bone adaptations, 72
gender and, 243–44
incapacitating, 156
in martial arts, 125, 128, 130, 132–33
of materials, x, 165–70
weak points, 176–78
sunlight, vitamin D from, 209–10, 256
Superman, ix–xi, xiv, 135, 156, 192
Superman/Batman #1–6 (2003), 271
Superman/Batman: Public Enemies (2005), 156, 271
Superman/Batman: Supergirl (2005), 267, 271
superpowers, x, xiii, xviii, 135, 260
surface area: in break-falling, 175
in pressure of attacks, 165
survival rates, for various species, 250–51
“survival value,” of adaptations, 213, 215
sweating, during exercise, 196–97
swords, 132, 135, 165–66, 168–69
synapse, in motor functions, 49, 109, 111
tactics, in martial arts, 126, 129
tae kwon do, 124, 128
t’ai chi chuan, 124, 127–29, 133
Tales of the Dark Knight (Cotta Vaz), xv, 76, 101
Talia, 142
tameshiwari, 165
tang soo do, 129, 133
task performance: daily patterns, 202–4
gender and, 240–46
genetic predisposition vs., 22–23, 25–26
jet lag and, 206–7
related to arousal, 146–49, 155
sleep deprivation and, 213–14
stress and, 145–50
tear gas, 156
temperature, core. See body temperature tendons, 65, 189, 230
test breaking, of materials, 165–70
testes, endocrine role, 35, 37, 39–40
testosterone: abuse of, 236–37
thermal heat, 194–95
thermodynamics, first law of, 77, 173
threats, mentally dealing with, 140, 144–46
throws/throwing: biomechanics, 162–64, 170, 173
bone adaptations, 72
gender and, 243–45
injury prevention, 173–76
in martial arts, 126, 128, 132–33, 135
pain conditioning, 187
thymine, in DNA, 18–19
thymus gland, 35
thyroid hormone, 35–36, 96
time pressure, as performance stress, 146
time, unlimited, for training, 261–62
time zones, in jet lag, 206–9
tissue: damage to, detecting, 185–88
of human body, 4–5, 14, 31, 68
scar, 220
skeletal muscle, 40–41, 53, 56–57
weakening with stress, 219–20
tools, essential, in ninjutsu, 134, 136
“too much” mind, 139, 143
track and field events, 97, 240
training. See martial arts training; physical training
training stress: for body hardening, 180–91
injury recovery and, 233
metabolic adaptations, 95–97
muscle adaptations, 46, 52–57
physiological response, 33–34, 41, 57–58, 198
reality–based, 149–50
specificity, 59–60, 67
transcutaneous electric nerve stimulation, 187
transfer of force: across bones, 64–65
in collisions, 164–65
trauma. See injuries
triacylglycerol, daily patterns, 203–4
trunk movements, biomechanics, 162–64
tuite, 177
twins, identical, xvii, 10, 21–25
type I (slow) motor units, 52
type II (fast) motor units, 52, 255
The Unfettered Mind (Takuan Soho), 144
U.S. Army. See military
use-of-force hierarchy, 154–56
USS Vincennes, 145–46
utility belt, in ninjutsu, 134, 136
valve devices, for expired gas measurement, 92–93
Van Damme, Jean-Claude, 132–33
velocity: in energy of motion, 164
peak, in material strikes, 166–70, 244
viability curves, for species, 250–51
vital points. See weak points, of human body
vitamins: bone health and, 209–10, 256–57
metabolic functions, 81–83
voluntary movement. See movement production
wakefulness, extreme, 213–14
waking cycle, 200, 206, 210. See also
sleep-wake cycles
water: balance, 5, 34, 196–97
energy physiology, 79, 86
Watson, James, 12, 18–19
Wayne, Bruce: aging of, 247–52, 256, 259
as athlete, 6–7, 10, 21, 29
circadian rhythm challenges, 134, 199–200, 202, 209–12
conditioning, 182, 189
energy demands, 91–94
evolution of, 4, 53–55, 57, 61, 101, 147–48, 260–61
historical description, ix–x, xiv, xvi, 199, 220
as martial artist, 124, 126, 153, 166
motor learning, 113–15, 117
Wayne, Robert (Bob): aging and, 248, 251
energy for training, 94–95
genetics, 21–25
historical description, xvii, 10, 21
joint locking, 176, 178–79
striking, 176–78
wealth, unlimited, 4, 199, 261
weapons / weapon systems: Batman’s, 135–36, 151–52, 154–55, 249
gendered performance, 242–43, 245–46
hand strikes with, 165, 182, 189–90
injuries, 230
martial arts, xiii, 125–26, 128, 130–33, 135–36
weight, body, 5, 66
ideal, 6–7
weight lifting, 54–55, 63
body composition and, 7, 73, 75
gendered performance, 240, 242
weight training, x
muscle adaptations, 54–57
specificity, 59–60, 67. See also strength training
Western martial arts, 125–26, 135, 169–70
whiplash injuries, 220, 231–32
wing chun, 124, 129, 133, 162, 184
Wolff’s law, 66
wood, breaking of, 165–69, 181
Woods, Tiger, 140
work, energy expenditure, 77–78
wounding, killing vs., 150–57, 176
wound repair, energy use, 78
The Wrath, 21
wrestling, WWE, 173–76, 245
wrist lock, 178–79
wu kung, 127
Yoda, 151
zanshin, 144
zeitgebers, 202, 209, 211