procedural tasks, 120
sleep deprivation, 213
Special Forces, 135
stress and, 32, 145–46, 149
mindlessness, 143
mind-set: during combat, 139–40
martial arts, 126, 129, 135, 139, 141, 144
motor skills, 140, 143–44
performance under pressure, 145–50
minerals: in bone, 65, 68, 71
metabolic functions, 81–83
mitochondria, 14, 87, 95, 234
mitosis, 249
molecular biology, 18–19, 57
momentum, in energy of motion, 164, 169
monks, 125, 150–51
Moraga, 109
morphine-like painkillers, internal, 186
mortality rates, for various species, 250–51
mortal man, x, xiv–xv, 249, 262
motion. See energy of motion
motor entries; movement production motoneurons: aging and, 255–56
lower/upper, 48, 104–5
physiology, 46–49, 108, 110
motor control: adaptive calibration, 192
emotion and, 141–43
head trauma and, 254
nervous system role, 101–3, 107, 117
overview, xiii–xiv, xiv–xviii
proprioception, 53, 108–10
motor cortex: emotion and, 141–43
feedback mechanisms, 104–5, 141
neuron physiology, 46–49
primary/supplementary, 105–6, 140–41
motor learning: emotion and, 141, 143
enough/too much, 118–22
stages, 113–15
motor skills: aging and, 250–51, 254–57
brain activity, 141–43
fine/gross, 141
gender and, 242
learning/teaching, xvii–xviii, 113–15
memory and, 117
overlearning, 119–20
retention, 119–21
stress response and, 121–22
motor units, 48–50
activation, 52, 105
aging and, 255–56
recruitment/rate coding, 51–52
types, 52, 255
motor vehicle accidents, 175, 213
movement control. See motor control movement production: automatic, 101–2, 109–10, 119
bone dynamics, 64–65, 67
brain physiology, 46–51, 104–5, 107
deficits, 107–8
emotion and, 141–43
limits, 78, 161
specific, 104–6
training adaptations, 51–52, 54–55
muscle activity: brain mapping, 46–47, 104, 121
self-generation, 53
timing of distal/proximal, 163
muscle cells/fibers: aging and, 255–56
contractile proteins, 50–51, 56–57
motoneurons paired with, 12, 14, 48–50
skeletal, 40–41, 53, 56
stem cells, 56
training adaptations, 52, 57
muscle contractions: activation, 46–47, 52, 105
automatic, 109–10, 119
bone role, 65–66
and CNS, 47–50, 104, 108
energy expenditure, 78–79
heat production, 79, 194, 196
metabolic byproducts, 232
motor units, 51–52
speed determinants, 51–53
training adaptations, 51–52, 118
types, 231–32
muscle mass: age and, 254, 256
endocrine regulation, 39–40, 62
steroids for growth, xviii, 83, 236–37, 256
muscles: body composition, 4–5, 9
doubling, 26–27
exercise and, x, 8, 10
functions, 45, 91
hypertrophy, 56–57, 62, 83
injuries, 221–22, 230
mechanical stress response, 40–41, 53, 57
selection for movement, 104–6
sore, 231–32
training adaptations, 51–56, 118
wasting, 39, 41, 238
musculoskeletal injuries, 221–22, 229–31
physiologic response, 66–67, 70
mushin no shin, 139–40, 143
myosin, in muscle fibers, 50–51, 56
myostatin, gene mutations of, 26–28
NASCAR drivers, 96, 175, 193
nature vs. nurture debate, 22, 24–25, 29
negative feedback: in adaptation, 33–34, 41, 53
for reflexes, 109–12
nerve cells. See neurons
nerve conduction, aging and, 254–55
nerves: for pain perception, 179, 185–88
in weak points, 176–78
nervous system. See central nervous system (CNS)
neurodegenerative disorders, 107–8, 117, 252–54
neurofibrillary tangles, 252–54
neurons: aging and, 255–56
basal ganglia, 103, 104, 106, 107–8
body clock and, 200
command, in motor output, 46–49, 108
components, 48
functions, 12–14, 34
memory formation, 116, 118
muscle contraction and, 46–52
trauma and, 223–25, 228, 234. See also motoneurons
neuroscience, x, xiii, 118
clinical, 106–7, 234
neurotransmitters, 49, 108, 211, 225
Newton, Isaac, 65, 162, 164
newtons (N), in material strikes, 166
NFL (National Football League). See football players
niacin, 81–82
nighttime missions, 134, 199–200
adverse effects, 210–14, 248, 256
and body
clock, 200–203, 205, 209–10
temperature regulation, 200, 202–5
Nightwing, 233, 259
ninja, Batman as, 133–37
ninjutsu, 133–35
nociceptors/nociception, 179, 185–88
No Man’s Land Vol. 3 (2003), 150, 271
“no mind” state, 139–40, 143–44
nonlethal force, in combat, 150–57, 176
Norris, Chuck, 126, 132–33
nuclei: cellular, 12, 14, 24, 87
suprachiasmatic, body clock and, 200
nucleotides, 18–19
nutrients: cellular regulation, 13, 20, 31
fed/fasted state, 84. See also diet
occupational hazards, 219–22, 230, 250
Okinawan martial arts, 125, 128, 137
body hardening, 181, 190
weapons, xiii, 128
Olympic sports, 128, 190, 233, 235, 262
open hand strike, 125, 128
osteocytes, 41, 53, 69–70
osteon, 68
osteopenia, 254
osteoporosis, 65, 248, 254, 257
ovaries, endocrine role of, 35, 40
overload, as training principle, 118
for strength, 54–55, 57, 59
“overreaching,” 42, 232
overthinking, 143
overtraining/overlearning, 42, 118–22, 233
overuse, bone adaptations, 66–67
oxidation, in dietary energy, 85, 87
oxygen consumption: cellular metabolism, 91–94
energy balance, 85, 87
head trauma and, 225–26
Oyama, Mas, 189
pain perception: body hardening and, 183, 185, 187–88
physiology, 179, 185–87, 232
pancreas, endocrine role, 35, 38
paralysis, from injuries, 233–34
parathyroid hormone, 70
Parkinson’s disease, 107–8, 254
Penfield, Wilder, 46
Penguin, xiv, 51, 105–6, 108, 110, 164, 215
perceptual narrowing, 147, 149
performance: achieving peak, xvi–xviii, 4, 9, 260–63
arousal level and, 146–49, 155
environmental/genetic factors, 22–23, 25–26. See also mental performance factors
task performance
performance mind, 141, 143
peripheral vision, acuity in, 149
phenotype, 15, 17, 25
philosophy, in martial arts, 126, 129, 135, 139, 151–53, 156
physical activity/exercise: body clock and, 201–2
bone remodeling and, 8, 66, 70–71
energy systems, 88–89, 91–95
expired gas measurement, 92–93
homeostasis, 194–98
jet lag and, 206–8
physical fitness: aging and, 248–49, 257–59
genetics, 25–26
physical space, in martial arts, 130–32, 244
physical training: becoming Batman, 260–61
body hardening, 180–91
gendered response, 240–46
genetic predisposition and, 22–26
metabolic rate, 94–95
milestones, xvi, xviii, 265
movement time and, 112
response to, 8, 10–11, 23, 59
severe, for self-defense, 180–91
specificity, 59–60, 67, 118
physical traits, inheritance of, 15–17, 24
blood types and, 17–18
physics, in martial arts, 164, 167, 175
Physics of Superheroes (Kakalios), xi, 265, 269
physiology: of aging, 248–50, 254–55
of jet lag, 205–6
of muscle function, 46–52, 104–5, 107
of pain perception, 179, 185–87
of shock, 32, 234
of sleep, 212–13
of stress response, 30–40, 46, 55–56, 212, 261. See also exercise
physiology
pineal gland, 35, 39, 200–201
pitching, biomechanics of, 163–64
plasticity, 113
adaptive, 118
police: armor, 193
procedural tasks, 120
reality-based training, 149
shift work, 205, 209
use of force, 154–56
postconcussion syndrome, 223, 225–26
dementia in, 252–54
posture, in judo, 170–71
potassium: head trauma and, 224–25
metabolic functions, 13, 81, 83
potential (stored) energy, 84–85, 87, 91
conversion of, 78–79
standing, 172–74
power: adaptations, 96–97, 244
explosive, 162–65
strength vs., 45, 58
power training: CNS adaptations, 118–19
muscle adaptations, 52, 118
principles, 59–62
stress response, 53–56
practice: in martial arts, 126–27, 137
in motor learning, 118–20, 122
practice mind, 141, 143
premotor area, of cerebral cortex, 104–6
pressure: mental, 145–50
surface area and, 165, 175
weak points and, 178–79
pressure points, of human body, 176–77
procedural skills, in motor learning, 119–20
projectile weapons, 134, 136, 152, 243
proprioception, 53, 108–10
protective clothing, x, 153–55, 191–94
proteins: biological role, 19–20
connective tissue, 68
contractile, in muscles, 50–51, 56–57
elements, 20, 80–81
energy content, 85–87
essential, 81
intake recommendations, 79–80
metabolism, 84–85, 87
neurodegenerative disease, 252–53
RNA synthesis, 20, 57, 237
psychotropic drugs, 156
“punch drunk” syndrome, 226, 252–53
punches/punching: anticipating, 139–40
biomechanics, 162–65, 168–70
in conditioning, 182–83, 189
gender and, 244
in martial arts, 126, 131
push-ups, knuckle, 184, 190
reaction time, 111, 212–13
reality-based training, 149–50
recovery, from injuries, x–xi, 220, 233–35
technology for, 192
reflexes: attacks on, 178
automatic, 101–2, 109
feedback concept, 109–12
instant, 112
pain perception, 186
spinal cord, body clock and, 202–3
rehabilitation, for injuries, 192, 233–34
relative motion, 163
repetition, in motor learning, 118–20, 122
repetition maximum (RM), 60–61
repetitive combat, cumulative effects, 248, 252–54
repetitive loading, on bone, 66, 70–71
injuries with, 230–31
repetitive strain injury, 230–31
resistance-training program, 59–62
respiration. See cellular respiration response to training, 8, 10–11, 23, 59
continuous/discrete, 119–20, 122
stressed, 33–34, 41, 57–58, 198
rest, sleep vs., 215
retirement, 248–49, 258
Richard Dragon Kung–Fu Fighter #5 (1976), 270
Riddler, xiv
rigidity, in collisions, 164–65
RNA (ribonucleic acid): messenger, 20, 57, 237
in nucleus, 14
Robin, 60, 115, 126, 136, 142, 154, 221, 223, 233, 259
robotics, in rehabilitation, 192
rock climbers, bone adaptations, 72, 74–75
runners: bone mineral density, 73, 75
conditioning, 184
energy systems, 88, 95
gender and, 240–42
Ruth, Babe, 168
Ryukyu Kobujutsu, 132
safety, during attacks, 140, 156
samurai, 128, 132, 135, 139, 143, 272
satellite cell, 56
scaling buildings: bone adaptations, 72–73
energy expenditure, 94
gear for, 134–35
scare tactics, for fighting, 155–56
Schwarzenegger, Arnold, 7
The Science of Superheroes (Gresh and Weinberg), 269
Seagal, Steven, 132–33
secondary impact syndrome, 225–26, 229, 252
seizures, 46, 116, 225
selective attention, 149
self-confidence, 156
self-defense: batsuit for, 180, 191–98
body hardening for, 180–91
martial arts as, 124, 129–30, 134
senescence, 248
sensory feedback, in movement production, 102–4, 106, 108–9, 141
seoi-nage, 173–74
sexes, battle of the, 239–46
The Shadow, ix–x, xvi
shadow boxing, 125
The Shadow Magazine (Tinsley/Grant), x
Shaolin martial arts, 150–51, 181
shearing, physiologic response, 71, 184
Sherrington, Charles, 48, 108
shift work: body cycle and, 200, 205, 209–10
sleep-wake cycle and, 210–12.
See also nighttime missions
Shito-ryu karate, 133
shock, physiology, 32, 234
Shotokan karate, 128, 133
shuko, 134
signaling cascades, chemical, in training response, 57–58
skeletal muscle tissue, 40–41, 53
energy sources, 88
stress response, 56–57
skeleton: batsuit as, 191–93
external, 191–93, 249. See also bones
skin cells, mechanical stress response, 41
skin conditioning, 183–85, 190
sleep: physiology, 212–13
regulation, 200, 211
requirements, 199, 211–12
rest vs., 215
sleep debt/deprivation: chronic, 211–12
performance and, 213–14
sleeping cycle, 200–202, 206, 210
sleep-wake cycles: hormone production, 200–201, 203
jet lag and, 205–6
shift work and, 210–12
slow (type I) motor units, 52
sodium, and cellular function, 13, 224–25
somatostatin, 38
somatotopy, 8
specificity, in stimulus-response model, 59–60, 67, 118
speed: of movements, 109, 112, 164, 166
in strength/power, 45, 58
spinal cord: excitability, body clock and, 202–3
injuries, 192, 229, 233–34
motor learning, 113–14, 118
movement production, 104–5, 108–10
nervous system role, 102–4, 178
pain perception, 186–87
sprains, pathophysiology, 221, 229–31
spying, in ninjutsu, 134–35
squishing (bone response), 70
stability: in judo, 171–73
weak point attacks and, 178
staff, long, xiii, 128, 136–37, 243
standing, potential energy with, 172–74
starvation, 84–85
Star Wars: Episode III—The Revenge of the Sith (2005 movie), 151, 272
star weapons, 134
stem cells, 14, 56
steroid hormones, 36–37, 40, 237. See also anabolic-androgenic steroids (AASs)
steroids: for cord injury, 234–35
creams, for itchy skin, 234
stimulus-response: in GAS, 33–34, 41–42, 46
homeostasis, 261
in overload, 59, 118–20
pain perception, 186
in reflexes, 109–12
specificity, 59–60, 67, 118
strains, 219–20
bone response, 65–67, 70–71
pathophysiology, 221, 229–31
strength, muscular: absolute, gendered, 242, 245
aging and, 255–56
genetics, 25–26
physiology, 46, 51–52
power vs., 45, 58
steroids and, 237
strength training: bone adaptations, 67
CNS adaptations, 118–19
gendered response, 240, 242
influence of, x–xi, 45, 97
muscle adaptations, 45–46, 51–52, 57, 118
principles, 59–62
stress response, 53–56
time course of gains in, 61
stress response: aging and, 250–51, 256
motor learning and, 121–22
physiology, 30–40, 46, 55–56, 212, 261
stress/stressors: adaptations, xi, 24, 30–40, 96
becoming Batman, 260–61
body clock and, 201
bone structure and, 65–67, 70–71
concepts, 31–32
environmental, 145–46
and life span, 31, 40–42, 256
mechanical, 41–42, 53, 57
muscle stretch, 109–10
performance impacts, 145–50
physical, weakening with, 219–20
sleep deprivation, 211–12
training, 33–34, 40–41, 46, 57, 61
stretch reflex, 111–12, 202
stretch/stretching. See muscle contractions
strikes/striking: biomechanics, 162, 165
for body hardening, 181–83, 190