archaeological sites 30
Romans in 306, 331
Stonehenge 104
bronze see copper/bronze bronze age 30, 75, 113, 114
in Europe 193
in Middle East 113-82
Brutus 349
By bios 95
Camillus 310
Campania 234-5
Canaanite people 169, 170, 184, 209
Cappadocia 76, 159
Capri, island (Capreae) 251
Capua 234-5, 236, 309
Carchemish 159, 172
Carcopino, Jerome:
The Stages of Roman Imperialism 307
cardial culture 94-5, 105
Carmel, Mount 3 5
Jericho 53-4, 58, 72
Carpenter, Rhys 140, 175
Carthage 17, 14, 115, 216-28, 131-1
archaeological sites 12, 4, 225
collapse of 223, 318
as colonializer 251-2, 255-7, 311, 314
as a colony 217
as cosmopolitan 217
culture 221-2
importance of 116
political structure 223
population 224
Roman empire and 311, 312-18
trade 216-22, 318
worship/religion 222, 225-8
see also Africa, North; Phoenicia Caspian Sea 36
Cassiterides see British Isles Cassius (Caius Cassius Longinus) 349
Castor (the god) 308
Catal Hoyiik 13, 51, 54-7, 56, 58, 72
Cato the Elder 337, 341
Catullus 348
Caucasian peoples 161
Caucasus mountains 158, 159, 184, 196
cave dwellers 39
cave paintings 34, 35, 41, 42-3, 44-6, 45
Celtic people 193-6, 236, 329
Ceram, C. W. 27
ceramics 64, 68, 69, 70, 212
see also pottery; crafts Chalcis/Chalcidians 199, 248-9, 251, 270
chariots 132, 163, 191
see also horses Charles VIII, king of France 260
Charun (the demon) 242
chemistry 289
Childe, Gordon 48, 76
Chilon of Sparta 269
China 61, 74, 189, 220
Christianity 352-5
Chrosroes, king of Parthia 333
Chusar (the god) 226
Cicero 343, 349
Cimbri people 328-9
Cimmerian people 164, 187, 189, 195, 231
Cintas, Pierre 207, 217
cities see towns/cities Civilization:
beginnings of 38, 49
see also culture Cleisthenes (the Athenian) 268, 269, 272
Cloebulus of Lindos 269
Clcon of Athens 272
Cleopatra, queen of Egypt 326
Clerc, Michel 254
climate change 20, 33-5, 37, 46
climatic conditions 15, 23, 65, 175-7
desert areas see desert areas
drought 17, 66, 172, 176-7
flooding 14, 17, 20, 46, 65
rainfall 17, 18, 21, 33
winds 16-17
Clodius, Publius 330
clothing 46, 73, 132
see also textiles Clusium/Chiusi 236
coastal regions 12, 14, 36, 185, 205, 209
as megalith sites 105-6
Code of Hammurabi 92, 119, 124-5
colonialization 205-57
by Carthaginians 251-2, 255-7, 311
by Etruscans 205, 206, 228, 234-6, 251, 252, 255-7, 308
by Greeks 205, 206, 223, 242-57, 261, 263, 280, 283-4, 31t
internal 247, 248
by Phoenicians 205, 106-8, 255-7
political structure of colonies 242-3
purpose of 247-9
by Roman empire 259, 284, 308, 310, 311, 329-31
trade and 248-9, 252-3, 263, 329
types of 249-50
see also migrations; settlement patterns Commodus, L. Aurelius, emperor of Rome 350
communications/transport 14, 60, 117-18
caravan routes 16, 117, 168, 184, 327
river traffic 90-93, 95-6
roads 136-7, 310, 333, 339
see also trade/traders concrete:
as building material 339-40
Constantine, emperor of Rome 353, 354-5
Constantinople 352-3
Coon, S:
The Origin of Races 39
copper/bronze 64, 75-6, 185, 192, 219, 133
trade in 114-18, 215
weapons 107, 115, 138
Corfu (Corcyra) 250
Corinth 205, 246, 249, 250, 251, 263, 284, 323
Cornelius Palma 334
Corsica 32, 36, 315
crafts 16, 55, 57, 138, 211-12, 252
ceramics 64, 68, 69, 70
glassware 210-n
iron working 196-7
ivory carving 211
metal working see metal working
migrant craftsmen 152, 159, 184, 192
ornament/s 32, 40, 43, 47, 112, 138, 240
pottery see pottery
stone vessels 69
textiles see textiles
see also art; culture Crassus see Licinius Crassus Dives, Marcus creation hypotheses 290, 291
Cretan culture 136, 137-8, 141, 144
art 147-8
Egypt and 152-4
influence of 152-4, 155
pottery 141, 144
sculpture 148
writing 132
Crete 94, 97, 102, 116
ancient period 128-33
archaeological sites 35, 131, 132, 133, 150-51
economic structure 131, 132, 135-8
Egypt and 131-2, 138, 142, 152-4
immigrants 129, 132
Knossos 28, 133, 134, 136, 139, 143-5
language 127, 141
metal working 129
Minoan civilization 13, 99, 127, 132, 134, 137, 140
Mycenaean civilization 140-45, 171, 170, 171
political structure 134
towns/cities 133-5, 136
trade 132-3, 135-8
volcanic eruptions 138-40
crime/punishment 85
Critias 274
Cro-Magnon man 39
Cronos (the god) 145, 227
cultural influences 148, 150-54, 155
culture: Cretan 132, 136, 137-8, 141, 144, 147-8, 152-4, 155
Egyptian 62, 63, 66-7, 69, 70, 72-80,
79, 124, 212
Etruscan 233, 240-42
Greek 180, 189, 221-2, 233, 246, 256-7, 264, 274-5, 186-7, 301-5. 341-4
Mesopotamian 64-5, 68-9, 75-6
Roman 335-51 see also art; crafts Cumae 199, 222, 236, 251, 256
currency 118-21, 219-20, 252, 253, 264, 3M barley as 118-19
paper money 220, see also economic structure Cybele (the goddess) 354
Cyclades 145, 146
Cylon 2, 68
Cynics 354
Cyprus 94, 112, 214, 246
archaeological sites 35
immigrants 160, 212
Cyrenaica 41, 250
Cyrus the Younger, of Persia 281
Dacia 333
Dalmatia 23
Danube, river 317, 332
Darius, king of Persia 97, 222, 282
the dead 57
burial 38, 51-3, 55, 57, 86-7, 110, 144, 193, 353
cremation 193, 194, 217, 125, 239
cult of 106
women 57
Dead Sea 53, 158
death:
attitudes to 38, 49, 147, 226
eternal life 86-7, 240-41, 242
Decebalus, king of Dacia 333
decoration see ornament/s
Delos, island 35, 301
Demeter (the god) 221
Demetrius 3 54
Democritus 295
Desborough, Vincent:
The Last Mycenaeans… 175
desert areas 161-2
caravan routes 16, 117, 168, 184, 327
Sahara 15-19, 34, 66, 162, 327
Syrian 161, 161, 167-9, 317
diet see food supplies/diet
Diocletian, emperor of Rome 335, 350-51
Diodorus of Sicily 215, 230, 252
Dionysius Thrax 299
Dionysus (the god) 273-4, 187
diplomatic relations 166, 167
Domitian, emperor of Rome 335, 350-51
Dorian people 171, 174-5
drainage 14, 65, 67, 234, 344
Dravidian language 113
dromedaries 167-8
drought 17, 66, 172, 176-7
famine 171
see also climatic conditions Drusus, Nero Claudius 332
Dussaud, R. 207
earthquakes 12-13, 173
Eberhardt, Isabelle 17
economic structure 120-25, 127, 131, 135-8, 262-4, 319-10
banking 119
barter 31, 119
currency 118-21, 219-20, 252, 253, 264, 314
palace economy 115-16, 119, 181
taxation systems 85-6, 115
van Effenterre, H. 134
Egypt 17, 51, 60-61, 66-87, 90, 170, 178-80, 320-21
agricultural development 70-72
archaeological sites 67, 85
army 123-4, 178, 191
Assyria and 186
Cairo 12
in Canaan 209
collapse of 181, 183, 186-7, 116, 222
Crete and 131-2, 138, 141, 152-4
currency 120-21
economic structure 116, 311-2
funeral rites 86-7
historical chronology 126
immigrants 63, 66, 123, 160, 179
intermediary period 123
invasions of 170, 178
iron age 186-7
Lower 60, 82, 83
medicine 289
metal working r 14-18
pharaohs 83-4, 85;
see also individual names
political structure 83, 84, 122-3
Saqqarah 67
science 188, 189, 290
social structure 83-7
Syria and 166
trade 74, 86, 90, 95-7, 101-3
Upper 60, 82, 83
worship/religion 83, 84, 86, 154, 155-7
see also Middle East; Nile, river Egyptian culture 62, 63, 124
art 66-7, 153-4
Crete and 152-4
metal working 75-6
porcelain 70, 212
pottery 69
stone vessels 69
weaving 72-3
writing/numbers 76-80, 79 El (the god) 225, 226
Eleatic School (of Greek science) 293
the elements 290-91, 292, 293, 295
elephants 3 5
Empedocles of Agrigento 13, 269, 295
England see British Isles English Channel 46
Enil (the god) 88-9
Enki (the god) 89
Ephesus 289, 292, 320
Epicurus 299, 302, 343
Epimenides (the Cretan) 268
Erastistratus 299
Eratosthenes 299
erosion see soil erosion Eryx, Mount 314, 315
Eshmun (the god) 226-7
Etna, Mount 13
Etruscan culture:
art 233, 240
books 238-9
tomb art 240-42
Etruscan people 13, 14, 228-42
autochthonous theory of 232
colonies 205, 206, 228, 234-6, 251, 252, 255-7, 308
decline of 236-7
language 228-9, 230
metal working 233
as naval power 236
origins of 229-33
political structure 236
Roman empire and 308, 310
Tarquinia tombs 240-41
towns/cities 234-7
trade 216, 233
worship/religion 230-31, 237-9
see also Italy Etruscan sea 249
Euclid 299
Elements 299
Euphrates, river 19, 60, 62, 64, 65, 150, 169, 184, 333, 334
traffic on 91-2
Eurasian land mass 3 5
Euripides 274
Europe 191-2, 193-6, 218
Romans in 306, 327
see also individual countries Evans, Arthur 113
evolutionary process 34-5
human 28-33
famine 172
see also drought Farrington, Benjamin 286
Fayoum, Lake 66 Febvre, Lucien 336
Ferrero, Guglielmo 333
the Fertile Crescent 51-2, 64, 70, 169
fertility symbols/cults 41, 57, 71, 225-6
figurines 41, 129
see also art fire 38
forest fires 20
fishing 21-2, 31, 47, 221
Flaminius see Nepos, Caius Flaminius flat tombs see the dead: cremation flints see tools flooding 14, 17, 20, 46, 65
see also climatic conditions food supplies/diet 14-15, 21-2, 31, 47, 52, 53, 55, 65, 247, 252, 263, 276-7, 336-8, 339
see also agricultural developments; water supplies forest areas 17, 46, 191
fires in 20
France 39, 41
archaeological sites 30, 41
Brittany 105
cave paintings 35, 42
the Dordogne 41
Gaul see Gaul
Provence 318
see also Marseille frescoes 146-7, 150-51
funeral rites see the dead
Gaius 352
Institutiones 352
Gallianus, Publius Licinius Egnatius,
emperor of Rome 350
Gallus, P. Sulpicius 311
Gaudemet, Jean 351, 352
Gaul 195-6, 306
Roman empire and 308-9, 310, 3
r 5, 329-31
Gautier, E.-F. 218, 119, 281
geological revolution concept 37
geology 33
Mediterranean area 11-21, 23-5
Mediterranean sea 11-12
geometry 288, 290, 293-4, 299
see also mathematics Germania 317, 318, 331-2, 334, 335
Germanicus Caesar 332
Gernet, Louis 158, 259, 167
Gibraltar 17
Gibraltar, Straits of 36, 140
see also Pillars of Hercules glaciation/glaciers see ice ages glassware 210-11 Glotz, Gustave 11
gods see worship/religion gold/silver 75, 76, 115, 121, 191, 192, 219
as currency x 19-11
Dacian 333
from Spain 115, 111, 112, 149, 252, 314
Gracchus, Caius Sempronius 318, 324, 315
Gracchus, Tiberius Sempronius 324, 325
grassland see the steppes Gravettian culture 41
Greece 11, 31, 36, 51, 171, 258-305
agriculture 147-8
under Alexander 277-9, 180-84
archaeological sites 32
city states 241, 148, 149, 259-65, 268, 173-5
colonies 105, 106, 113, 142-57, 261, 263, 280, 283-4, 311
currency 220, 252, 264
in dark ages 180-81
decline of 159, 184, 305
defensive structures 173
economic structure 161-4
geographical survey 160-61
immigrants 167
Macedonia and 177-8, 181-3
Miletus 144, 145, 150, 154, 155-6, 158, 163, 189, 191-2, 320
as naval power 271
under Pericles 175-7, 187, 195-7
Persia and 178-9, 180-81
political structure 141-3, 165-7, 168, 171-3
population 163
Roman empire and 309
as Roman province 159, 184, 311, 313
Syria and 164
towns/cities 184, 304-5;
see also city
states above trade 216, 220, 263, 278
worship/religion 266, 268-9, 273-4 see also Athens; Corinth; Sparta; Thebes Greek culture 256-7, 264, 283-4
influence of 221-2, 342-4
literature 286-7, 302-4
philosophers/sages 269, 354;
see also Greek science
pottery 246
Greek language 198, 243, 283, 303
Greek science 285-302
applied 295-7, 300-301
medicine 287, 289, 299-300
natural sciences 292-3
Grenier, Albert 229
Grimal, P. 347
Grousset, Rene 276
Gudea, king of Lagash 74
Gutu people 159
Gyptis, wife of Protis 243
Hacheptsut, Queen of Egypt 96
Hadrian, emperor of Rome 326-7, 334, 352
Hadrian’s Wall 334-5
Halaf culture 64, 65
Hallstatt civilization 193, 195
Hammurabi, king of Babylon 92, 151
his Code 92, 119, 124-5
Hannibal 314, 315, 316-18
Hanno 214, 218
harbours see ports and harbours Hasdrubal 314
von Hassel, Ulrich:
Das Drama des Mittelmeers 279, 280
Hassuna culture 64
Hathor (the god) 86, 155
Hebrew peoples see Semitic peoples Hecateus of Miletus 291
Heichelheim, F. M. 181, 320
Heircte, Mount 314
Helvetii people 330-31
Hera (the goddess) 227
Heraclitus of Ephesus 289, 292-3
Herculaneum 13
Hercules/Herakles (the god) 128, 177, 227, 238, 350
Hermes/Turms (the god) 238
Herodotus 97, 188-9, 191, 231, 243, 255, 269, 270, 287, 336
Heron of Alexandria 300, 301
Herondas of Syracuse 303
Herophilus 299-300
Hesiod 18, 21, 248, 286
Works and Days 247
Heurgon, Jacques 230, 237, 308
hierarchical societies 14
Hieron of Syracuse 236, 313
Himilco 218
Hipparchus 299
Hippocrates of Cos 287
Hippodamus of Miletus 304
Hiram, king of Tyre 210
Hittite civilization:
in Asia Minor 13, 160, 164, 165-7, 196
collapse of 171, 172-3, 179
language 113
neo-Hittites 179, 184
worship/religion 155, 167
Homer 24, 141, 197, 210, 247, 263, 286
Iliad 264
Hominoidae sp. 29 Homo erectus see Pithecanthropos Homo sapiens 29, 30, 38, 39-40
neandertalis 29, 30, 31, 38-9, 43, 379n6
sapiens 379n6
Hood, Sinclair 174
Horace 17, 349
horses 163-4, 219
cavalry 190, 282-3
as food 47
horsemen 187-90
Horus (the god) 78, 84, 86
hot springs 13
Hottentot people 39
house/huts 46, 52, 53, 54-5
brick 53, 54
concrete 339-40
pile-based 14
stone foundations 5 3
Hrozny, Bedrich 113
Hubert, H. 194
human evolution 2, 33, 34
brain sire 37
human sacrifice 127-8, 230
hunter/gatherers 14-15, 31, 32, 46, 47
weapons 40, 47
Hurrian people 159, 163, 184
Hyksos people 164, 166
Iapyges 243
ice ages 33-5, 36, 38, 46
Ida, Mount 128, 145, 147
Inanna see Ishtar Indian Ocean 16, 117, 327
Indo-European peoples 162-4, 192, 193-6