as site of Ugandan rebellion against Amin
supports, withdraws support of, L. Kabila
Tavernier, Christian
Tembele, Yangandawele
Tenke Fungurume mine
Terry, Fiona
Tingi-Tingi, Zaire
and aid-to-killers concept
conditions and suffering of locals
massacre
Tshisekedi, Etienne
under Kabila’s regime
as Mobutu’s prime minister
public support for
reduced to marginal figure
Tutsi as ethnic group
as elite in North Kivu, denied citizenship
flee from Hutu pogroms (1961–1962)
flee to Rwanda (1995–1996)
origins linked to biblical theory
targeted by genocide
See also Anti-Tutsi ideology; Banyamulenge (Congolese Tutsi)
Tutsi–Hutu conflicts
background
with class-based identities
ethnic polarization fails to explain violence
Uganda
history of discord with Rwandans
and Kagame
first Congo war: coalition overthrows Mobutu
second Congo war: drops Kabila, backs Bemba
second Congo war: battles Rwandans
use of donor aid
UN accusations of plundering
Wamba’s new rebellion fails
withdraws troops from Congo
Umutesi, Beatrice
in refugee camps
flees across Congo
on injustices
UNITA
United Nations
evacuate Tutsi from Bukavu
–French mission stalls Hutu flight
investigators not allowed in DRC
massacre investigations
and refugee camps in Zaire
report on rapings
settle Rwandans into Congo (1959–1964)
troops deployed in Kivus
United Nations High Commission for Refugees (UNHCR)
United Nations Multi-National Task Force
United Nations peacekeeping mission
United States
embassy in Kinshasa stormed
new relations with J. Kabila
and refugees in camps
See also CIA
Wamba dia Wamba, Ernest
background
and end of Rwandan–Uganda alliance
as RCD leader, ousted from RCD
as victim of own idealism
forms, fails with, new Kisangani rebellion
War of Liberation
Winter, Philip
World Bank
Yav Nawej
Youth militias
of Banyamulenge
Congolese recruits trained by AFDL
Interahamwe, Impuzamugambi
of L. Kabila
Zahidi Ngoma
Zahidi Ngoma, Arthur
Zaire, Republic of (1971–1997)
in Cold War, West provides military aid, training
increasing hostilities to Tutsi
under Mobutu, falls to Kabila
Zairian army of Mobutu
balkanized, weakened
commanders as corrupt
competent officers executed by Mobutu
massacre Banyamulenge
with mercenaries, fails to defend Kisangani
rarely receive salaries
reasons for losing first Congo war
sell weapons to Rwandan army
terrorizes locals while fleeing Rwandans
Zimbabwe
backs Rwandans’ overthrow of Mobutu
supports L. Kabila (second Congo war)
drops L. Kabila (2000)
Zvinavashe, Vitalis
Jason K. Stearns has worked on the conflict in the Congo for the past ten years, most recently as the head of a special United Nations panel investigating Congolese rebel groups. He first traveled to the Congo in 2001 to work for a local human rights group in the border town of Bukavu, which was then at the epicenter of the war. He later worked for the United Nations peacekeeping operation and as a senior analyst for the International Crisis Group. His journalism and opinion pieces have appeared in the Economist, Africa Confidential, the Washington Post, the Wall Street Journal, and the Financial Times. He is also a regular guest on the BBC, Radio France International, NPR, and CNN. He writes the blog “Congo Siasa” and is completing a PhD at Yale University.
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Copyright © 2011 by Jason K. Stearns.
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eISBN : 978-1-586-48930-4
1. Congo (Democratic Republic)—History—1997- 2. Political violence—Congo (Democratic Republic) 3. Ethnic conflict—Congo (Democratic Republic) 4. War and society—Congo (Democratic Republic) 5. Genocide—Congo (Democratic Republic) 6. Massacres—Congo (Democratic Republic) I. Title.