Peucetians 22, 23
Philip II, King (of Spain) 15, 85, 115
Philip V, King (of Spain) 117
Phoenicians 47
Piacentini, Marcello 310
Piacenza 46, 73, 75, 132
Piatti, Giulio 151
Piave, Francesco 168–9
Piave, River 18, 288
Piccolomini family 83–4
Picenes 22, 42, 46
Piedmont 19, 38, 70, 133, 148, 213, 238
Piedmont-Sardinia, Kingdom of, 124, 131–2, 138, 142–4, 147, 154, 158, 182–3, 189, 214, 215n, 231, 241, 243–4, 255
loses war of 1848–9 159–62, 176
military traditions of 116, 125–6, 153–4, 228, 263–4
recovery in 1850s 176–81
after Restoration 139–40, 156
and war of 1859 185–7, 190
and war of 1860 193–4, 197, 222
Piero della Francesca 86
Pienza 84
Pimentel, Eleonora 140
Pirandello, Luigi 311
Pisa 18, 27, 30, 74, 75, 78, 98, 263
siege of 80, 82
Pisacane, Carlo 192–3
Pistoia 68, 151, 262, 397
Pitt, William (the Younger) 214
Pius II, Pope 83–4
Pius III, Pope 83–4
Pius VI, Pope 90
Pius VII, Pope 131
Pius IX, Pope 144, 159, 198, 227
actions in 1848–9 160–62
rejection of united Italy 253–4
Pius XI, Pope 340
Pius XII, Pope 253, 339
Plombières 183, 187, 190
Po, River 8–9, 352
features of 17–18
Po Valley 19, 44, 60, 125, 154, 189, 272, 300, 388
invasions of 10, 24, 42, 128–9, 134, 183
Poland 326, 346
Polybius 9
Ponchielli, Amilcare 261
Ponte, Antonio da 97
Pontelandolfo 244
Pontida 369
Pontine Marshes 8, 19
Pope-Hennessy, John 84
Popular Party (popolari) 299–300, 338, 340–41
Portugal 13, 254, 266, 320
Posillipo 279
Potenza 4, 35
Prague 339
Prato 21, 67, 72, 74
Pratolini, Vasco 354
Previti, Cesare 384
Prezzolini, Giuseppe, 276–7, 280
Procacci, Giuliano 59
Prodi, Romano 376, 378–80, 392
Protestants (in Italy) 91, 104–5, 125, 138, 188
Proust, Marcel 201
Provence 30
Prussia 112, 137, 172n, 209, 215–16, 221, 227, 255
war of 1866 206–7, 229
Publitalia 382
Puccini, Giacomo 250, 310
Puzo, Mario 362
Pyrrhus, King (of Epirus) 41
Pythagoras 23
Quadrilateral, fortresses of 187, 230
Quasimodo, Salvatore 355
Quirinale Palace 278, 390
Radetezky, Field Marshal Joseph 159, 162, 168, 170, 219, 225
Raetia 9
Ragusa (Dubrovnik) 11
Ragusa (in Sicily) 87, 358
RAI (Radiotelevisione Italiana) 382–3
Rapallo, Treaty of (1920) 292
Raphael 85
Rattazzi, Urbano 204, 208, 257, 268
Ravenna 14, 55, 97
as capital city 49–52
Red Brigades 348, 363
Reggio in Calabria 29, 87, 195, 368
Reggio nell’Emilia 73, 75
Regionalism see under Italy, Republic of
Renaissance architecture 76, 78, 96–7
Resistance 331, 333–5, 338, 340–41, 393
in post–war culture 350–51, 354
Rhodes 266
Ricasoli, Bettino 198, 204–5, 211, 225
leads Tuscany 1859 188–90
Ridley, Jasper 22
Ridruejo, Dionisio 354
Rifondazione Comunista 377
Riina, Totò 362, 364
Rimini 75, 350n
Rio Grande do Sul 218
Risorgimento 170, 172, 174, 200, 202, 234, 284, 295, 338, 342
criticism of 2–3, 235–6, 279, 373–4, 392
fascism and 305, 332
legends of 207, 258–63, 275
museums of 186, 206, 259, 295, 374
and the Resistance, 335
wars of 159–64, 185–7, 193–201, 206–7, 209, 229–33, 235
Rivoli (1797) 128
Robespierre, Maximilien 95, 138
Robilant, Andrea di 111
Rodolico, N. 237
Roger II, King (of Sicily) 61, 62, 88, 242
Romagna 52, 55, 90, 108, 131, 139, 183, 189–90, 220, 309
see also Emilia-Romagna
Roman Empire 52, 54, 70, 282
emperors of 47–9
Mussolini’s admiration for 308–10, 321–2
Romanesque architecture 16, 78, 87
Romania 21
Roman Republic (ancient) 23, 76, 77–8
citizenship 42–3
expansion of 41–7
government 40–41
Roman Republic (1849) 162–4, 170, 269
Rome 11, 16, 25, 37, 38, 60, 77, 105, 111, 115, 146, 158, 197, 203, 240, 374
as capital of united Italy 204–5, 224, 252–3, 372
conquered in 1870 208–9
fascist ‘march’ on 300–302, 307, 313
Mussolini in 309–10
origins of 39–40
Renaissance in, 88–9
Second World War in 330
and Tiber 18
Rome, Treaty of (1957) 341
Romeo, Rosario 247
Rommel, Field Marshal Erwin 289, 329
Romulus and Remus 16, 39–40, 78, 80, 309
Romulus Augustulus, Emperor 50
Roncole 166–7, 169, 272–3, 352
Rosselli brothers 315
Rossellini, Roberto 351
Rossi, Paolo
criticism of unification 2–3
Rossini, Gioacchino 150, 164, 166–7, 172
Rousseau, Jean-Jacques 95
Runciman, Steven 96
Ruskin, John 94, 97, 110
Russell, Lord John 180, 188
Russia 130, 135–6, 137, 172, 179, 216, 266, 347, 349
and Great War 285–6
under Stalin 310, 324, 340, 346
Rutelli, Francesco 377
Sabaudi dynasty see Savoia
Sabines 22, 40, 46
Sacra Corona Unita 364
Sade, Marquis de 240
Sadowa (1866) 207, 209
Saint-Quentin (1557) 125
Salandra, Antonio
and Great War 285, 287
Salazar, António Oliveira de 305
Salentine Peninsula (the Salento) 7
Salerno 330
Salisbury, 3rd Marquess of 266
Salò, Republic of 331, 333, 393
Salonika 98, 106
Salutati, Coluccio 77
Salvemini, Gaetano 17, 27, 251, 279, 281, 286, 297, 301, 315
Samnites 22–4, 41, 43, 46
San Carlo Theatre 166, 270, 336
San Gimignano 73, 307, 346
San Martino (1859) 185–6, 229, 260
San Pietro (island of) 35
San Siro 373
Sansovino, Jacapo 96
Sant’Agata 272
Saragat, Giuseppe 229
Sardinia 9, 10, 21, 47, 63, 64, 215, 268, 284, 317, 360, 367, 387
language of 35, 38
tuna fishing off 14
vulnerability 11
Sardinia, Kingdom of, see Piedmont-Sardinia, Kingdom of
Sarkozy, Nicolas 392
Saviano, Roberto 388
Savoia dynasty, 201, 228, 239, 270, 289, 337–8, 342
military ambitions of 116, 125, 153–4, 177, 223
as monarchs of Italy 223–7, 283, 330–31, 337
Savonarola, Girolamo 82
Savoy 125, 127, 183, 190–91, 213
Savoyards see Savoia dynasty
Scalfaro, Oscar Luigi 384
Schiavone, Aldo 393
Schiller, Friedrich 171
Scipio Africanus 311
Scirocco, Alberto 234–5
Scotland 91
Scott, Walter 27, 213
Scribe, Eugène 171, 270
Second World War 16, 22, 35, 327–31, 399
Sedan (1870) 209
Seljuk Turks 53
Sella, Quintino 255
Seneca 77
Senussi Islamic Order 282
Settembrini, Luigi 212
Severgnini, Beppe 379, 389
on the Italian family 395–6
on Crema 398
Sforza, Carlo 32, 332, 341–2
Sforza, Ludovico 113–15
Sforza dynasty 75, 115
Shakespeare, William 80, 105–6, 171–2, 217, 273–4
Sicilian Vespers 64, 151, 208, 262
Sicily 2, 9, 18, 19, 21, 23, 25, 36, 47, 51, 52, 57, 68, 87, 240, 268, 277, 330, 358–60, 367, 370, 387
Bourbons in 138, 140–41, 158
British in 132–3
eighteenth century in 117–18, 123
fascism in 309, 316–17
Garibaldi’s invasion of 193–5
and Mafia 19, 241, 246n, 250, 316–17, 359, 361–4, 385–6
Normans in 61–4
‘Piedmontization’ of 198, 246–7
poverty in 248–51
revolt of 1848–9 158, 161
revolt of 1860 191–2
revolt of 1866 207, 245–6
Spanish rule in 88
vulnerability of 11
Siena 4, 32, 74, 75, 78, 80, 85, 92, 102, 260, 342
medieval government in 65–9, 72
painting in 65–6, 83–4
Silone, Ignazio 17, 33
Sixtus IV, Pope 90
Slovene language 35, 312
Slovenia 294, 372
Slow Food Movement 396
Smiley, Xan 377
Smuts, Jan 320
Socialist Party 253, 300, 303, 338–9, 352–3
under Craxi 349
early divisions within 298–9
refusal to cooperate with Giolitti 278
Social War (first century BC) 9, 43
socii (Roman allies) 41–3
Solera, Temistocle 173
Solferino (1859) 185, 187, 209, 271
Somaliland 267–8, 283, 321, 329
Sonnino, Sidney, 247, 249, 256–7, 294
as foreign minister 285, 287, 290–91
South America
Garibaldi in 218–19, 222
Southern Italy (after 1860) 202
and ‘amoral familism’ 395
under christian democrats 359–60
during fascist period 316–19
northern views of 240–42
poverty in 246–51
revolt of 1860s 243–5
South Tyrol 35, 203, 207, 221, 285, 313, 335
incorporation into Italy 286, 290–92
Soviet Union see Russia
Spaccanapoli 238–9
Spain 13, 33, 35, 91, 105, 108–9, 136, 155–6, 229, 254, 258, 320, 354, 387, 389
civil war in 308, 323–4
rule in Italy 88, 114–17
Spoleto 52, 55
Stalin, Joseph 311
revered by Italian communists 346
Starace, Achille 306, 336
Stanislaw I, King (of Poland) 119
Stendhal (Henri Beyle) 116, 143, 145
love of Italy 145–6
Stephen II, Pope 53, 55
Strabo 17
Strauss, Richard 195
Strepponi, Giuseppina 271–3
Stuart, Prince Charles Edward 26, 126
Sturzo, Luigi 251, 315
Sutherland, Donald 352–4
Svevo, Italo 294–5, 356
Swabian see Hohenstaufen
Sweden 299, 390
Swinburne, Algernon Charles 218
Switzerland 215, 370
Sybaris 240
Syllabus of Errors 253, 274
Syracuse 12, 52, 241
Tabucchi, Antonio 383
Tadini, Giovanni 1–2
Tanassi, Mario 365
Taormina 52
Taranto 13, 23, 35, 41, 232, 329
Taurini 22
Tegetthoff, Admiral Wilhelm von 232–3
Tennyson, Alfred 21, 218
Terragni, Giuseppe 310
Theodora, Empress 49, 51
Theodoric, King (of Italy) 49, 52, 58
rule in Italy 50–51
Thucydides 8
Tiber, River 39, 45, 252, 309
features of 18–19
Ticino 203
Tiepolo, Giambattista 102, 110–11
Timaeus 8
Tintoretto 85, 101–2, 110–11, 129
Titian 85, 110, 129
Tivaroni, Carlo 211
Toffolo, Lino 36
Togliatti, Palmiro 336n, 338, 345, 347, 349
Tolstoy, Leo 133
Tomasi di Lampedusa, Giuseppe 3, 396
and The Leopard 247–8, 349, 355–6
on opera 165
on Risorgimento 247–8
Tommaseo, Niccolò 261
Torcello 97, 99
Tornatore, Giuseppe 31n
Toscanini, Arturo 310
Toulon, Siege of 127
Trajan, Emperor 48
Trani 14, 16
Transparency International 388
Trapani 194, 358
Trent, Council of (1545–63) 91
Trentino-Alto Adige 367–8
see also South Tyrol
Trento, Trentino 38, 132, 207, 221, 265, 284–5, 300, 342, 397
incorporation into Italy 292–3
Trevelyan, G. M. 202, 210–11
Treviso 75, 107, 207, 358, 370, 372–3
Trieste 11, 36, 168, 203, 265, 284–5, 290, 292, 312
joined to Italy 293–5
Triple Alliance 265–6, 283–4
Triple Entente 285
Tripoli 282
Tripolitania 281, 321
Tunisia 265, 267, 284
Turiello, Pasquale 263
Turin 4, 10, 27, 37, 125, 139–40, 146, 149, 156, 179–80, 185, 228, 238, 240, 283
Cavour in 203
gastronomic tour of, 212
as Italian capital 7, 205, 254
Turkey see Ottoman Empire
Tuscany 3, 13, 37, 64, 67, 118, 124, 131, 184, 189, 203, 309, 340n, 346, 359, 394, 399
communes in 65–75 passim
Enlightenment in 120
events of 1848–9 158–9, 162, 176
Grand Duchy of, 92–3, 120, 144, 186, 188
and language 31–2, 76
Medici rulers of 91–3
Tusculum 42
Two Sicilies, Kingdom of 64, 183, 203, 222, 229, 242
administration of 141–3
conquered by Garibaldi 193–5
extinction of 196–202
Udine 35, 207
Umberto I, King (of Italy) 224, 264, 267–8, 277–8
Umberto II, King (of Italy) 337–8
Umbria 17, 24, 183, 198, 346, 368
Umbrians 22, 41, 43, 46
Union coalition 378–9
United States 327, 345, 356
and Paris Peace Conference 291
backs christian democrats 340–41
Urbino 75, 86–7
Uruguay 218
Utrecht, Treaties of (1713–14) 117
Val d’Aosta 35, 367–8
Valla, Lorenzo 77
Valtellina 19
Varè, Daniele 314
Vasari, Giorgio 84
Vatican 252–4, 315, 340, 342–3, 386
Veltroni, Walter 379–80
Vendola, Nichi 392, 398
Veneti 22, 42
Venetia see Veneto
Venetian League 26, 369
&n
bsp; Veneto 9, 19, 73, 128, 183, 186, 203, 206, 229, 254n, 274, 358, 361, 369–70, 372, 399
Veneto dialect 33, 37
Venice 3, 22, 28, 29, 53, 68, 74, 75, 78, 80, 83, 84, 87n, 89, 113, 115, 132, 166, 228, 260–62, 263, 269, 271, 293
absorption by Italy 206–7, 209
art and architecture of 96–7, 110–11
decline of 109–12
empire of 11, 98–9
foreign communities in 25, 106
government of 101–3
and lagoon 97–100, 359
Napoleon’s treatment of 128–9
navies of 13, 15
and religion 104–5
revolt of 1848–9 158–63
wars on mainland 107–9
writers on 94–6
Vercellana, Rosina 213
Vercelli 231
Verdi, Giuseppe 4, 58, 95, 146, 164, 269, 352, 370
early career 166–8
later life 272–4
as patriotic figure 168–75 passim, 270–71, 275
Verdi’s operas (discussed in the text)
Attila 168, 170–71
Un ballo in maschera 270
La battaglia di Legnano 58, 170, 173–5
Falstaff 273–4
Un giorno di regno 167
Giovanna d’Arco 146
I lombardi alla prima crociata 151, 168, 170–71, 173
Nabucco 167–8, 170–75, 275, 370
Rigoletto 269
Simon Boccanegra 165, 274
I vespri siciliani 180, 270, 397
Verdura, Fulco Santostefano, Duke of 250
Verona 10, 46, 75, 107, 131, 397
monuments in 333
Veronese, Paolo 104–5, 129
Verrocchio, Andrea 103
Versailles, 45
Vespa 357
Vesuvius 16
Viareggio 279
Vicenza 37, 75, 107
Vico, Giambattista 121
Victor Amadeus II, King (of Piedmont-Sardinia) 126
as King of Sicily 117–8
Victor Emanuel I, King (of Piedmont-Sardinia) 139
Victor Emanuel II, King (of Italy) 33, 142, 192, 208, 229, 234, 236, 241, 270–71, 333, 357
bellicosity 226–7, 255, 264, 332
character 223–5
as King of Piedmont-Sardinia 177–8, 212–13
as legend 210–11, 258–60
and parliament 225, 254
role in 1859 184–6, 188
role in 1860 197–200
war of 1866 206–7
Victor Emanuel III, King (of Italy) 278, 299, 303, 329, 337, 339
character of 283
flees Rome 330–31
and Great War 285–7
and Mussolini 300–301
Victoria, Queen (of the United Kingdom) 175, 178, 225, 266
Villafranca, Peace of (1859) 186, 189–90, 213
Vienna, Congress of 137–8, 141, 231
Virgil 3, 18, 31, 46, 47, 77, 78, 240
and the Aeneid 39, 45
as laureate of Italia 44–5
Visconti, Giangaleazzo 107
Visconti, Luchino, Lord of Milan 75
Visconti, Luchino (film director) 350
Visconti dynasty 75
Vittoriano, the 252, 374
Vittorini, Elio 354–5
Vittorio Veneto (1918) 5, 289, 308