Hohenzollern dynasty 77, 176
Holland 13, 137
Holy Roman Empire 31, 54, 98
struggle with papacy 55, 62–4
Hugo, Victor 171, 269
Humanists 76–8
Hungary 185, 290
Iberia 47, 48, 54
Illy, Riccardo 371–2
Imola 73
Indian Mutiny (1857–8) 179–80
Innocent III, Pope 62
Innocent IV, Pope 63
Innocent XII, Pope 90
Innsbruck 292–3
International Brigades 308, 324
Iraq 378
Ireland 254
Ischia 17
Isonzo, Battles of (1915–17) 287–9
Isonzo, River 34, 285
battles of 287–9
Istria 9, 98, 203, 285
Italian cuisine 14, 20, 22, 212, 239–40, 396
Italian judiciary 363–5
attacked by Berlusconi 384–5
Italian language
development of 30–35
and dialects 28–9, 32–3, 35–8
Italian League 74
Italian nationalism 121, 234–7
decline of 342
under fascism 306–8, 315
and Great War 290
and Napoleon I 136–7
the nationalists 279, 281, 286, 296–8
papal hostility to 253
in Piedmont 153–5
propaganda of 258–63
see also Risorgimento
Italic languages 30, 43
Italy, Kingdom of (1861–1946) 33, 215, 229
absorbs Venice and Rome 207–9
and the armed forces 228–33, 263–4
colonial policies 267–9
diplomacy of 216, 227, 265–6
governments and parliaments 203, 205, 254–7, 271, 277–9, 298–9, 302–3
proclamation of 203
and war of 1866 206–7
Italy, Republic of (1946– )
bureaucracy of 389, 394
culture in 349–56
economy of 356–8, 387–9
governments and parliaments 339–44, 349, 364–6, 374–9, 390–92
organized crime in 360–64, 388–9
regionalism in 367–73
Ivan IV the Terrible, Tsar (of Russia) 77n
James, Henry 94
James II, King (of England) 12, 75
Japan 325, 356
Jenkyns, Richard 45
Jerusalem 48
Jesuits 120, 140, 144
Jesus Christ 54, 90, 217
Jews (in Italy) 25, 48–9, 139, 144, 188
and fascism 314
and papacy 91
in Venice 106
John XXIII, Pope 223
John Paul II, Pope 364
Joseph II, Emperor 120–21
Joyce, James 294–5
Judaea 48–9
Julius II, Pope 89–90
war on Venice 108
Justice and Liberty 315
Justinian, Emperor 51
Juvenal 24
Kipling, Rudyard 288, 397
Kitchener, General Herbert 330n
Labour Party (British) 299, 347
Ladin 36
La Farina, Giuseppe 189, 196, 199
La Maddalena 293
La Malfa, Ugo 7
Lamarmora, General Alessandro Ferrero 229
Lamarmora, General Alfonso Ferrero 233, 257, 330n
career 228–31
Lamartine, Alphonse de 150
Lampedusa, see Tomasi di Lampedusa, Giuseppe
Lancaster, Burt 352
Lane Fox, Robin 40
Lanza, Giovanni 226, 254–6
L’Aquila 368
Lars Porsena 23
La Scala Theatre, 146, 166–7, 171, 270, 273
La Spezia 13
Lateran Council (1513–7) 91
Lateran Treaty (1929) 254
Latin 37
spread of language 30, 43
persistence of 30–32, 76
Latins 22, 41, 46
and Latin rights 42–3
Lauritzen, Peter 106
Lausanne, Conference of (1922) 320
Laval, Pierre 322
Lazio 254n, 361, 388
League of Nations 322, 325
Lebanon 292
Lecce 87, 391, 397
dialect of 28–9
Legnano (1176) 58, 62, 114, 149, 151, 208, 263, 369–70
Lenin, Vladimir Ilich 299, 301
Leo III, Pope 59
Leo X, Pope 82
Leonardo da Vinci 76, 80, 82, 85, 128
Leone, Giovanni 364
Leonidas, King (of Sparta) 192, 217
The Leopard 247–8, 349, 355–6
Leopold II, Grand Duke of Tuscany 144, 159, 162, 176, 188
Lepanto (1571) 13, 106, 109
Le Pen, Jean–Marie 392
Levi, Carlo 359
describes life in the south 318–19
Liberal Party 338, 344
Libya, 267–8, 306, 314, 315, 329, 333
fascists in 321
Italian invasion of (1911) 281–3
Liguria 37, 132, 133, 231, 359, 388
Ligurians 22, 42, 46
Lima, Salvo 361–3, 386
Lissa (1866) 207–8, 233, 264, 279, 286
Livorno 27, 92, 144, 159, 188, 299
Livy 23
Ljubljana 295
Locarno, Treaty of (1925) 321
Locorotondo 267
Lodi 58, 128
Lodi, Peace of (1454) 74, 107
Lombard League 63, 73, 98, 149, 152, 173, 258, 369
war against Barbarossa 58–9
Lombards 50
and Italian language 34
in Italy 24–5, 52–3, 59
Lombardy 17, 28, 57, 75, 128, 142–3, 153, 182–3, 186, 188, 206, 209, 220, 229–30, 250, 350, 369, 372, 394
Austrian rule in 144–7, 156
communes in 70, 73–4
invasions of 115
in war of 1848–9 159–61, 164, 169
Lombardy-Venetia, Kingdom of 138, 144–7, 171, 180, 183, 269
London 143, 157, 327, 357
Mazzini in 157–8, 182
London, Treaty of 285, 290–91, 296
Lorenzetti, Ambrogio 66–7, 83–4, 260, 342
Lorenzetti, Piero 66, 84
Louis XII, King (of France) 108, 114
Louis XIV, King (of France) 117, 126
Louis XV, King (of France) 119
Lowell, A. Lawrence 210
Lucania see Basilicata
Lucanians 22, 23, 42, 46
Lucca 27, 30, 32, 67, 72, 74, 78, 83, 133, 138, 166, 340n, 397
dialect 29
Elisa Bonaparte in 135
republic of 75
rivalry with Florence 79–81
statues in 261
Lusignan, Guy de 126
Lyon 4, 33, 99
Macaulay, Thomas Babington 23
Macedonian Wars 47
Machiavelli, Niccolò 3, 44, 114, 124, 154, 214, 281
views on Italy 80–81
Mack Smith, Denis 2, 117
views on Risorgimento 236
Mackenney, Richard 115
Mafia, mafiosi 19, 241, 250, 359
and Berlusconi era 380, 385–6
and christian democrats 361–4
in 1860s 246n
during fascist period 316–7
Magenta (1859) 185, 187, 189, 229, 236, 259–60
Maggiore, Lake 17, 219
Maginot Line 328
Magna Graecia 24, 25, 43, 240
Magyars 55, 99
Malamocco 97
Malaparte, Curzio 354
Malatesta dynasty 75
Malipiero, Gian Francesco 310
Malta 327
Mameli, Goffredo 169
Manchester 248
Manfred, ruler of Sicily, 64, 70
Manin, Daniele 169, 179, 181, 211, 261
role in 1848–9 162–
3
Mantegna, Andrea, 85, 114
Mantua 38, 68, 75, 76, 113, 159, 186, 371, 397
Renaissance in 85–6
Virgil in 44–5
Manzoni, Alessandro 150, 179, 263
and The Betrothed 151–2
and Italian language 32
Marches, the 17, 68, 132, 183–4, 198, 221
Maremma 19, 92, 120, 144, 394
Marengo (1800) 131
Marghera 37, 100
Margherita, Queen (of Italy) 224, 239
Margherita (Daisy Party) 377
Maria Luisa, Duchess of Lucca 261
Maria Sofia, Queen (of the Two Sicilies) 201
Maria Theresa, Empress 119–20
Marie–Antoinette, Queen (of France) 45
Marie–Louise, Empress (later Duchess of Parma) 138–9, 171
Marinetti, Filippo Tommaso, 280, 304, 331
Mark Antony 45–6
Marlborough, John Churchill, Duke of 117, 226, 229
Marsala 194
Marshall Aid 340, 357
Marsians 43
Martin V, Pope 88, 91
Martini, Simone 66, 84, 260
Mary (Tudor), Queen (of England) 105
Masaccio 84, 88
Mascagni, Pietro 310
Massa Maritima 66
Massawa 267
Masséna, André 129–30, 229
Matera 87
Matteotti, Giacomo 302, 315, 337
Maury, Alfred 240
Maximilian, Archduke (of Austria) 184, 295
Maximilian I, Emperor 108
Mazzini, Giuseppe 10, 144, 159, 169, 172, 176, 178, 180, 192, 208, 225, 286, 341–2, 390
disillusioned with Italy 221–2
and Garibaldi 218–20
ideology of 152–4
leader in Rome 1849 163–4
as legend 210–11, 259, 261–2
plotting in exile 156–8, 182
Mediaset 382
Medici, Alessandro de’ 91
Medici, Anna Maria Ludovica de’ 93
Medici, Cosimo de’ 78, 80, 92
Medici, Cosimo de’ (Grand Duke of Tuscany) 91–2
Medici, Cosimo III de’ 92
Medici, Gian Gastone de’ 92–3, 119
Medici, Giovanni de’ see Leo X, Pope
Medici, Giuliano de’ 82
Medici, Giulio de’ see Clement VII, Pope
Medici, Lorenzo de’ 1, 81–2, 91
Medici, Luigi 140–41
Medici, Piero de’ 82
Medici dynasty 20, 69, 78, 89–90, 115, 118
as rulers of Florence and Tuscany 79–82, 91–3
Melzi d’Eril, Francesco 131
Memmi, Lippo, 66
Menelik II, Emperor (of Ethiopia) 268
Mentana (1867) 208
Mercadante, Giovanni 165, 269
Meredith, George 210, 218n
Mesolithic people 21
Mesopotamia 49
Messapians 22, 23, 30
Messina 17, 29, 87, 141, 161, 195, 250, 259
Metternich, Klemens Fürst von 7–8, 139, 158, 172
Michelangelo 76, 82, 84, 85, 89, 91, 97, 331
Milan 10, 17, 24, 27, 37, 56, 68, 74, 78, 83, 84, 108, 116, 127, 140, 148–9, 158, 166, 180, 189, 205, 225, 240, 268, 277, 357, 370
duchy of 86, 107, 115
and Lombard League 58
Napoleon’s treatment of 128
and revolt of 1848 159–61, 168, 170–71
Stendhal’s love for 145–6
Milazzo 194
Milton, John 45, 125
Minghetti, Marco 257
Modena 73, 75, 138, 154, 158–60, 183, 187, 189–90, 206, 263, 337, 346, 397
dialect of 29
Molise 17, 23, 368
Momigliano, Arnaldo 49, 51
Mondo, Il 344
Mondovi 129
Montale, Eugenio 355
Montecatini Terme 273
Montefeltro, Federigo da 86–7
Montefeltro dynasty 75
Montesquieu, Charles-Louis de Secondat 53, 120
Monteverdi, Claudio 261
Montgomery, General Bernard 314
Monza 56, 277
Morante, Elsa 345
Moravia, Alberto 312, 355
Morbelli, Angelo 260
More, Sir Thomas 123
Morea 98
Moretti, Nanni 379
Mori, Cesare 317
Moro, Aldo 347–8
Morpurgo, Vittorio 309
Morricone, Ennio 351
Morris, James (also Jan) 295
on Venice 94, 104
Movimento Sociale Italiano (MSI) 336–7, 342, 375
Munich Conference 325–6
Murano 28
Murat, Joachim 132–6, 140–41, 154, 172, 184
Murat, Lucien 184, 193, 216
Muratori, Lodovico 121
Murge Plateau 8
Mussolini, Alessandra 375
Mussolini, Benito 2, 32, 150, 204, 211, 222, 236, 254, 278–9, 281, 287, 297, 299, 332, 335–6, 345, 351, 354–5, 356–7, 367, 375, 380, 381
and the Church 315
D’Annunzio’s influence on 296–7
downfall and death 330–31
on fascist ideology 304–6
and imperialism 320–23
inspiration of ancient Rome 307–10
intervenes in Spain 323–4
relations with Germany 325–6
repression of regime 311–14
and Second World War 327–30
socialist career of 297–8
and the south 316–17
takes power 301–3
Naples 4, 13, 16, 25, 28, 29, 38, 44, 68, 74, 84, 89, 111, 113, 115, 146, 205, 209, 330, 336–7, 373
Bonapartes in 132–5
Bourbon kingdom of 2–3, 122–4, 140–43, 156, 176, 192, 241, 263
and Camorra 360
character of 238–40
civil war in 243–5
Enlightenment in 122–3
growth of 87n, 143
northern views on 240–42
occupation by Garibaldi 195–200
Spanish rule in 87, 116
Napoleon I, Emperor 3, 7, 54, 75, 108, 110, 131, 135, 139, 144–5, 151, 159, 182–3, 288, 297, 331
invasions of Italy 4, 10, 126–9
Italian legacy 136–7
reorganization of Italy 131–4
treatment of Venice 95, 102, 112, 128–9
Napoleon III, Emperor 190, 193, 204–5, 216, 226–7, 270–71, 274
attitude to Italy 182–4
role in 1859 184–7
in 1870 208–9
Narses 51
National Alliance (Alleanza Nazionale) 375, 377, 391
National Liberation Committee 338
National Society 181, 189, 220
NATO 341, 347, 357
’Ndrangheta 364
Nelson, Admiral Horatio 130
Neolithic people 21–2, 29–30
Nero, Emperor 47–8
Netherlands 90, 91, 112, 137
Ney, Marshal Michel 297
Nice 125, 183, 190–91, 284
Nicolazzi, Massimo 393
Nicotera, Giovanni 257
Nitti, Francesco 297
Normans 12, 30, 53, 57
and Sicily 60–62
Northern League 36, 376, 392–3
allied to Berlusconi 374–5, 377
policies 369–72
xenophobia 372–3
Norway 328
Novecento 351–4
Noto 87
Novara 131
Novaro, Michele 169
Oberdan, Guglielmo 293
Octavian see Augustus, Emperor
Odoacer, King (of Italy) 50, 52
Oliphant, Laurence 191
Olive Tree coalition 366, 376–8
Olivetti 356
Olmi, Ermanno 350
Omar Khayyam 44
Omar al-Mukhtar 321
&nb
sp; Omodeo, Adolfo 236
Opéra (Paris) 168, 180, 273
Orlando, Vittorio Emmanuele 290
Orsini, Felice 182–3, 270
Ostia 18
Ostrogoths 24
and Italian language 34
rulers in Italy 49–51
Otranto 7, 11, 146
Otto I, Emperor 56
Otto IV, Emperor 59
Ottoman Empire 53, 98, 109, 215, 226, 267, 281–2, 320
Ottone, Piero 343, 356–7, 389, 392
Oxford Union 326
Pacini, Giovanni 165
Pacino, Al 362
‘Padania’ 371–3, 393
Padua 75, 107, 262, 314
Paganini, Niccolò 135
Palagonia, Prince of, 123
Paisiello, Giovanni 164
Palermo 19, 25, 28, 30, 140, 151, 161, 174, 207, 246, 261–2, 385, 387, 396–7
Belle Epoque in 249–50
Garibaldi in 195, 204
nobles of, 88, 117–18, 123–4
Normans in 61
‘sack’ of 359, 361
Palestine 292, 313
Palestro (1859) 229
Palladio, Andrea 96–7
Pallavicini, Oberto 75
Palmerston, Viscount 184
Pamphilj family 89
Papacy 184
and Counter–Reformation 90–91
in Renaissance 88–90
rejection of united Italy 252–3
rise of 54–5
struggle with Hohenstaufen 62–4
Papal States 74, 84, 132, 138, 142, 154, 189, 206, 229, 253, 263, 373
expansion of 55, 83, 89
misgovernment in 124, 139, 346
Piedmontese invasion of 196–7
Papini, Giovanni 280, 286, 331
Pappano, Antonio 275
Pardini, Angelo 4–5
Paris 4, 87n, 143, 328
Paris Peace Conference (1919) 290, 294
Parker, Roger 170, 174
Parma 63, 73, 118, 154, 159, 271
duchy of, 90, 119, 129, 131–3, 160, 183, 189–90, 206, 270
Parri, Ferruccio 338
Parthenopean Republic 130, 140
Party of the Left (Partito della Sinistra – PDS) 375–7, 382, 390n
Party of Action 338
Pasolini, Pier Paolo 349, 354
on dialects 36
Pasternak, Boris 349
Patrimony of St Peter 55, 205
Paul III, Pope 85, 89–90
Paul IV, Pope 91
Paul V, Pope 104
Pavese, Cesare 312
Pavia 52–3, 56, 75, 114, 129
Pazzi Conspiracy 81
Peck, Gregory 357
Peel, Sir Robert 214
Pellestrina 99–100
Pellizza da Volpedo, Giuseppe 260
Pepin, King (of Italy) 53, 99
Pepin the Short, King (of the Franks) 53, 55
Perpignan 26
Persano, Admiral Carlo Pellion di, 193, 196–7, 200, 268
career 231–3
Perugia 55, 75, 83, 367
Pescaglia 5
Pescara 330, 368
Peschiera 186–7
St Peter 54
Peter II, King (of Aragon and Sicily) 64
Peter Leopold II, Grand Duke of Tuscany 120–21, 130, 144
Petrarch 9, 31, 77