ISIS disavowed by, 6, 43, 69, 85, 180
in Jordan, 19
and local insurgencies, 59, 61
and Maliki, 30
media messages of, 56, 101–6, 108, 119, 120, 194, 195
nihilism of, 73
numbers of, 54
obedience (bayah) to emir of, 54, 65, 179
obstacles to membership in, 73
old guard in, 187–91, 192–93
and populism, 61, 73, 195
possible outcomes of, 192, 195
recruitment, 191–93, 194
secrecy of, 53, 55, 56, 65, 73, 124, 185, 244
security precautions of, 58, 124
September 11 attacks, 56–57
The State of the Ummah, 101–3
and Taliban, 179
training camps of, 54, 59, 65, 73
and Twitter, 135
U.S. embassies bombed (1998), 55, 56
U.S. responses to, 56, 57–58, 125, 177, 252
USS Cole bombing (2000), 56
as vanguard movement, 55–56, 73
vision of, 178, 192
West targeted by, 59, 94, 108–9, 179
World Trade Center bombing (1993), 55, 179
al Qaeda Central (AQC):
affiliates of, 42, 43, 50
control by, 65
and Hammami, 63–64
messages from, 105–6
and Nusra, 42–43, 48, 58, 61, 66
recruitment by, 60–61, 108
and social media, 67, 68–70
and violence, 104–5, 224–25
Zarqawi’s independence from, 16–17, 22, 25, 62, 277–78
al Qaeda in Iraq (AQI), 13–31, 41
border crossings by, 152
and fitna, 62
foreign fighters in, 21–22
formation of, 21, 58
ideology of, 38
and ISIS, 66
marketing via Internet, 22, 24
as precursor of ISIS, 2, 28
and Salafism, 275
and suicide bombings, 277
targeting top leaders of (decapitation), 26
terrorist activities of, 21, 22, 24–25
videos by, 2, 103–5
violence of, 104–5
and Zarqawi, see al Zarqawi, Abu Musab
al Qaeda in the Arabian Peninsula (AQAP), 58, 59–60, 61, 62, 89, 97, 114, 132, 180, 181, 187, 189, 194
al Qaeda in the Indian Subcontinent, 58, 180
al Qaeda in the Islamic Maghreb (AQIM), 58, 61, 62, 96, 114, 180, 181, 189
al Qaeda in the Land of the Two Rivers (Tanzim Qaedat al Jihad fi Bilad al Rafidayn), 21
al-Samarrai, Ibrahim Awwad Ibrahim Ali al-Badri, see al Baghdadi, Abu Bakr
al Shabab, 61, 63–67, 70, 89, 135, 143–45, 160, 163, 180, 191
al Shamukh, 68
“Ambush at Bardale,” 63
Amman, Jordan, hotels bombed in, 19
Amnesty International, 31
Amr (child soldier), 212
Anghel, Itai, 210
Ansar al-Islam, 17
Ansar al-Shariah in Tunisia (AST), 182–83
Ansar Bayt al Maqdis (ABM), 185, 234
Antichrist, 229
apocalypse, 219, 221–28
expectations of, 231, 252
millenarian projects, 230
Protestant cults, 228–30
simplistic narration of, 244
Appleby, Scott, 264
Apuzzo, Matt, 8
Arab League, 39, 40
Arab Spring, 39–40, 106, 109, 151–52, 179, 185, 191, 195
Archive.org, 134
Arendt, Hannah, 205
Armed Islamic Group of Algeria, 22
Armenia, Turks in, 236
Armstrong, Karen, 233, 242
Asawirti Media, 167
ask.fm, 160
al Assad, Bashar, 40, 49, 152, 238, 239
al Assad, Hafez, 40
Assad regime, 40, 42, 50, 83, 85, 152, 222, 238, 254
asymmetrical warfare, 191–92
Atran, Scott, 82–83, 207
Aum Shinrikyo, 230
Australia, terrorists in, 95, 97, 98, 200
Authentic Tauheed, 183
Awakening Councils, 28
Awakening Movement, 28, 30, 44
al Awlaki, Anwar, 62, 130–33, 183
Azzam, Abdullah, 9, 55, 76, 220, 272, 273, 274, 276
Azzam the American, 103 (see also Gadahn, Adam)
Ba’athists, 6, 19, 37, 38
Babbar Khalsa, 138
al Badri, Ibraham Awad Ibrahim, 34
Badr Organization, 29
Baghdad, UN center bombed in (2003), 21
al Baghdadi, Abu Bakr, 33–39, 68
and al Qaeda, 180
as “Caliph Ibrahim,” 46–47, 86, 116, 118–19, 157, 279
in detention center, 34–35, 36–37
education of, 37
and end times, 231
as “invisible sheikh,” 38, 105, 107
and ISIS expansion, 184
as ISIS leader, 7, 33, 37–39, 42–43, 51, 105, 178
loyalty oaths to, 180, 182, 185
rumors of death, 184
speeches of, 107, 124, 166
and Syrian civil war, 41
on Twitter, 161
al Baghdadi, Abu Omar, 26, 33, 37
Bahrain, unrest in, 39
Bakos, Nada, 25–26
Balkhi, Abdulqahar, 135
Balochi, Nasser, 147
Bangladesh, Pakistanis in, 236
al Banna, Hasan, 266, 272
Barber, Matthew, 216
Barkun, Michael, 226
Baron-Cohen, Simon, 206
Barrett, Richard, 38
Bashir, Abu Bakar, 181, 182
Beam, Louis, 60
beheadings:
believed to be Western propaganda, 223
by Chechen insurgents, 2, 84
as punishment for crimes, 209–10
and Salafism, 276
as theater, 243
videos of, 1–3, 4–5, 48, 72, 96, 104, 120–23, 125, 143, 151, 159, 164, 168, 186, 197, 203, 243–44, 246
Belmokhtar, Mokhtar, 62, 189
Ben Ali, Zine al-Abidine, 152
Berg, Nicholas, 2, 4, 104, 169
al Beshi, Muhammad Saad, 210
Betancourt, Teresa, 214
Better Angels of Our Nature, The (Pinker), 206, 207
Big Data analytics, 140
Bilad al Shaam, 161
bill of rights, 256
al Binali, Turki, 33
bin Laden, Osama:
alliance of Zarqawi and, 17, 21, 43, 58
and al Qaeda, 54, 56, 59, 61
bayah to, 17, 21, 22, 54, 61, 179
death of, 22, 26, 103, 130, 191
education and experience of, 37, 61
and holy war, 272
and ISIS ideology, 194
meeting of Zarqawi and, 16, 17
and Salafism, 267, 274, 275
and security concerns, 124
and September 11 attacks, 17
and ultraviolence, 224, 277
on videos, 102, 103, 106
and World Islamic Front, 178–79
Bloom, Mia, 91, 211
Boko Haram, 182
Bolger, Daniel, 239–40
Bosnia:
al Qaeda in, 55, 59
dilemma of, 254
genocide in, 82, 99, 193
jihadist video in, 2, 103
money laundering in, 55
The Martyrs of Bosnia, 101
Branch Davidian cult, 225
“Breaking Down the Walls,” 39, 107, 109–10
Bremer, L. Paul, 19
Bush, George W., 18, 255
Bush administration:
and exit from Iraq, 29
and Zarqawi, 17–18
caliph:
choosing, 258–59
as leader of Muslims, 19–20
caliphate, 112–20, 260–61
abolishment of, 266
achievemen
t of, 27, 195
al Qaeda’s goal for, 277
announcement of, 46–47, 69, 85–86, 113, 116–17, 119, 157, 158, 161, 166, 177, 180, 182, 183, 184, 186, 223, 233
claims to, 278–79
and end of days, 221
institution of, 19–20, 83
reaction to announcement, 117–19, 180–81
religious justification for, 120
significance of, 69
Umayyad, 161, 261
Call to a Global Islamic Resistance, A (Suri), 223–24
Cameron, David, 122
Camp Ashraf, 35
Camp Bucca, 34–35, 37, 38, 41
Camp Cropper, 35
Canada, terrorists in, 96, 200, 201
Cantlie, John, 123
capital punishment, 209
Carothers, Thomas, 255
Caucasus Emirate, 189
censorship, 246–47
Cerantonio, Musa, 183–84
Charlie Hebdo attack, 98
Chechen insurgents, beheadings by, 2, 84
children:
child pornography, 141, 246
education of, 210–11
institutionalized slavery of, 48
ISIS use of, 10–11, 115, 210–13, 237
Kazakh fighters, 92–93
kidnapping of, 212, 216
long-term effects of violence on, 213–15
in slavery, 216–17
as soldiers, 10, 92–93, 213–15
China, beheading as punishment in, 209
Choudary, Anjem, 183
CIA, 57, 136
Clanging/Clash of the Swords, The, 106–12, 113, 121, 164–65
Cockburn, Patrick, 31
cognitive dissonance, theory of, 228
collective historical trauma, 217–18
Comey, James, 79
Conrad, Joseph, 237
constitutional liberalism, 255–56
Cook, David, 221
Costolo, Dick, 138
countering violent extremism (CVE), 248–49
Couture-Rouleau, Martin, 96–97, 196
Crocker, Ryan, 29
al Dabash, Ahmed, 34
Dabiq, 119–20, 166, 194, 216, 224
Daesh, 8
DawlaNoor, 148
Dawn of Glad Tidings, 148–50, 157–58, 165, 166, 174
Day of Judgment, 119, 219, 224, 229
democracy, promotion of, 254–56
Dempsey, Martin, 234
Denmark, deradicalization in, 98
Diaspora (social network), 178
Donner, Fred, 273
dread, creation of, 10, 237
Egypt:
Ansar Bayt al Maqdis in, 234
apocalypse, 219, 221–28:
ISIS obsession with, 224, 230–31, 251
messianic expectation, 222–23
millenarian projects, 230
Protestant cults, 228–30
Arab Spring in, 39, 151, 152, 195
Islamic State in, 184
Luxor massacre (1997), 197
Muslim Brotherhood in, 195
wilayat groups in, 184, 185
Egyptian Islamic Group, 197
Einstein, Albert, 207–8
empathy, 206–7, 209, 214, 215, 218, 243
Enlightenment, 207
evil:
dread of, 205–9
good and evil, 244, 250
metaphysical, 205
moral, 205
natural, 205
extremist groups:
and extremist mind, 241–44
names, 8–9
targeting top leaders of (decapitation), 26, 190–91
see also specific groups
Facebook, 89, 96, 130, 134, 136, 137, 138, 139, 144, 158, 159, 161–62
Fadl, Khaled Abou El, 269
Faisal, Abdullah, 183
Falaha, Taha Sobhi, 105
Faraj, Mohammad Abd al Salam, 272, 274
FBI, 161
Festinger, Leon, 228
Filiu, Jean-Pierre, 220, 223
Filkins, Dexter, 30
Final Battle, 216, 219–31
Fishman, Brian, 26–27
fitna (internal dissent), 61–63, 64, 66, 68, 70, 85, 89, 177, 201, 238
“Flames of War,” 124, 151
Foley, James, 1–2, 4, 77, 94, 120–21, 123, 168–70
foreign fighters, 75–99
in Afghanistan, 53
Americans, 79–80
angry, maladjusted young men, 72
British, 80, 84, 95, 183, 249
Canadian, 80, 86
French and German, 80, 249
hijra, 75–76, 273
how many?, 78–81
in Iraq and Syria, 200
in ISIS, 85–88
lone wolves, 94–99, 195–98, 200–201
media attention to, 83–85
reasons for joining, 81–85
recruitment, 193
returnees, 94, 98–99, 197, 200, 201
and Twitter, 158–59
videos of, 76–77, 122–23
women’s brigades, 89–93, 167
Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Act (FISA), 164, 253
France:
guillotine in, 209
terrorists in, 80, 94, 95, 98
Free Syrian Army (FSA), 42, 153
French Revolution, 209
Freud, Sigmund, 207–8
Friendica, 168
FSB (Russian intelligence service), 168
fundamentalist movements, 233, 241–44, 264
Gadahn, Adam, 70, 103, 130
Gadhafi, Moammar, 237, 254
Garner, Jay, 19
Gelb, Leslie, 240
Germany, beheading in, 209
Ginges, Jeremy, 207
Godane, Ahmed, 63–64, 67, 191
Goffman, Erving, 211
Golden Rule, 207
good and evil, 244, 250
Google, 132, 139, 150
Google Ideas, 138, 171
Grand Mosque siege, Mecca (1979), 226–27
Greater Signs of the Hour, 221–22
Guantanamo, 36
guillotine, 209
Hadid, Shaykh Umar, 104
Hadith, 262–63
Haditha, Iraq, combat scenes from, 107–8
Haines, David, 122, 123
al Hakim, Ayatollah Muhammad Bakr, 21
Hale-Bopp comet, 225
Hamas, 138
al Hamd, Shayba, 172
Hammami, Omar, 63–64, 66–67, 70, 135
Hamza, Umm, 91
Hashimi, Tariq, 30
Hatem, Mamoun, 181, 182
Heaven’s Gate, 225
Hegghammer, Thomas, 77, 99, 193, 226, 227
Henning, Alan, 122, 123
Hezb-e-Islami, 182
Hezbollah, 138, 222, 246
hijra, 75–76, 258, 273
Hitler, Adolf, 208
Horgan, John, 81, 82, 211
horror, 206, 237, 254
Hosseinian, Rohollah, 222
House of Saud, 265
@HSMPress, 143, 144
Humanitarian Revolution, 206
Human Rights Watch (HRW), 30, 40–41, 210, 212
Husayn, 259
Hussein, Saddam, 17–18, 19, 20, 25, 30, 38, 255
Hydra metaphor, “whack-a-mole,” 136–38
Ibn Taymiyyah, Taqi al-Din Ahmad, 264, 265, 266, 267, 276, 278
identity-based extremism, 195
Ikhwan Revolt (1920s), 226
India, terrorists in, 200
Indonesia:
terrorists in, 182
Year of Living Dangerously, 236
Inspire, 60, 97, 132
Instagram, 84, 158
insurgency:
definition of, 11
and terrorism, 9–10, 235
integrative complexity, 243
Intelwire.com, 7
International Security Assistance Force (ISAF), NATO, 135
Internet:
accountability on, 150
al Qaeda use of, 64–65, 89, 137
blogs on, 132, 164
bots on, 71–72, 150–51, 165, 170, 171, 173, 174
and copyright violations, 133, 139
forums in, 66–67, 70, 137
“ghost” bots, 174
government power over, 247
hackers on, 150, 173
jihadist uses of, 4, 65–66, 120, 140
and message control, 65, 130
online bayah via, 65
online predators on, 134
phishing attacks via, 141
precursors to, 127–28
spambots, 246
spam on, 150, 171
viruses on, 150
see also social media
Iran:
militias of, 29
Revolution (1979), 219
and Shi’a Muslims, 20, 44–45
Iranian Revolution (1979), 20
Iraq:
army of, 28
attempts to institute democracy in, 20, 254–55
border with Syria, 19, 41, 44
civil war in, 19, 21–25
and Day of Judgment, 219
destabilization of, 19, 254
elections in, 25
ISIS control of segment of, 4, 42, 47, 72, 88, 196–97, 234, 278
Islamic State in, 240
Kurds in, 47
living conditions, 241
Mosul, see Mosul
Multi-National Forces in, 35
Shi’a persecuted in, 20, 28
Sunni Arab tribes in, 44
terrorism in, 17, 18–19
unrest in, 39
U.S. air strikes in, 48, 95, 159, 186
U.S. exit from, 29–30
U.S. invasion of (2003), 6, 13, 17, 18, 19, 20, 34, 58, 199, 223, 237–40, 254–55
U.S. support of army in, 45
U.S. troops in, 95, 152, 240
al Iraqi, Abu Ayman, 38
Irish Republican Army (IRA), 138
ISIS (Islamic State of/in Iraq and Syria):
accountability of, 98–99
al Qaeda disavowal of, 6, 43, 69, 85, 180
apocalyptic views, 224, 230–31, 251
AQ-ISIS war, 177–98
Ba’athification of, 38
black flag of, 45, 88, 235
and caliphate, 46–47, 70, 94, 116–17, 157, 158, 233
children used by, 10–11, 115, 210–13, 237
and civil society, 72, 73–74, 85–88, 113, 114
competing with al Qaeda, 157
continuity of, 234–35
countermeasures, 171–75, 243, 250–52
currency minted by, 88
and Dawn of Glad Tidings, 148–50, 157–58, 165, 166, 174
defiance of, 277–78
distribution strategy of, 165, 245–46
emergence of, 13, 28, 39, 94, 145, 177, 230–31, 233
English-speaking radical communities, 183
expansion of, 48, 51, 66, 95–96, 184
external operations, 95
families recruited into, 92–93
goals of, 73, 235, 249–50
hierarchy of, 172
ideology of, 194–95, 233, 235–36
influence of, 6, 7, 51, 97–99, 200–201
internal battles in, 43
and lone wolves, 194
media attacks on, 70