see also Hittite civilization Indus, river 19, 61, 113, 282
industrial structure 210-12, 252
see also crafts; metal working Innocent III, pope 259
Inuit peoples 39
invasion see colonialization; migration Ionia 245-6
see also Asia Minor; Greece; Middle East Iran (Persia) 64, 69, 158, 159, 186, 327
army 190
Egypt and 222
Greece and 278-9, 280-82
Rome and 352
Iraq 27, 64
iron 115, 181, 185, 196-7, 233, 234
importance of 181-2, 186-7,
soldering 197
iron age 186-7
irrigation 19, 53, 60, 61, 64
by machine 67-8
see also agricultural development Ischia, island (Pithecusae) 248-9, 251
Ishtar (the goddess) 89
Isis (the goddess) 86, 354
Isistra 300
Israel, kingdom of 184, 186
Italy 13, 36, 41
Abruzzi area 15
Calabria 310
cave paintings 42
Etruscan people see Etruscan people
Florence 259
immigrants 193
megaliths 107
Mycenaean civilization 244-5
Naples 13
Roman unification of 308-11
Rome 235, 236, 308, 309
Tuscany 13, 232, 233-4 see also Etruscan people
Venice 12
see also Sicily ivory carving 210
Jarmo archaeological site 52-3
Jerba, island 15
Jericho archaeological site 53-4, 58, 71
Jews 184-5
see also Semitic peoples Judah, kingdom of 184, 186
Julius Caesar 227, 325-6, 344
in Gaul 329-32
Juno/Uni (the goddess) 227, 229, 238
Jura mountains 329
Justinian Codex 351
Kahrstedt, U. 320
Kanesh/Kultepe 151, 172
Kassite people 159-60
Keynes, J. M. 86
Khnum (the god) 155
Kirk, G. E. 99, 101
Kish 88
Knumhotep, prince of Egypt 168
Kore (the god) 221
Koseir96, 117
Kothar Wa-Khasis (the god) 155
Koyre, A. 298
La Tene civilization 193, 195
Laevinus, M. Valerius 321
Lagerie man 39
language 62, 93, 113, 127, 141, 159-60, 164, 198
Akkadian 166, 169, 170
Dravidian 113
Etruscan 228-9, 230
Latin 333, 335-6
lingua francas 169, 170, 333
see also alphabet; writing Laos 252
Lauguer, J.-L. 334
lead 192
Lebanon 15-16, 51, 74, 86, 209
legal structure:
Roman 351-2
leptolithic era see paleolithic era: upper Levant see Middle East Levanzo, island 42
Levi-Strauss, Claude 50, 285
Libby, William F. 28
Libya 41, 191, 313
Libyan peoples 178, 222
Licinius Crassus Dives, Marcus 282, 329, 333
Ligurian people 193
Lipari archipelago 13
literature:
Greek 286-7, 302-4
Roman 347-9
Livy 348
Lot, Ferdinand 354-5
Lucan (M. Annaeus Lucanus) 349
Luce, J. V.:
The End of Atlantis 140
Lucius Quietus 334
Lucretius 343
Ludwig, Emil 349
Lycian people 178
Lycurgus (the Athenian) 269
Lydian people 184, 187
Lysippus 304
Macedonia 277-8, 282-3, 303
Maecenas 347, 348, 349
Magdalenian people 39, 46, 47, 48
Maghreb region 32
magic 32, 41, 43, 230-31
see also worship/religion Maglemosian culture 47
Mago (the agronomist) 224-5
Mago dynasty 222
malaria 21
Malta 12
archaeological sites 35, 97, 102
megaliths 106-7
ports/harbours 102-3
temples 106-7
Mamertine rulers of Messina 313
manual skills 47
maps/mapping 291
Marcus Aurelius 343, 350, 352, 353
Marduk (the god) 89, 290
Marinatos, Spyridon 97, 99, 133
Marius, Caius 324-5, 328
Marseilles/Massalia 243, 244, 252, 254-5
Martial/Martialis, M. Valerius 349
de Martonne, Emmanuel 191
Mason, S. F. 298
Massalia see Marseille mathematics 288-9
geometry 288, 290, 293-4, 299
Median people 189-90
de Medici, Lorenzo 259
medicine 287, 289, 299-300
Mediterranean area:
archaeological survey 26-59, 102-3
colonialization 205-57
as Cretan 123-54
as Egyptian 66-87
geology 11-21, 23-5
as Greek 258-305
as Mesopotamian 68-76
migration 63-6, 123, 132, 159-70, 172, 174-5, 178-80, 187-96
mountain ranges 12, 14-15;
see also individual mountains and ranges
as Roman 306-55
trade routes 213–14;
see also trade/traders
waterways 19-21;
see also individual rivers megaliths:
dating of 105, 106-7, 108
purpose/function 103-4, 108-9, 110
spread of 103-11, 119, 38onn6-7, 38mnn-i3
types of 104
Melkart (the god) 225, 226-7
Menander 303
Diskobolos 303
Menes-Harmer, pharaoh 27, 83
Menes-Narmer, pharaoh 63, 83, 132
Narmer Palette 63, 78, 79, 83
merchant class 119, 220
Mesolithic art 44, 46
Mesolithic era 30, 31, 46-8, 50, 379n7
Mesopotamia 17, 51, 60-66, 68-76, 81-2, 87-90, 130, 170
agricultural development 70-72
collapse of 181, 183, 186
currency 118-20
economic structure 116, 119
historical chronology 126
immigrants 64-5, 159-60, 169-70
iron age 196
irrigation schemes 64, 68
lower 64
metal working 115-18
political structure 88, 124-5
river traffic 91-2
Roman empire and 333, 334
science 288, 289
social structure 89-90
Sumerian civilization 27, 64-5, 77, 78, 82, 88
towns/cities 88
trade 90, 91 – 2, 117–20
worship/religion 88-9, 155
see also Kish; Middle East; Ur Mesopotamian culture 64-5
metal working 75-6
pottery 68-9
weaving 72-3
writing/numbers 76-80, 79
Messina, Straits of 249, 250, 251, 252, 310, 311, 312, 313
metal working 71, 75, 109, 110, 111-12, 114-15, 129, 174-5
copper/bronze 75-6, 185
iron 181-2, 185, 196-7
metals:
trade in 76, 114-18, 215, 221, 222, 249, 252
Metellus, Caecilius 325
Meyer, Eduard 102
Middle East 40, 47, 48, 97-9, 183-99
agricultural development 49-59
bronze age 113-82
as cosmopolitan 149-52, 154, 166-7
culture 149-52
economic development 115-25, 127
geology/geography 158-9
Greek colonies 245-7
immigrants 157-64, 187-96
iron working 196-7
metal working 112, 114-18
Roman empire
in 318-20
settlement patterns 157-64, 183, 184-7
trade 114-18, 149
warfare 184-7
worship/religion 155-7
writing 197-9
see also Asia Minor; Crete; Egypt; Mesopotamia migration 63-6, 113, 131, 159-70, 171, 174-5, 177, 178-80, 187-96
migrant craftsmen 151, 159, 184, 191
as a threat 160, 162., 165, 170-80, 183, 187-90
see also colonialization; settlement patterns Minerva/Menvra (the goddess) 238
Minoan civilization:
on Crete 13, 99, 1x7, 13Z, 134
Minos (legendary king of Crete) 134, 141
miocene era 19
Mirandola, Pico 159
Mithras (the god) 354
Mithridates, Icing of Pontus 313, 314, 337
money see currency Mongolian people 161
Moravia 41
Morenz, S. 83
Morocco 191
Moscati, Sabatino 107
mother-goddesses 41, 104, 106, 129, 146, 167, 105-6
mountain ranges iz, 14-15
settlement patterns 158-60
see also individual mountains and ranges mural paintings 13
see also art Mycenaean civilization:
collapse of 173-5, 176-8
on Crete 140-45, 171
in Italy 144-5
trade 141-3
Myson of Chen 169
mythology see worship/religion
Narmer see Menes-Narmer, pharaoh Narmer Palette 63, 78, 79, 83
Natufian culture 53, 54
natural sciences 191-3
see also science naval power 135, 178, 180, 136, 171, 178, 31Z-14
warships 99-100, 180, 202
see also armies; weapons/warfare navigation ZI4, 291
see also astronomy Nazar, B. 207
Neanderthal man see Homo sapiens:
neandertalis Necho, pharaoh 96-7
neolithic era zo, 30, 33, 34, 41, 50, 58, 60, 191, 192
proto-neolithic 50, 54
Nepos, Caius Dulius 313
Nepos, Caius Flaminius 322
Neptune/Nethuns (the god) 238
Nero, emperor of Rome 345
Nietzsche, Friedrich 287
Niger, river 16, 191
Nile, river 19, 60, 63, 66-8
canals 97
Delta 15, 66-7, 74, 83
Elephantine Island 95-6
flooding 66, 67
importance of 81-3
traffic on 91-3, 95-6
nomadic societies 15, 16, 31-3, 161-1, 167-9, 187, 188, 189
Nougier, R.-L. 39
number systems 78, 80
see also language; mathematics; writing Numidian people z 17, 318
Octavian see Augustus Caesar Oenomaos 354
Olympus, Mount iz Oppenheimer, Richard 300
ornament/s 31, 40, 43, 47, 112, 138, 140
see also crafts Orontes, river 199
Osiris (the god) 86
Ovid 349
Tristia 349
Pontics 349
Pacific Ocean 12
paleolithic art 40-46, 45
human form in 41
paleolithic era 19-20, 27-37
low/old 30, 31, 32
middle 30, 31, 38
upper 30, 31, 32, 33, 40-41, 47
paleozoic era 12
Palestine 27, 51, 179, 188
archaeological sites 30, 35, 41
Carmel, Mount 35, 53-4, 58, 72
see also writing Parmenides 294-5
Parnassus, Mount 141
Parthian peoples 327, 333, 335
pastoral societies 34, 47, 162-4
see also agricultural societies Paulus, V. L. Aemilius 322
Pausanias 243
peasant societies 19, 85
Pebble Culture 31
Peoples of the Sea 160-61, 170-80, 183, 248
see also seagoing peoples Pergamum 299, 347
Periander of Corinth 269
Pericles (the Athenian) 268, 272, 274, 275-7, 287, 295-7
Persephone (the goddess) 141
Perses (brother of Hesion) 248
Perseus, king of Macedonia 317, 322
Persia see Iran (Persia) Persian Gulf 16
Persius Flaccus 349
Petronius 349
Phalanthos (the Spartan) 243
pharaohs 83-4, 85
see also individual names Philip II, king of Macedonia 277-8
Philip V, king of Macedonia 317, 321, 322
Philistine people 170, 179, 184, 209-10
Philostratus 354
Phocaean people 222, 236, 251, 254-5
Phoenicia 15-16, 97, 184-5
colonies 205, 206-8, 212, 255-7;
see also Carthage
industrial structure 210-12
language 198, 199, 206-7
as naval power 222, 224
as seafaring nation 97, 100-101, 112, 185, 202, 207-10, 214
trade 209, 212, 213-22
worship/religion 225-6
see also Carthage Phrygian people 172, 184
Picard, C. 219
Picard, G. 219
Piganiol, A. 231
Pillars of Hercules 13, 22, 291
see also Straits of Gibraltar Pindar 286
piracy 319-20, 321
Pisistratus (the Athenian) 269, 286
pitch (bitumen) 215
Pithecanthropos 29, 38
Pithecusae see Ischia, island Pittacus of Mytilene 269
Plato 19, 140, 261, 273, 285, 288, 295, 296, 297
Gorgias 295
neo-Platonism 354
Timaeus 175
Plautus 303, 349
Pliny the Elder 215, 336-8, 346
pliocene era 19
Plotinus 350, 354
ploughs/ploughing 70-71
see also agricultural development Plutarch 196, 300
Po, river 14, 36, 135, 311, 315
political structure 88, 116, 213, 137
Cretan 134
democracy 27Z-3
Egyptian 83, 84, 1x1-3, 126
Greek 141-3, 165-7, 168
Mesopotamian 88, 114-5
Roman 308, 313
Pollox (the god) 308
Polybius 316-17, 346
Histories 316
Polycletes (the sculptor):
Doryphorus 346
Pompeii 13, 304
Pompey (Cneius Pompeius Magnus) 314, 344
Pomponius, Sextus 351
Porsenna, king of Clusium 136
ports/harbours 97, 101, 102-3, 135-6, 137, 184, 185, 108-9, 218, 221, 224, 246, 249, 250-51, 163, 318-19 see also sea trade/traders Poseidon (the god) 167
Posener, G. 85
potter’s wheel 68-70, 131
pottery 50, 51, 53, 54, 57, 65, 119, 137, 141, 144, 174
cardial 94-5, 105
Greek 146
Samarian in trade in 152-3 see also ceramics; crafts Priam, king of Troy 151
primitive rocks 12
Proculus 351
Propertius 348-9 Elegies 348
Protagoras of Abdera 187-8, 196
Protis of Marseille 143
Przyluski, Jean 41, 71
Ptah (the god) 86
Ptolemy I Soter, pharaoh 113, 198, 303
Ptolemy II Philadelphus, pharaoh 298
punishment see crime/punishment
Pusratta, emperor of Mittani m
Pyrrhon of Elis 199, 301
Pyrrhos II, king of Epirus 179-80
Pythagoras 174, 193-5, 196, 197
quaternary era 19, 33
racial characteristics see individual people/
races rainfall 17, 18, 11, 33
see also climatic conditions Ramses II, pharaoh 83
Ramses III, pharaoh 84, 178, 179, 180, 109, 111
Red Sea 13, 16, 94, 95, 117, 158, 317
reindeer civilization concept 47
Rekmire (the Egyptian) 143, 144
Reshef see Baal (the god) religion see magic; worship/religion Rhadamanthus (judge of t
he underworld) 141
Rhine, river 317, 331, 333
Rhodes 144, 146, 299, 320, 321
Rhdne, river 254-5
river traffic 90-93, 95-6
see also boats/ships; communications/ transport; sea trade/traders rivers 19-21, 36
importance of 61
see also individual rivers rock strata:
primitive 12
sedimentary 12, 19-10
Roman citizenship 310
Roman culture 335-51
architecture 344-5
art343-4, 345-6, 350-51
Greek culture and 341-4
literature 347-9
Roman empire 23, 24, 306-55
achievements 15, 20
army 306, 309, 311, 317-18, 321-2, 317
in Britain 306, 331
as brutal 321-1, 328
Carthage and 311, 312-18
Christianity in 352-5
colonies 308, 310, 311, 329-31
Colosseum 345
decline of 16, 312-6, 335, 349-51
economic structure 319-20, 322-3
Etruscans and 308, 310
extent of 327, 331, 334
Gaul and 308-9, 310, 315, 329-31
Germania and 317, 318, 331-1, 334
Greece and 309
Greece as province of 159, 184, 311, 323
growth of 307-11, 316-21, 316-35
legal structure 351-1
Macedonia and 310-11, 313
Mesopotamia and, 333, 334
in Middle East 318-10
as naval power 311-14
Persia and 351
political structure 308, 313
population 317
provinces 306, 310-11, 323
Rome 135, 236, 308, 309
social structure 325
Spain and 314
Syria and 319
technology 339-40
towns/cities 328, 338-42, 344-5
worship/religion 353, 3 54;
see also Christianity above Roman roads 310, 333, 339
Rostovzeff, Michel 296
Rostow, W. W. 302
Rougier, Louis 301
Russia 41, 187, 188, 189, 195
Sabinus 352
Sahara desert 15-19, 34, 66, 162, 191,
cave paintings 42
Sahura, pharaoh 74, 95, 96
Sallust 348
Catiline Conspiracy 348
Jugurthian War 348
salt pans/salting 221
Samarian ware 212
see also pottery Samarra culture 64, 65
Samnite people 309, 310
Santorini see Thera, island Sardinia 17, 32, 36, 112, 215, 315, 379n4, 382n5
archaeological sites 35
Li Muri tombs 108
megaliths 107-9
metal working 109
Saronic Gulf 249
Saturn/Satre (the god) 117, 138
Sceptics 199
Schaeffer, Claude A. 13, 112, 172, 173
Schliemann, Heinrich 130
science:
applied 295-7, 300-301
Greek 285-302
medicine 287, 289, 299-300
natural sciences 292-3
Roman 339-40
see also technological advances Scipio Aemilianus, P. Cornelius 223, 316
Scipio Africanus 234, 319, 312
sculpture 57, 148, 343-4, 346
see also art Scythian culture 189, 195
Scythian people 163, 188-90