25. GW to RHL, April 24–26, 1777, PGWRS, 9:255–258.
26. Ibid.
27. RHL to Patrick Henry, April 5, 1777, Letters, 1:273–275.
28. GW to RHL, March 6, 1777, Memoir, 2:12.
29. RHL to GW, April 29, 1777, Letters, 1:284–285.
30. RHL to John Adams, May 13, 1778, Letters, 405–407.
31. RHL to John Page, August 17, 1777, Letters, 1:315–317.
32. RHL to Thomas Jefferson, August 25, 1777, Letters, 1:317–319.
33. RHL to Patrick Henry, September 13, 1777, Letters, 1:322–324.
34. John Adams, September 18, 1777, Diary and Autobiography, 2:265.
35. John Adams, Diary and Autobiography, 4:1.
CHAPTER 8 To Discard General Washington
1. RHL to Patrick Henry, October 8, 1777, Letters, 1:325–327.
2. GW to John Hancock, October 5, 1777, PGWRS, 11:393–401.
3. Ibid., October 10, 1777, PGWRS, 11:473–476.
4. George-Washington Lafayette [Gilbert Motier, Marquis de Lafayette], Mémoires, Correspondence et Manuscrits du Général Lafayette, publiés par sa famille, 2 vols. (Bruxelles: Société Belge de Librairie, Etc., Hauman, Cattoir et Compagnie, 1837), I:36–37.
5. GW to Patrick Henry, November 13, 1777, PGWRS,12:242–247.
6. GW to RHL, October 16, 1777, PGWRS, 11:529–530.
7. Ibid.
8. Ibid.
9. RHL to GW, June 1, 1777, Memoir, 2:15–18.
10. GW to Lund Washington, New York, July 8, 1777, Worthington Chauncey Ford, Spurious Letters Attributed to Washington (Brooklyn, NY: Privately Printed, 1889), 87–97, citing unsigned pamphlet entitled Letters of George Washington to Several of His Friends in the Year 1776 (London: J. Bew, 1777).
11. GW to RHL, February 15, 1778, PGWRS, 13:549–550.
12. GW to Martha Washington, June 24, 1776, Ford, Spurious Letters, 69–79.
13. GW to RHL, May 25, 1778, PGWRS, 15:216–218.
14. GW to Horatio Gates, January 4, 1778, PGWRS, 13:138–140.
15. Unknown to Patrick Henry, January 12, 1778, PGWRS, 13:610n-611n.
16. Ibid.
17. Patrick Henry to RHL, April 4, 1778, Moses Coit Tyler, Patrick Henry (Boston: Houghton, Mifflin Co., 1887), 253.
18. GW to Patrick Henry, March 27, 1778, PGWRS, 14:328–329.
19. GW to Patrick Henry, March 28, 1778, PGWRS, 14:335–337.
20. GW to RHL, February 15, 1778, Memoir, 2:20.
21. RHL to GW, January 2, 1778, PGWRS, 13:120–121.
22. Patrick Henry to GW, March 29, 1777, PGWRS, 9:12–13.
23. Arthur Lee to the Committee of Foreign Affairs, January 15, 1778, Francis Wharton, Revolutionary Diplomatic Correspondence, 2:470–471.
24. Patrick Henry to RHL, April 7, 1778, William Wirt Henry, Patrick Henry, 2:559–560.
25. GW to RHL, November 18, 1777, PGWRS, 12:307–309.
26. RHL to GW, November 20–22, 1777, PGWRS, 330–333.
27. Ibid.
28. Franklin and Deane to the President of Congress, February 8, 1778, Francis Wharton, Revolutionary Diplomatic Correspondence, 2:490–491.
29. General Orders, May 7, 1778, PGWRS, 15:68–70.
30. Jared Sparks, The Life of Washington (Boston: Tappan and Denner, 1843), 267–268.
31. Ibid.
32. RHL to GW, February 15, 1778, Memoir, 2:21.
33. GW to RHL, May 25, 1778, PGWRS, 15:216–218.
34. GW to John Augustine Washington, July 4, 1778, PGWRS, 16:25–26.
35. GW to RHL, August 10, 1778, Memoir, 2:22–23.
36. Arthur Lee to the Committee of Foreign Affairs, June 9, 1778, Francis Wharton, Revolutionary Diplomatic Correspondence, 2:608–609.
37. RHL to Virginia Gazette, January 1, 1779.
38. RHL to Silas Deane, January 22, 1779, Letters, 2:614.
CHAPTER 9 President Richard Henry Lee
1. RHL to GW, April 28, 1779, PGWRS, 20:252–253.
2. GW to RHL, April 30, 1779, PGWRS, 20:271–272.
3. Ibid., May 25, 1779, PGWRS, 20:629–631.
4. Francis Lightfoot Lee to RHL, June 30, 1776, Lee Family Digital Archive, Stratford Hall.
5. RHL to Samuel Adams, April 1, 1781, Letters, 2:218–219.
6. RHL to Arthur Lee, June 4, 1781, Letters, 2:230.
7. RHL to William Lee, July 15, 1781, Letters, 2:242.
8. RHL to James Lovell, June 12, 1781, Letters, 2:237.
9. RHL to GW, June 12, 1781, Letters, 2:238.
10. GW to RHL, August 10, 1778, Memoir, 2:22–23.
11. Julian P. Boyd, ed., The Papers of Thomas Jefferson, multivolume, in progress (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1943–present), 6:204–205; Robert Douthat Meade, Patrick Henry: Practical Revolutionary (Philadelphia: J. B. Lippincott Company, 1969), 250.
12. Randolph, History of Virginia, 295–296.
13. William Wirt Henry, Patrick Henry, 2:151.
14. GW Address to Congress on Resigning His Commission, December 23, 1783, The Writings of George Washington, from the Original Manuscript Sources, 1745–1799, 39 volumes, ed. John C. Fitzpatrick (Washington, DC: US Government Printing Office, 1931–1944), 27:284–285. [Hereafter GW Writings.]
15. Paul C. Nagel, The Lees of Virginia: Seven Generations of an American Family (New York: Oxford University Press, 1990), 131–132.
16. The President of Congress [RHL] to General George Washington, September 14, 1785, Letters, 2:329–330.
18. Ibid.
19. Ibid.
20. Ibid.
21. RHL to GW, April 18, 1785, Letters, 2:349.
CHAPTER 10 Riots and Mobbish Proceedings
1. John Steele Gordon, An Empire of Wealth: The Epic History of American Economic Power (New York: Harper Collins, 2004), 61–63.
2. GW to Jacob Read, November 3, 1784, GW Writings, 27:489.
3. GW to James Madison, November 30, 1785, The Papers of George Washington, Confederation Series, January 1784–September 1788, 6 vols. (Charlottesville: University of Virginia Press, 1992–1997), 3:419–421. [Hereafter PGWCon.]
4. RHL to Theodoric Lee, January 27, 1786, Letters, 410–411.
5. RHL to Col. Martin Picket, March 5, 1786, Letters, 2:411–412.
6. Ibid.
7. Gordon, Empire of Wealth, 61–63.
8. Henry Lee Jr. to GW, February 16, 1786, PGWCon, 3:562.
9. George Washington Circular to the States, GW Writings, 26:483–496.
10. GW to John Jay, May 18, 1786, PGWCon, 4:55–56.
11. James Madison, Notes of Debates in the Federal Convention of 1787 Reported by James Madison (New York: W. W. Norton, 1987), 7. [Hereafter, Notes.]
12. Ibid.
13. RHL to Edmund Randolph, March 26, 1787, Letters, 2:415.
14. William Short [citing Henry] to Thomas Jefferson, May 15, 1784, in Meade, Patrick Henry, Practical Revolutionary, 273.
15. Henry Knox to GW, January 31, 1785, PGWCon, 2:301–306.
16. GW to Benjamin Harrison, October 10, 1784, PGWCon, 2:86–99.
17. GW to Jonathan Trumbull Jr., January 5, 1784, GW Writings, 27:293–295.
18. RHL to George Mason, May 15, 1787, Letters, 2:419–422.
19. Ibid.
20. Ibid.
21. US Constitution, Article IV, Section III.
22. Lee, Memoir, 1:17.
23. RHL to GW, July 15, 1787, PGWCon, 5:258–260.
24. GW to the Marquis de Lafayette, August 17, 1787, Freeman, George Washington, 6:105; GW to George Augustine Washington, May 27, 1787, PGWCon, 196–199.
25. Madison, Notes, 98.
26. Ibid., 68.
27. Ibid., 652.
28. Ibid., 566.
29. Ibid., 651.
30. GW to Patrick Henry, Benjamin Harrison, and Thomas Nelson, September 24, 1787, PGWCon, 5:339–340.
31. Madison, Notes, 653.
32. Ibid., 652–654.
&n
bsp; 33. RHL to George Mason, October 1, 1787, The Documentary History of the Ratification of the Constitution, multivolume, in progress, ed. Merrill Jensen et al. (Madison: State Historical Society of Wisconsin, volumes beginning 1976), 1:345–346. [Hereafter DHRC.]
34. Richard Henry Lee’s Proposed Amendments, September 27, 1787, DHRC, 1:337–339.
35. Ibid.
36. Journals of Congress, September 28, 1787, DHRC, 1:340.
CHAPTER 11 The Farmer and the Federalist
1. RHL to Elbridge Gerry, September 29, 1787, DHRC, 1:347.
2. RHL to Edmund Randolph, October 16, 1787, Letters, 2:450.
3. Ibid.
4. Ibid.
5. New York Journal, September 27, 1787, DHRC, 19:9–10.
6. Patrick Henry to GW, October 19, 1787, PGWCon, 5:384.
7. GW to David Humphreys, GW’s secretary, and forwarded to Lee, October 19, 1787, PGWCon, 5:365–366.
8. Max Farrand, ed., The Records of the Federal Constitution of 1787, 4 vols. (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1911), 3:88.
9. Ibid., 303–304.
10. Ron Chernow, Alexander Hamilton (New York: Penguin, 2004), 248.
11. Richard Henry Lee, Observations Leading to a Fair Examination of the System of Government Proposed by the Late Convention and to Several Essential and Necessary Alterations in It, in Letters from the Federal Farmer to the Republican, ed. William Hartwell Bennett (New York: Thomas Greenleaf, 1787; reprint: Tuscaloosa: University of Alabama Press, 1777), Introduction, 3–4.
12. Ibid., 19.
13. Ibid., 27.
14. Ibid., 65.
15. Ibid.
16. Ibid., 94, 96.
17. Ibid., 58.
18. Ibid., 95.
19. Ibid., 14–15.
20. Ibid., 51.
21. Ibid., 16.
22. Ibid., 58.
23. Ibid., 67.
24. Ibid., 7.
25. RHL, Letters from the Federal Farmer, XVI: Arguments for a Bill of Rights, 105–112; II: Essentials of a Free Government, 10–13.
26. Ibid., 15.
27. Alexander Hamilton, James Madison, and John Jay, The Federalist Papers (New York: New American Library, 1961), 1: Hamilton, 33–37.
28. Ibid., 68: Hamilton, 414.
29. RHL, Letters from the Federal Farmer, I: Introduction, 3.
30. David Stuart to GW, December 4, 1787, PGWCon, 5:480.
31. Ibid.
32. GW to Benjamin Lincoln, April 2, 1788, PGWCon, 6:187–188.
33. American Mercury, December 24, 1787; Connecticut Gazette, January 4, 1788, DHRC, 3:506.
34. Pennsylvania Gazette, January 2, 1788, DHRC, 8:284.
35. Arthur Lee to RHL, February 19, 1788, DHRC, 9:619–620.
36. Massachusetts Centinel, November 17, 1787, DHRC, 4:259–262.
37. Philadelphia Freeman’s Journal, September 26, 1787, DHRC, 13:243–245.
38. RHL to George Mason, May 7, 1788, Letters, 2:466–469.
39. The most complete text of Henry’s speeches to the Virginia Ratification Convention can be found in two sources. William Wirt Henry (Patrick Henry’s grandson), Patrick Henry, Life Correspondence and Speeches, 3 vols. (New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons, 1891, reprinted by Sprinkle Publications, Harrisonburg, Virginia, 1993), 3:431–600, contains his speeches with brief summaries of other delegates’ responses. There is also the complete proceedings of the Virginia Ratification Convention, including Henry’s speeches, which can be found in volumes 8–11 of DHRC.
40. Patrick Henry, to the Virginia Convention, June 21, 1788, DHRC, 9:929–931.
41. Ibid.
42. Ibid., 931–936.
43. Ibid.
44. Ibid.
45. Ibid.
46. Ibid.
47. RHL to General John Lamb, June 27, 1788, Letters, 2:474–476.
48. GW to Charles Cotesworth Pinckney, June 28, 1788, PGWCon, 6:360–362.
CHAPTER 12 His Majesty the President
1. Patrick Henry, to the Virginia Convention, June 25, 1778, DHRC, 10:1537.
2. The Constitution of the United States, National Archives.
3. GW to James McHenry, July 31, 1788, PGWCon, 6:409–410.
4. Richard Labunski, James Madison and the Struggle for the Bill of Rights (New York: Oxford University Press, 2006), 64.
5. RHL in Charlene Bangs Bickford et al., eds., The Documentary History of the First Federal Congress, 17 vols. (Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1972–1998), 9:27; John Adams to Benjamin Rush, MD, July 5, 1789, Old Family Letters (Philadelphia: J. B. Lippincott Company, 1892), 41–43.
6. John Adams to Benjamin Rush, July 24, 1789, Charlene Bangs Bickford and Kenneth R. Bowling, Birth of the Nation: The First Federal Congress, 1789–1791 (Lanham, MD: Madison House Publishers, 1989), 28.
7. Ibid., citing Thomas Lloyd, The Congressional Register, 4 vols. (New York: 1789–1790), 1:299.
8. Ibid., 557.
9. Ibid., 531.
10. Ibid.
11. Bickford et al., Documentary History, 9:5.
12. Robert R. Rutland, ed., The Papers of James Madison, 16 vols. (Charlottesville: University Press of Virginia, 1989), 12:203.
13. RHL to Francis Lightfoot Lee, September 13, 1789, Letters, 2:300–301.
14. RHL to Patrick Henry, September 14, 1789, Letters, 2:501–504.
15. RHL and Wm. Grayson to Speaker of the House of Representatives of Virginia, September 28, 1789, Letters, 2:507–508.
16. GW to David Stuart, June 15, 1790, The Papers of George Washington Presidential Series, September 1788–May 1793, multivolume, in progress (Charlottesville: University of Virginia Press, 1987), 5:523–528. [Hereafter PGWP.]
17. RHL to James Monroe, January 15, 1791, Letters, 2:541–542.
18. RHL to Virginia governor Henry Lee, January 21, 1792, Letters, 2:545.
19. John Adams to Abigail Adams, December 19, 1793, Massachusetts Historical Society, The Adams Papers: Adams Family Correspondence, multivolume, in progress (Cambridge, MA: Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, 2009), 9:476–477.
20. RHL to the Speaker of the House of Delegates, October 8, 1792, Letters, 2:550–551; RHL to the Speaker of the [Virginia] Senate, November 5, 1792, Letters, 2:552–553.
21. Speaker of the [Virginia] Senate, November 5, 1792, Letters, 2:552n1.
22. Bickford et al., Documentary History, 9:290.
23. A Compilation of the Messages and Papers of the Presidents, 1789–1897, 10 vols. (Washington, DC: US Government Printing Office, 1897), 1:148.
24. RHL to the President of the United States, March 8, 1794, Letters, 2:580–583.
25. GW to RHL, April 15, 1794, PGWP, 15:601–602.
Afterword
1. Major-General Henry Lee, Funeral Oration on the Death of General Washington (Boston: Joseph Nancrede and Manning & Loring, 1800).
2. John Adams to Benjamin Rush, April 1790, Founders Online.
Index
Adams, John
during Boston Massacre trial, 56
on Boston Tea Party, 63
British forts, negotiations about, by, 194
Declaration of Independence, support for, 113–115, 118, 119, 120–121
on First Continental Congress, 71, 76
on human inequality, 224
on Lee family, 3, 72
on mythologizing of American Revolution, 262
nomination of George Washington as commander-in-chief and, 86–87, 151
peace negotiations by, 133, 182
Philadelphia, flight from, 154–155
as Vice President, 242–244, 246, 253–254
Adams, Samuel
Arthur Lee and, 50
blacklisting, by British government, 82–83
Boston Tea Party, support for, by, 63, 64
committees of correspondence, organization by, 2, 65
Declaration of Independence, signing by, 129
Lexington, flight from, 83, 84
as propagandist, 84–85
statesmanship of, 67–68
Townshend Acts, criticism by, 48
American Indians
American Revolution, participation in, 151
Bacon’s Rebellion and, 10–11
land acquisitions from, 14–15
military tactics of, 20, 21, 140
peace negotiations with, 194
raids by, 70, 228
See also Seven Years’ War
Antifederalists
attacks against, by Federalist mobs, 229
legacy of, 257–258, 262–263
See also Letters from the Federal Farmer to the Republican; U.S. Constitution
Arnold, Benedict, 150, 181, 183
Articles of Confederation
battle of Saratoga and, 158
Declaration of Independence and, 126
individual rights in, 204
presidential powers in, 189–191
problems with, 178, 203–204, 223, 257
ratification of, 170, 182
representation in, 131, 150
states, powers in, 158–160, 178, 203–204
sufficiency vs. Constitution, 233
See also Confederation Congress; U.S. Constitution
Aylette, Anne, 23, 43, 180, 259
Bacon’s Rebellion, 10–11
Barber of Seville (Beaumarchais), 89, 91
Barre, Isaac, 59, 60
Beaumarchais, Pierre-Augustin Caron de, 89–90
arrival of arms from, 149, 151–152
Arthur Lee meeting, 91–93
Louis XV and, 93, 102
plan to support American Revolution, 109–110
Bennett, Walter Hartwell, 216
Berkeley, William, 10–11
Bill of Rights
need for, 3, 204, 211, 213–214, 215–216, 223–224, 235
ratification of, 246–248
support in First Congress, 239–241
Blackstone, William, 17, 131, 214, 217
Bland, Richard, 70
Board of War, 162, 169
Bonvouloir, Achard de, 102, 103, 107
Boston
boycotts in, 46, 48, 75
British troops stationed in, 49, 56, 73, 105
militia encampment outside, 84, 86
protests in, 39, 49
See also tea boycott
Boston Massacre, 56
Boston Port Bill, 64–67, 234
Boston Tea Party, 63–64
boycotts
in response to Coercive Acts, 72, 75, 85, 92
in response to Stamp Act, 46, 48