France
arms, trains, Interahamwe, ex-FAR
Kinshasa embassy protects Tutsi civilians
mobilizes soldiers to aid refugees
supports Hutu government-in-exile
Francophone vs. anglophone countries
French mercenaries
Gateretse, Maurice
Gbadolite, Congo
as Mobutu’s monument to self
command center for MLC rebellion
Gécamines state-owned mining company
General History of the Congo (Ndaywel)
Genocide in Darfur, Sudan
Genocide in Rwanda
introduced
compared to Congo wars, refugee crisis
impact on Rwanda
Interhamwe as rapists, génocidaires
military dimension of massacres by Hutu
no perpetrators in revisionist version
as stimulus for idealistic action
Genocide of Hutu refugees in Zaire
Gisenyi, Rwanda
Goma, Zaire/DRC
camp of Hutu refugees, ex-FAR
refugees repatriated to Rwanda by RPF
invaded by Rwandans
as RCD headquarters
Tutsi death squad
Goodall, Jane
Gourevitch, Philip
Gribbin, Robert
Guevara, Che
declares Congo unready for revolution
guerrilla warfare
support fails of L. Kabila
Habyarimana, Agathe
Habyarimana, Juvénal
about
death, cremation
insurgents in Rwanda civil war
organizes massacres
seizes Rwanda treasury
Hamitic hypothesis
Hobbes, Thomas
Hogwood, Sue
Hospitals and health centers
electricity cut
patients and staff massacred
staff flee, abandon patients
supplies depleted
Hranjski, Hrvoje
Human rights. See also Mortality rates
Humanitarian organizations
access to camps closed by Rwandans
appear to favor Rwandan refugees over Congolese
based in Goma
forced to aid génocidaires
linked to military
refugee camp conditions
Hunde of Zaire/DRC
Hutu militias
anti-Tutsi/Banyamulenge actions
armed by Kabila in Eastern Congo
attacked by Rwandans, RPF
deploy out of refugee camps
as génocidaires
Rwandan, as mercenaries
Immigration
of Banyamulenge
of Hutu, Zairians, in 1,000-mile escape
from Rwanda, to Burundi, to Bukavu
and Rwandans’ citizenship issue
See also Refugees
Impuzamugambi youth militia
Inera, Zaire, refugee camp
Infrastructure
cannibalized by Mobutu
collapse leads to cell phone tech.
needed for productive mining
Interahamwe youth militia
as feared vigilantes, génocidaires
massacre Tutsi, Hutu refugees
retrained for Congolese army
trained by France
Inter-Congolese Dialogue
Kabarebe, James
and J. Kabila
leads rebellion against L. Kabila
leads Rwandan invasion of Zaire
and Lemera Agreement
transports minerals though Rwanda
Kabila, Joseph
background
as titular head of Congolese army
arrested by father after losing Pweto
succeeds father as DRC president
attempts to reform government
brutally represses rebellions
international/diplomatic policies
and Kabarebe
security forces
works peace deal with rivals
Kabila, Laurent
background
and Congolese Tutsi
failed rebellion period (1965–1994)
first Congo war: leads AFDL rebellion against Mobutu
first Congo war: recruits kadogo
first Congo war: Kinshasa surrenders
second Congo war: battle for Kinshasa
second Congo war: incendiary anti-Tutsi stance
second Congo war: loses to Rwandans in Pweto
second Congo war: rebelled against by Congolese soldiers
regime: corruption, repression, inflation
assassination
Kadogo (child soldiers)
hazing in boot camp
implicated in L. Kabila’s death
of L. Kabila’s army
stereotypes of
Kagame, Paul
background in Uganda
on aid to génocidaires not victims
forms alliance to overthrow Mobutu
organizes RCD rebellion against Kabila
on self-sustaining Congo mineral trade
and Wamba
warns U.S. of invasion plans
Kamanzi, Papy
background
commits massacre as ordered
in RPF
in Rwandan death squad
Kamitatu, Olivier
Kampata, Dona
Kapend, Edy
Karaha, Bizima
Karegeya, Patrick
as AFDL intelligence chief
directs offensive on Kinshasa
infiltrates Mobutu officers
on L. Kabila
on Masasu
on Rwandans doing business in Congo
Kasika, Congo, massacre of civilians
Katangan Tigers
Katanga’s attempt to secede from Congo
Katumba Mwanke, Augustin
Kazini, James
Kengo wa Dondo
Kicha, Kimoni
Kiga ethnic group of Rwanda
Kigali, Rwanda
Kijege, Malik
Kilungutwe, Congo, massacre
Kimbangu, Simon
Kinshasa, Zaire/DRC
first Congo war: falls to L. Kabila
under L. Kabila’s regime
second Congo war: anti-Tutsi violence
second Congo war: as rebellion against L. Kabila
second Congo war: Rwandans blocked by alliance
Kinyamarura, Mariam (prophetess)
Kinyarwanda language
Kisangani, Zaire/DRC
falls to Rwandan-led forces
history
Uganda–Rwanda siege ends alliance
Kisase Ngandu, Andre
Kitona airlift
Kituku refugee camp, Zaire
Kongolo (Mobutu’s son)
Kongolo, Mwenze
Kristof, Nicholas
Lebanese diamond traders
Lemera Agreement
Leopold II (king of Belgium)
Losembe, Michel
Louis XIV (king of France)
Lubakat tribe of Katanga
Lubumbashi, Zaire/DRC
Luhaka, Thomas
Lumumba, Patrice
chaos in Congo follows assassination
cited as visionary
death arranged by CIA, Belgium, Katangans
Lunda tribe of Katanga
Lundila, Neno
Lundin, Alfred
Lusaka Cease-fire
Lwabanji, Lwasi
Machiavelli
Mahanya, “Mama Sifa,”
Mahele, Donat
Maheshe, Kizito
Mai-Mai local militias
attack RCD, sparking Kasika massacre
as ethnic defense force
of Nyakiliba
as rapists
supported by L. Kabila, J. Kabila
Malkia wa Ubembe church
Mamdan
i, Mahmood
Mandela, Nelson
Masasu, Anselme
Massacres
in Bas-Congo by J. Kabila’s troops
in Ituri region by MLC, Hema
in Kasika by RCD rebels
in Kilungutwe
in Kisangani
long-term effects
in Mbandaka, Zaire
measured against Rwandan genocide
organized by Habyarimana regime
reasons suggested
See also Mortality rates
Mawapanga, Mwana Nanga
Mbayi, Babi
Mbeki, Thabo
Mbuji-Mayi, Zaire/DRC
McKinney, Cynthia
McNamara, Denis
Mercenaries
assembled by U.S., South Africa
from Bemba aid Patassé
from European countries
Mobutu’s dependence on
in Thirty Years’ War
working for L. Kabila
Methodist church of Mariam Kinyamarura
Michel (witness to Kilungutwe massacre)
Military tactics
Rwandans’ advantages
trench warfare
Militias
ex-FAR, Hutu, attack in Zaire
flee from Rwandan army
of Hutu in Rwanda as genocidal
local Congolese
of Mai-Mai
of Mobutu, as fractured, corrupt
not disarmed by UN in refugee camps
private, of Ngbanda/Mobutu
See also Youth militias
Mineral resources
Congo–Zimbabwe joint ventures
in Eastern Congo
under J. Kabila, privatized mining
Kababankola mine
Kamoto mine collapses
in Katanga province
under L. Kabila
Lubumbashi copper falls to Rwandans
under Mobutu
profits finance war
RCD profiteering
Western purchasers face moral issues
See also Diamonds
Mitterrand, François
Mixed Import-Export Company (COMIEX)
MLC. See Movement for the Liberation of the Congo
Mobutu, Bobi Ladawa
Mobutu, Marie-Antoinette
Mobutu Sese Seko
introduced
allows diamond trafficking by UNITA
backing of foreign rebels provokes war
balkanizes army
and Habyarimana
loses Zaire to L. Kabila
power slips
pressured to reform by U.S., Belgium, France
strips Hutu, Tutsi, of citizenship, property
supported militarily, technically, by West
war lost due to weak, corrupt, regime
in failing health, leaves Zaire
Moise (Banyamulenge commander)
Morality
inverted for killers as victims
of massacres vs. Rwandan genocide
and obscurity of scrupulous leaders
of suffering in Sudan vs. Congo
welfare of Congolese absent from leaders
of West’s purchase of conflict minerals
Mortality rates
5 million people
from 1998–2004,
of civilians in Kisangani siege
of Congo wars compared to other conflicts
diseases correlate with conflict areas
of Hutu refugees dying in Zaire/DRC
of Kilungutwe massacre
from Kisangani siege (1999)
of massacres in refugee camps by Rwandans
Mota, Emile
Movement for the Liberation of the Congo (MLC)
created
commits atrocities while supporting Patassé
provides security to Equateur
in second Congo war
fails rebellion to political party transition
Mugabe, Robert
backs L. Kabila in beginning of second Congo war
sets joint mining ventures with Congo
finally drops L. Kabila
Mugunga, DRC
Mukambuguje, Marcelline
Mulumba, Mabi
Mumengi, Didier
anti-Tutsi stance
on beginning of second Congo war
on disintegration of Congolese army
as L. Kabila’s information minister
Museveni, Yoweri
Mushaki, Zaire
Mutoto Moya battle
Muyengeza
Mwamba, Thambwe
Nabyolwa, Prosper “Naby”
attempts to command Zairian soldiers
barred from positions by Mobutu
retreats from Rwandan invasion
on weakness of Mobutu’s army
Naipaul, V. S.
National Resistance Movement (NRM) of Uganda
National Sovereign Conference
National Union for the Total Independence of Angola. See UNITA
Ndadaye, Melchior
Ndaywel, Isidore
Ngabo, Remy
Ngbanda, Honoré “ Terminator,”
Ngbandi tribe (of Mobutu)
Ngoye, Achille
Nkunda, Laurent
North Kivu Province, DRC
AFDL in
citizenship issues
Hutu villagers killed
RCD rebels
and Rwanda civil war
Tutsi community
NRM. See National Resistance Movement
Nyakiliba (Mai-Mai leader in Kasika)
Nyanga of Zaire/DRC
Nyarugabo, Moise
Nyerere, Julius
friendship with Wamba
as president of Tanzania
on rule of Tutsi in Burundi
Olivier, Pierre
Olomide, Koffi
Ondekane, Jean-Pierre
Operation Sovereign Legitimacy (OSLEG)
Operation Turquoise
Orth, Rick
Oxfam
Pan-Africanism
Paramilitary units of Mobutu
Pastor Philippe (of Kisangani)
Patassé, Ange Felix
Patrice (witness to Kasika massacre)
Pentecostal church
Petrusic, Jugoslav “Yugo,”
Pillaging
by Bemba’s troops
by Congolese guided by Rwandans
by Interahamwe
by Rwandan soldiers
Pogroms against Tutsi communities
Politics and government (Congolese)
deliberately weak institutions
as elite and/or ethnic
focused on staying in power
as splintered, corrupt, decayed
Popular Revolutionary Movement (MPR)
Prophets of evangelical Christianity
Pweto battle
Pygmies
Radio France International
Radio Liberté of MLC
Radio Muhabura of RPF
Radio Rwanda
Radio Television Libre Mille Collines
Radio Voice of the People, Kinshasa
Rapings
estimated numbers
by Interahamwe
of nuns in Kasika by RCD rebels
throughout Eastern Congo
Rashidi Kasereka
Rautenbach, Billy
RCD. See Congolese Rally for Democracy
Red Cross
in Rwanda
in Zaire/DRC
Refugees (Hutu) and camps
attacked, massacred, by Rwandans
conduct death squad raids into Rwanda
join Zairians in 1,000-mile escape from Rwandans
leaders steal from aid groups
as RPF soldiers
Umutesi’s experiences
UN investigations blocked by L. Kabila
See also Repatriation
Refugees (Tutsi)
flee from Hutu
pogroms
in Uganda camps (1962)
Repatriation (forced)
Banyamulenge
Hutus killed for returning to Rwanda
refugees from Zaire
Republic of Congo
Resources, natural. See Mineral resources
Richardson, Bill
Roberts, Les
RPF. See Rwandan Patriotic Front
Rujugira (king of Rwanda)
Rwanda
military tactics, strengths
seen as obstacle to peace
use of donor aid
withdraws troops from Congo
Rwanda genocide. See Genocide in Rwanda
Rwanda-led invasion of Zaire
background
beginnings
as coalition to overthrow Mobutu
commanded by Kabarebe
conditions of soldiers
genocide against Hutu suggested
implicated in L. Kabila’s death
reasons for massacres and statistics
See also AFDL
Rwandan army (second Congo war)
rebels against L. Kabila, led by Kabarebe
advances on Kinshasa
blocked by Congolese allies
siege of Kisangani ends alliance
targets profiteering to mineral resources
wins Pweto against L. Kabila
Rwandan civil war
Rwandan Patriotic Front (RPF)
replaces Hutu government in Rwanda (1990–1994)
authoritarianism results in defections
anti-Mobutu alliance
with Congolese Tutsi
with Hutu soldiers
infiltrates Mobutu officers
invades refugee camps in Zaire
Rwarakabije, Paul
background
commands ex-FAR, Interahamwe, militia
as leader of insurgency in Rwanda
on military dimension of genocide
Salikashvili, John
Sassou Nguesso, Denis
Savimbi, Jonas
Seleelwa, Wahi
Sengamines
Serbian mercenaries
Serukiza, Benjamin
background
on Banyamulenge fighting in Eastern Congo
on mineral mining by Rwandans
on Mobutu
Seven Mistakes of the Revolution (Kabila)
Sexual violence. See Rapings
Simpson, Daniel
Sindabizera, Martin
Slave trade in/from the Congo
Socialist/Marxist ideology
in early Congo regime
of L. Kabila’s rebels
Seven Mistakes of Revolution (L. Kabila)
as unattractive to Congolese
of Wamba
Southern African Development Community (SADC)
Speke, John Hanning
Stereotyping
of Banyamulenge
of the Congo
of Hutu–Tutsi conflicts
of physical appearances of Tutsi, Hutu
Sudan
Swarbrick, Peter
Tanzania
in alliance to overthrow Mobutu
refugee camp in Ngara