Ahl al Sunnah wa-al-Jamaah (Army of the Sunni People Group), 34
Jaman, Ifthekar, 84
Japan, beheading as punishment in, 209
al Jawlani, Abu Mohammed, 41, 42
Jemaah Islamiyah, 181
Jesus Christ, second coming of, 219
Jewish Museum of Belgium, 94, 201
Jibril, Ahmad Musa, 183–84
jihad, 271–74
defensive, 108, 272–73
five-star, 84, 85
global, 274
and hijra, 76
individual interpretations of, 13
spiritual, 14
targets of, 278
ultraviolent, 197
use of term, 9
waging war, 274–77
“Jihadi John,” 77, 244
jihadi Salafism, 15, 46, 257, 265, 268, 271–72, 274–77, 278, 279
jihadist struggle:
expanding, 53
letting them rot, 241, 252
as millenarian movement, 235
simplistic, 243
splintering and separation, 177–78, 182, 190, 235
stages of, 23, 54
Jordan:
protests in, 19, 39
refugees in, 238
terrorism in, 15, 200
Jubayr, Sa’eed ibn, 67
Juhayman al ’Utaybi, 226, 227
Jund al Khilafah, 96, 185–86, 234
“just war,” use of term, 10
Kahneman, Daniel, 203–5
al Kalaylah, Ahmad Fadhil Nazzal, see al Zarqawi, Abu Musab
Kassig, Abdul-Rahman (Peter), 122–23, 224, 244
Keech, Marian (pseud.), 227–28
Kenya:
U.S. embassy bombed in, 55, 56
Westgate Mall, Nairobi, 145, 163
Kernberg, Otto, 212, 218
Khadija (pseud.), 91–92
Khalilzad, Zalmay, 29
Khmer Rouge, 211
Khobar Towers bombing (1996), 10
Khorasan Group, 50
killer self, creation of, 229
Kobane, 221
Koresh, David, 225
Ku Klux Klan, 192
Kurdistan Workers’ Party (PKK), 48
Kuwait, protests in, 39
Lahoud, Nelly, 272
leaderless resistance, 24, 60–61, 72
Lebanon, ISIS in, 200
Lesser Signs of the Hour, 221
al Libi, Abu Yahya, 90
Libya:
intervention (2011) in, 237, 239, 240, 254
Islamic State in, 184, 185, 200, 278
unrest in, 39
Lieberman, Joe, 131
Lifton, Robert J., 230
Liht, Jose, 243
Lister, Charles, 50–51, 238–39
lone wolves, 24, 94–99, 193–98, 200–201
Lynch, Mark, 195
Mahdi, coming of, 219–20
Mahmood, Aqsa, 89–90
Malaysia:
and Day of Judgment, 219
terrorists in, 95, 182
Mali, social services in, 114
al Maliki, Nuri, 25, 28–31, 39, 44, 240
Management of Savagery, The (Idarat al Tawahhush) [Naji], 23–24
on hostage taking, 122
on media compaigns, 73, 117, 252
on “paying the price,” 48
simplistic thinking in, 243–44
on the use of violence, 24, 115
Mansfield, Edward, 255
Mao Zedong, 236
al Maqdisi, Sheikh Abu Muhammad, 15, 21, 90, 277–78
Martin, Dorothy, 227
martyrdom, 242, 276–77
Martyrs of Bosnia, The, 101
mass suicide, 225
Mawdudi, Sayyid Abu’l A’la, 270–71
McCain, Douglas McAuthur (sic), 160
McCants, Will, 88, 118, 220, 224, 229
McMaster, H. R., 213
Meccan Rebellion (1979), 226, 227
“Message to America, A,” 120–21, 159, 168–70
Metcalf, Barbara, 14
Metzger, Tom, 60
Middle East, boundaries in, 240
Milennium Plot, 16
Miller, William, 206
Minneapolis, ISIS operatives in, 160
miracles, belief in, 207
Moghadam, Assaf, 276
Mohammed, Abdullah bin, 66, 68
Mongol Empire, 264
moral injury, 214–15
Mosul:
deteriorated living conditions in, 241
ISI/ISIS in, 41, 93, 147–48
ISIS capture of, 45–46, 50, 150, 165
march on, 156, 158, 165–66
video of, 165–66
Mother Jones, 138
Movement for the Restoration of the Ten Commandments of God, 225
Muasher, Marwan, 233, 256
Mubarak, Hosni, 151–52
al Muhajir, Abu Hamza, 26
Muhajir, Azzam (pseud.), 148
Muhammad, 257–58
and Day of Judgment, 229
death
of, 19
descendents of, 33, 259
escape to Mecca, 76, 119–20, 273
and Qur’an, 262
successors to, 19–20
tribe of, 261
Mujahideen Shura Council, 26
Muslim, Abu, 86
Muslim Brotherhood, 195, 266, 267
Muslims:
and caliphate, 118
and end of days, 219, 221, 227
and extremist groups, 9, 73, 105, 123, 180, 256
hijra of, 119–20
jihadist targeting of, 22, 275–76, 278
as peaceful people, 9
in Philippines, 59, 182
propaganda aimed at, 102–3
ummah (global community), 55
see also Islam
Myspace, 133–34
al Naji, Abu Bakr (pseud.), 23–24, 73, 115, 117, 243
Nasr, Vali, 20–21
al Nasser, Abu Suleiman, 138
national security letters (NSLs), 164
nation building, 249
NATO, International Security Assistance Force (ISAF), 135
al Nazari, Harith bin Ghazi, 186
Nazi Germany, 115, 209, 236
Nemmouche, Mehdi, 94, 98
neo-Nazi movement, 10, 192
Neumann, Peter, 83
news media:
atrocities covered by, 4, 5
ISIS goals reinforced by, 250
and perception of risk, 202–3
Nieman, Susan, 205
Nigerian oil scams, 141
19 Martyrs, The, 103
Nolen, Alton, 195–96
noncombatants, definitions of, 10
Nostromo (Conrad), 237
al Nusra, Jabhat, 41–44
and al Qaeda, 42–43, 48, 58, 61, 66
and ISIL, 42–43
and ISIS, 43–44, 63, 66, 68, 69, 157, 188
and social media, 154–55, 157
and Syria, 153, 188, 238–39
and U.S. air strikes, 49–50, 196, 238, 238–39
Obama, Barack, terrorist messages to, 5
Obama administration:
and ISIS, 3–4, 8, 49, 234
pressure on, 49
and troop withdrawal, 29
Omar, Mullah, 16–17, 179
Ottoman Empire, 261, 266
Pakistan:
ISIS supporters in, 200
Taliban in, 188
Paltalk Forum, 183
People’s Protection Unites (YPG), 48
Persian Gulf War (1991), 20
Petraeus, David, 27, 240
Philippines, Muslim separatists in, 59, 182
Pinker, Steven, 206, 207, 236
polarization, 243
political Salafism, 266–67, 268
Pol Pot, 211, 236
Ponzi schemes, 141
Poulin, Andre, 86–87
Powell, Colin, 18, 240
privacy, 245
psychological warfare, 199–218
psychopathy, 206, 209, 214, 218
public executions, 209–10
purification, 195, 218, 230, 233, 254
al Qahtani, Abu Walid, 165, 167
al Qahtani, Muhammad, 227
quietist Salafism, 226, 265–66, 267, 268, 272
Quitter, 168
Qur’an, 221, 258, 262–63, 273
Quraysh, 261
Qutb, Sayyid, 267, 271–72, 274
Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty (RFE/RL), 78–79
Rafiq, Arif, 190
Rahman, Omar Abdel “blind sheikh,” 55
Rana, Muhammad Amir, 188
rapture, 228–29
Raqqa:
deteriorated living conditions in, 241
ISIS in, 44, 50–51, 93
religious belief, 207, 229–30, 233
fundamentalist, 233, 241–44, 264
Protestant cults, 228–30
Resurgence, 124
Revolution Muslim, 183
Rheingold, Howard, 71
Riecken, Henry, 228
risk:
of evil, 205–9
perception of, 202–5, 237
risk analysis, 203
risk assessment, 202
Rosen, Nir, 15–16
Rothkopf, David, 253
Rummel, Rudolf J., 209
Rwanda, 254
Sadat, Anwar, 10
Salafism:
declaring war, 269–74
defining, 263–64, 265–69
jihadi, 15, 46, 257, 265, 268, 271–72, 274–77, 278, 279
political, 266–67, 268
quietist, 226, 265–66, 267, 268, 272
as response to the pain of modernity, 242
Salafist Group for Preaching and Combat, 58
Salil al-Sawarim, see Clanging/Clash of the Swords
Saud, Muhammad bin, 265
Saudi Arabia:
Grand Mosque siege (1979), 226–27
protests in, 39
public beheadings in, 210, 276
and Salafism, 268
Savage, Sara, 243
Schachter, Stanley, 228
Science of Evil, The (Baron-Cohen), 206
“Second Coming, The” (Yeats), 253–54
sectarian violence, 25
September 11 attacks:
and al Qaeda, 56–57
and bin Laden, 17
images of, 203
post-9/11 era, 5, 17, 57–58, 64–65, 70, 101, 128, 179, 222, 223, 248, 252, 253
praise for, 278
scale and complexity of, 201
videos about, 103
Shami (Syria) Witness, 165, 167
Shariah:
children’s camps, 210–11
interpretation of, 15, 38, 44, 114, 210, 216, 230
Shariah courts, 35
Shekau, Abubakar, 182
Shi’a Muslims:
ISIS vs., 44, 116, 230, 244, 251
and Salafism, 276
split from Sunni branch, 19–20, 258–60
targeted by Zarqawi, 16, 24
Shia Revival, The (Nasr), 20–21
Sinai Wilayat of the Islamic State, 185
Sistani, Grand Ayatollah Ali, 31
slavery, 194, 215–17
Smart Mobs (Rheingold), 71
Smyth, Phillip, 20, 29
Snyder, Jack, 255
social media, 127–45
accounts suspended in, 5, 130, 133, 138, 139, 141, 142–45, 150, 154, 163–64, 167, 246
administrators of, 129
AQC use of, 67, 68–70
and Arab Spring, 151–52
as business, 138–42, 245, 247
and censorship, 246
chat rooms, 128
connections via, 137–38, 159
development of, 128
ethical standards in, 247, 252
fingerprinting techniques on, 133
foreign fighters on, 83–85
forums, 128–29, 130, 137
and free speech, 131–32, 134, 138, 141, 246
government use of, 130, 137, 141–42, 154, 163–64, 245
hierarchies of, 129–30
ideological warfare on, 147
inner circles, 129–30
and intelligence services, 130, 140–42, 143–44, 247–48
ISIS use of, 4, 5, 68, 69, 72, 89, 115, 153–62, 248–52
and law enforcement, 140–41
and leaderless jihad, 72
legal responsibilities of, 247
lies broadcast on, 140
marketing via, 69, 74, 140
message boards, 128
moderators of, 65, 66, 130
new developments in, 245
90-9-1 rule, 155
open platforms of, 130, 137, 140
patterns of use, 155
and pornography, 133, 141, 246
and privacy, 245
propaganda videos, 63–64, 70
publicity via, 244–48
recruitment via, 89, 159–61
risks in, 135
terms of service, 246
an
d terrorism, 133–36, 138, 141
threads, 128–29
see also specific platforms
Somalia:
al Shabab in, 63, 64, 191
Hammami in, 64
Sons of Iraq, 28
Sotloff, Steven, 4–5, 94, 121, 123
Soufan Group, 80–81
Soviet Union, in Afghanistan, 14, 53, 82, 101, 103, 268, 272
spree killers, 195–96
Stalin, Joseph, 236
State Department, U.S., Center for Strategic Counterterrorism Communications, 249
State of Law coalition, 28–29
State of the Ummah, The (al Qaeda), 101–3
Stone, Douglas, 35–36, 37
Struggle for Iraq’s Future, The (al-Ali), 28
Suedfeld, Peter, 242–43
suicide bombings, 21, 38, 276–77, 278
Sunnah, 262, 263
Sunni Awakening, 28, 30
Sunni Muslims:
extreme jihadists, 16, 28
ISIS massacres of, 251, 256
purged by Maliki, 30–31
pushed toward ISIS, 31, 44–45
recruitment of, 27
split from Shi’a branch, 19–20, 258–60
al Suri, Abu Khaled, 43, 68–69, 70
al Suri, Abu Musab, 18, 24, 60, 72
A Call to a Global Islamic Resistance, 223–24
Suri, Jeremy, 34
Switzerland, terrorists in, 94
Syria:
al Nusra Front in, 153, 188, 238–39
Assad regime in, 40, 42, 50, 83, 85, 152, 222, 238
border with Iraq, 41, 44
civil war in, 39, 40–44, 83, 123, 151, 152–54, 158, 196, 254
deteriorated living conditions in, 241
Hezbollah in, 222
ISIS in, 44, 63, 88, 99, 188, 196–97, 200, 234, 278
radicalization in, 193
recruitment in, 160
refugees from, 238
and U.S. air strikes, 48, 49–50, 234
U.S.-led coalition action in, 238–39
Syrian Islamic Front, 153
Tablighi Jamaat, 14
takfir, 269–71, 273, 278
disagreements about, 22
license to kill, 22, 62
Talabani, Jalal, 25
Taliban:
and al Qaeda, 179
Omar as leader of, 16–17, 179
Pakistani, 188
on Twitter, 134–35
and Zarqawi, 17
Tamil Tigers, 138
Tanzania, U.S. embassy bombed in, 55, 56
Teausant, Nicholas, 161
Tehrik-e-Taliban (TTP), 182
terrorism, 233–56
accountability for, 98–99
asymmetrical warfare, 191–92
characteristics of, 10
current U.S. strategy against, 191
and CVE, 248–49
definitions of, 9–10
and focus-group testing, 70–71, 157
function of, 55, 142
and insurgency, 9–10, 235
and military policies, 133
as psychological warfare, 199–200
and Reign of Terror, 209
savagery as weapon of, 22
and social media, 133–36, 138, 141, 142
“whack-a-mole” vs., 136–38