in response to Townshend duties, 51, 56, 62–63
See also tea boycott
Braddock, Edward, 19–20
Britain
English civil war, 9
Seven Years’ War, 10, 18–23, 31–32, 38, 92
See also Parliament; Revolutionary War; Seven Years’ War
Bunker Hill, battle of, 94–97
Burgoyne, John, 148, 151, 152, 157–158
Burke, Edmund, 38, 59, 78–79
Burke, Thomas, 150
Cadwallader, John, 170
Canada
American invasion of, 97, 108, 150
borders of, 66
conquest by Britain, 32, 92, 139
French invasion from, 18
Chadd’s Ford, 153–154
Chantilly, 19, 24–25
abandonment/destruction of, 261–262
British landing at, 126–127
hurricane damage to, 53
Charles II, 11
Charleston, 180–181
Charlottesville, 184–185
Chaumont, Jacques-Donetien Leray de, 175
Chesapeake Bay, 19
Arnold’s expedition in, 181
boycott of British trade in, 85
British raiders in, 122–123, 126–127, 179–180
Howe’s use of, 153
Civil War, 205, 257, 261
Clinton, George, 207, 215, 230, 247
Coercive/Intolerable Acts
blacklisting of opponents of, 82–83
Constitution and, 234
overview of, 64–67
resolutions against, during First Continental Congress, 75–76
RHL’s condemnation of, 67–68, 72
Colden, Cadwallader, 105–106
Colonel Phil. See Lee, Philip Ludwell
Commentaries on the Laws of England (Blackstone), 131, 214, 217
committees of correspondence
establishment of, 2, 47
intelligence network and, 62
membership in, 103
search for foreign assistance, 100, 102
“Common Sense” (Paine), 104
Concord, 83–85, 199
Confederation Congress
creation of, 160, 182
Northwest Territory, establishment of, 204–206
peace negotiations by, 182
president of, 189–191
See also Articles of Confederation; Constitutional Convention; Revolutionary War, debt crisis following
Connecticut, 117, 134, 136, 201, 228
Constitution. See U.S. Constitution
Constitutional Convention, 200–204, 206–212
criticisms of proposed constitution at, 209–212
delegates to, 201–203
purpose of, 200–201, 231–232
RHL’s desires for, 203–204
See also U.S. Constitution
Continental Army
creation of, 86–88
disbanding of, 188
officers in, 98–99, 142–145, 149–150, 163
pay for, 103, 120, 193, 198
See also Continental Army, supply/maintenance of; navy, American; Revolutionary War
Continental Army, supply/maintenance of
arms, 95–96, 137
clothing, 120, 161, 163, 167
Congress and, 178, 213–214, 223
drafting, 167–168
enlistments, 134, 138–139, 161, 177–178
French support for, 92, 109–110, 135, 149, 151–152
navy construction, 141
training of, 170, 171–172
Continental Association, 73, 75, 77–78, 85
Continental Congress, First, 2, 69–73
British response, 77–80
interstate unity, 69–70
organization of, 67
reconciliation debates, 72–73, 75–76
Suffolk Resolves, effect of, on, 75–76
Virginian delegates, 70–72
See also Coercive/Intolerable Acts
Continental Congress, Second
Conway’s plot against Washington, 162–170
currency printing, 146, 148–149
election of delegates, 82
France, American ambassadors to, 135–136
interstate unity, 116, 126, 131–132
navy, development of, 100
peace talks with British, 133–134
personal animosity, lack of, during, 117
Philadelphia, flight from, by, 137–138, 154–157
RHL’s temporary removal, 145–147
See also Articles of Confederation; Continental Army; Conway, Thomas; Declaration of Independence; Revolutionary War
Conway, Thomas, 162–170
appointment of, as inspector general, 162–164
letter forgeries and, 164–165
letter to Patrick Henry and, 165–167
resignation of, 170
selling of Washington’s supplies and, 168–169
Cornwallis, Charles, 182–187
American intelligence about, 106
at battle of Yorktown, 186–187
destruction of Virginia countryside by, 182–184
retreat of, to Chesapeake Bay, 185–186
currency
counterfeit, 148–149
Hamilton’s plan to redeem, 250–251
printing, 98, 146, 147, 204, 207
Deane, Silas, 144
as arms supplier for Continental Army, 95–96
conflict with Lees about spying, 174
diplomacy with France, 145, 170–171
money-laundering, 175–176
Robert Morris and, 255
Declaration of Independence, 110–121, 123–127
embellishment by Jefferson, 121, 123–125
national memory of, 263
objections, 107–108, 110–111, 116
ratification, 126
RHL’s resolution for, 2, 110–116, 124
signing, 128–130
state support/opposition, 116–120, 124–125
Declaratory Act, 46
Delaware, 116–117, 220, 228
Delaware River, 136–137, 138–139
De L’espirit des Lois (Montesquieu), 217
Dickinson, John, 46–48, 96–97, 126
Dunmore, Lord
flight of, from Williamsburg, 98
Norfolk, burning of, 101, 103, 104
raids from Northern Neck, 122, 126–127
East India Company, 62–63, 65, 69
education
at boarding schools, 15–16
of girls, 14
legal, 54
in New England vs. South, 13–14
public, 196–197, 204
Electoral College, 208, 218
Ellsworth, Oliver, 226–227, 243
English civil war, 9
Fairfax, Lord, 18
Federalist, The (Hamilton, Madison, Jay), 217, 224–226
Federalists
control of state legislatures, 228–229
criticisms of RHL, 215–216, 226–228
Federalist, The, 217, 224–226
legacy, 257–258, 262–263
mobs of, 229
See also U.S. Constitution
Federal Judiciary Act, 248
Florida, 228
Fort Duquesne, 18–23, 32
France
American independence, support for, 3
demand for American aid, 256
RHL visit, 16
Seven Years’ War, 10, 18–23, 31–32, 38, 92
See also Revolutionary War, French support for
Franklin, Benjamin
as ambassador to French court, 135–136, 139–140, 170–171
Arthur Lee and, 43, 58–59
on committee of secret correspondence, 103
Constitution, support for, by, 210, 228–229
on Germantown, 70
on lifetime appointments of judges, 208–209
mythologizing of, 2
62
peace negotiations by, 133, 182
Silas Deane and, 175
Franklin (state), 229–230
French and Indian War. See Seven Years’ War
Gage, Thomas, 83–84, 86, 88
Galloway, Joseph, 72–73
Gardoqui, Don Diego de, 194
Gates, Horatio
appointment as commander of Northern Army, 151
battle of Saratoga, 157–158
comparison to George Washington, 161, 165, 166, 167
president of Board of War, 162, 169
George III
Coercive Acts and, 66
Olive Branch Petition to, 96–97, 100
response to Continental Congress petition, 77–80
Supports war with America, 149
Georgia, 70, 98, 117, 124, 228
Germans
in British army, 106, 108, 110, 121, 137, 139, 140
population in Pennsylvania, 70
Germantown, 155, 157, 160–161
Grand Ohio Company, 103, 130–131, 145, 206
Graves, Thomas, 181, 182
Gravier, Charles (comte de Vergennes), 15, 93, 102, 107
Grayson, William, 239, 246, 247–248, 249
Greene, Nathanael, 169–170, 182
Hamilton, Alexander
economic reforms of, 249–253
Federalist, The, 217, 224–226
Hancock, John
blacklisting by British government, 82–83
flight from Lexington, 83, 84
as president of Second Continental Congress, 85
signs Declaration of Independence, 129
Harrison, Benjamin, 28, 70
Henry, Patrick
criticises Jefferson’s govenorship, 186
expulsion by Lord Dunmore, 98
foils Conway’s Cabal, 166–167
governor of Virginia, 107, 131, 134, 191
“liberty or death” speech, 80–82, 237, 263
militia organization, 85
on militias, 80
opposes Constitution, 3, 201–202, 215, 226, 227, 230–235
opposition to Stamp Act, 37, 39
RHL friendship, 33–34
support for Bill of Rights, 247
support for Continental Army, 138–139
support for Declaration of Independence, 108
support for Federalism, 257
Henry, William Wirt, 33
Henry VI, 5–6
Hessians, 106, 108, 110, 121, 137, 139
History of England from the Accession of James I to the Revolution (Macaulay), 51
House of Burgesses
appoints Washington commander of Virginia militia, 21–23
dissolution by British royal governor, 50–51, 68
election of Philip Ludwell Lee, 21
election of RHL, 25–29
Thomas Lee’s service, in, 13
political divisions, 29
slave trade debate, 34–36
treasury note controversy, 32–33, 36–37
See also Robinson, John and Richard Henry Lee, Stamp Act, Virginia Assembly
Howe, William
abuses Boston residents, 62
in New York Bay, 121, 127
Philadelphia campaign, 151, 152–155, 172–174
Staten Island peace talks, 133–134
indentured servants, 8–9, 101, 180
Indians. See American Indians
intelligence/spying
British, 153
British black list, 82–83
British misinformation, 100
on British troop movements, 83, 97, 100, 105–107, 137–138, 140, 148
currency counterfeiting, 148
Reports after Monmouth, 174
See also Lee, Arthur
Intolerable Acts. See Coercive/Intolerable Acts
James River, 51
James River Company, 195
Jamestown, 9, 10
Jay, John, 75, 182, 194
See also Federalist, The (Hamilton, Madison, Jay)
Jefferson, Thomas
embellishes Declaration of Independence, 121, 123–125, 130, 263
embraces Federalism as president, 257, 262
flight from Richmond, 183
notes on RHL’s declaration of independence, 115
opposes Hamilton’s assumption plan, 252–253
peace negotiations, 182
as Virginia governor, 180, 181, 183, 184, 185–186, 187, 263
Jenyns, Soame, 48–49
Johnson, Thomas, 87
Journals of Congress, 210, 212
Junius articles (Arthur Lee), 60–61, 62
juries, 211, 214–215
Kips Bay, 134
Knox, Henry, 105, 202–203
Lafayette, Marquis de, 161, 183–187
land speculation, 175, 201, 255
La paix ou la guerre (Beaumarchais), 93, 102
Laurens, Henry, 182
Lee, Alice
birth, 13
death, 260–261
marriage to William Shippen, 17, 72, 120
support for RHL, 161
Lee, Ann, 43, 122, 196
Lee, Anne, 23, 43, 180, 259
Lee, Arthur, 3
care for RHL’s sons, 97–98, 141–142
Constitution, support for, 227
death, 255
duel with George Mercer, 45
education, 13, 14, 23–24, 43–44, 50, 54, 58
election to Congress, 189
flight to France, 141–142
inheritance, 17
London political contacts, 58–62, 85, 88–89
medical practice, 49–50
Samuel Adams and, 50
Silas Deane and, 174–176
See also Lee, Arthur, intelligence work
Lee, Arthur, intelligence work
British black list, 82–83
British plans/movements, 100, 102, 105–107, 137–138, 148, 174
currency counterfeiting, 148
French aid, 91–93, 108, 170–171
French officer commissions, 145
Spanish aid, 168
Lee, Cassius, 180, 196, 256, 259
Lee, Elizabeth Steptoe, 23, 77
Lee, Francis, 196, 256, 259
Lee, Francis Lightfoot, 3
death, 260
Declaration of Independence signing, 128–129
education, 13, 14
election to House of Burgesses, 26–29
marriage to Rebecca Plater Tayloe, 26–28
resignation from Congress, 146–147, 177, 179
support for Constitution, 227
Lee, Hannah, 17, 196, 248–249
Lee, Henrietta, 196
Lee, Henry III, 199, 261
Lee, Ludwell
career, 196, 259–260
education, 56–57, 141–142
support for Constitution, 227
Lee, Mary, 248–249
Lee, Nancy, 196
Lee, Philip Ludwell, 12
courtship of Elizabeth Steptoe, 23
death, 77
education, 6
election, to House of Burgesses, 20–21
George Washington, 23
inheritance of Stratford Hall, 16–17
profits tobacco, 56
spending brothers’ inheritance by, 44, 50, 54
Stamp Act, 42–43
Lee, Rebecca, 179
Lee, Richard H. II (grandson of RHL), 263
Lee, Richard Henry, 1–4
birth, 13
death, 4, 258–260
education, 13–14, 16–18, 37, 118, 145–146
inheritance, 16–17
leadership abilities, 87–88
move to Chantilly, 24–25
oratory, 36–37, 71, 118–119, 145–146
retirement, 254–255, 256
supports younger brothers, 44, 54
tobacco business, 56–57, 77–78, 123
See also Let
ters from the Federal Farmer to the Republican; conflict with Robinson, John
Lee, Richard Henry (grandfather of RHL), 10–11
Lee, Richard Henry (great grandfather of RHL), 7–10
Lee, Richard Henry II (grandson of RHL), 17–18
Lee, Robert E., 261, 263–264
Lee, Sarah, 196
Lee, Thomas (father of RHL), 11–16
construction of Stratford Hall, 12–14, 15
death, 16
English boarding schools, 5–6
peace conference with Six Nations Confederacy, 14–15
Lee, Thomas Ludwell (brother of RHL), 13, 23, 172
Lee, Thomas (son of RHL)
career, 196, 259–260
education, 56–57, 141–142
support for Constitution, 227
Lee, William, 3
cares for RHL’s sons, 97–98, 141–142
conflict with Philip Ludwell Lee, 50
Deane, Silas, and, 174–176
death, 255
education, 13, 14, 23–24
election to Parliament, 58
inheritance, 17
intelligence work, 76, 82–83, 92, 145, 178–179
tobacco trade, 55–57
Letters from a Farmer in Pennsylvania (Dickinson), 46–48
Letters from the Federal Farmer to the Republican, 216–224
attacks on RHL, 226–228
authorship, 216–217
Bill of Rights, 223–224
criticisms of Constitution, 219–222
danger of aristocracy, 219–220, 221
discussion on representatives, 220–221
influence, 231, 233–234, 247
overview, 217–219
Lexington, Battle of, 83–85
Lincoln, Benjamin, 181
Locke, John, 17, 39, 123, 263
Louisbourg, 31–32
Louis XV, 89, 91, 92, 102, 109
Louis XVI, 3, 139, 158, 171
Loyal Land Company, 32–33, 130–131, 206
Ludwell, Hannah, 12, 13
Macaulay, Catherine, 59, 61
Maclay, William, 254
Madison, James
Bill of Rights, 240–241, 246–247
election to House of Representatives, 239–240
Federalist, The, 217, 224–226
Hamilton’s assumption plan, 249, 251–252
proposal for executive powers, 245–246
ratification of Constitution, 234
tariff law proposal, 244–245
Maryland
colonial acquisition, 14–15
commercial union with Virginia, 195–196
Constitution ratification, 229
Declaration of Independence, 116–117, 120
militias, 80
navy, 122, 141
Shays’s Rebellion, 199
Mason, George
Mason’s resolves, 50–51
navy organization, 122
opposes Constitution, 203–204, 226, 227, 234, 235
Massachusetts, 66, 117, 201, 228
See also Boston
Matthews, David, 127–128
Mercer, George, 45
merchants
British, American debts to, 194
British support for Americans, 46, 58