Plassey, battle of, 1757 6
Plymouth 8
Point Lévis: British batteries on 141, 164-76, 179, 180, 184, 240, 292, 315, 317, 329; British camp on 140, 141, 142, 146, 148, 150, 155, 163-76, 179, 180, 184, 187, 188, 193, 200, 208, 220, 224, 240, 267, 276, 281, 286, 287, 288, 290, 291, 301, 302, 303, 304, 309, 310, 312, 314, 319; British march towards and seizure of xxii-xxiv, 124, 126, 132, 133, 134, 137, 138; Canadian troops and irregulars attack upon 169-72, 173, 174; French launch fireships from 120
Pointe aux Pères 164
Pointe aux Trembles 207, 244-7, 264, 265, 310, 316, 317, 318, 327, 360, 389
Pointe de Rochefort 28
Pomone 58
Pompadour, Jeanne-Antionette Poisson, Marquise de 55, 56
Pondicherry, India 419
Pontbriand, Bishop Henri Marie Dubreil de 258, 388, 413
Pontleroy, Nicolas Sarrebource de 71-2
Porcupine 85, 120, 121, 401
Port Neuf 263
Port Royal 68
Portneuf, René 258, 259, 260
Portsmouth 8, 11, 12-13, 14, 15, 17, 407
Portugal 402, 420, 423
Potowatomis (Native Americans) 130
Pouchot, Pierre 249, 250
Pownall, Thomas 128
Prague 45
Prescott, William 369-70
Prevost, Colonel Jacques 207
Prevost, Major Augustin 207
Prideaux, Brigadier John 247-9, 306, 373
Princess Amelia 83, 88, 165
prisoners 51, 52, 60, 78, 79, 100, 132, 133-4, 143, 144, 147, 163, 167, 177-8, 185, 186, 207-8, 209, 217, 240-1, 249, 252-3, 259, 261, 276-7, 305, 311, 336, 386, 397
Prussia 6, 7, 8, 24
Public Advertiser 296
Quakers 57
Quebec xvii, 42; batteries 42, 43, 74-5, 77, 79, 101, 133, 138, 165, 167, 172, 183, 199, 200, 202, 241-2, 291-2, 305, 315, 317; Beauport shore see Beauport shore; Bishop’s palace 183; bombardment of 124, 173-84, 208, 240, 242; British first view xxiv-xxv, 101-2; British occupation of 401, 412-18; defences xxii, xxiv-xxv, 65-6, 67-75, 101-3, 146-7 see also batteries; fires in 178-9, 180-1, 182-4, 208, 242; Governor’s Palace (Château St Louis) 43, 161, 183, 396; history of 43-4, 68-9; looters in 182, 208-9; Lower Town (Basse Ville) 42, 43, 67, 73, 74, 75, 76, 101, 133, 138, 147, 176, 178, 179, 183, 197, 200, 277, 278, 291-2, 293, 320, 342, 394, 396, 416; morale within 148, 166-8, 176-7, 179-80, 181-2, 183-4; Notre Dame de Quebec 181; 183-4; Notre Dame des Victories 42, 179; nunneries 73-4, 242, 345, 384, 407; Plains of Abraham xvi, xviii, 67, 68, 71, 72, 343, 345-83; plan of xvi; populace’s attitude to conflict 148, 166-8, 176-7, 179-80, 181-2, 183-4; prepares for siege 62-80; previous attacks on 68-70; Quay du Palais 74; second siege of 416-18; siege of Quebec, June-September, 1759, map of xii-xiii; siege, flight of people from 73-4; significance of battle for xvii-xix, 419-26; St Lawrence and 43, 67-8; supplies, shortage of food and 44, 58, 59, 79, 167, 177, 192, 202, 217, 251, 265, 295, 313, 321, 359-60, 413, 414, 415; surrender of 388, 395-400; Upper Town (Haute Ville) 43, 44, 67, 73, 75, 76, 101, 133, 149, 278, 396; Wolfe Street xvii
Quiberon Bay 403, 410-11, 417
Racehorse 401
radeaux à feu 117, 217-19
Ramezay, Jean-Baptiste Nicholas Roch de 142, 215, 259, 291, 311; bombardment of Quebec and 176; commands garrison in Upper Town 76-7; de Lévis exit for Montreal and 250; family and history 72-3; French irregular forces raids, opinion on 186; Montcalm and 168, 169, 312-13, 363; Point Lévis attack, opinion of 168, 169; surrenders Quebec to British 389, 392-4, 395, 398; watches British on St Lawrence 94
Récher, Jean-Felix 176, 177, 179, 182, 235-6, 242, 295, 327, 413
red-hot shot 84-5
Resolution 31
Restigouche River 417-18
Richelieu rapids 78, 250, 418
Richmond 38, 87, 88, 95, 143, 201, 327
Rochefort, France 21, 110
Ross, Thomas 379
round shot 292, 357-8, 399
Rous, Captain John 10, 151, 196, 198-9, 333
Royal Artillery 139
Royal Ecossois 332
Royal George 403
Royal Hospital, Chelsea 157-8, 190, 193
Royal Navy xviii, 2, 7, 9, 10, 12, 14, 82, 92; Admiralty 8, 10, 11, 12, 13, 37, 96-7, 115, 290, 298; army and 301, 402; arrival in Canada 11, 12, 15-16, 17, 18, 21; arrival in Halifax 15; arrival in North America 21-2; arrival in the St Lawrence 1-3; ‘Beating to Quarters’ 34; blockade of Canada 3, 9, 10-11, 15-16, 38, 44, 58, 59; bombardment of Quebec and 173, 175; bomb ketches 144, 151, 173-5, 180; ‘Cats’ 222, 223, 224, 226, 227-8, 235, 237, 244; commanders of Canadian mission see under individual commander name; cost of 7; disease and 17-18, 20, 21-2; fireships sent by French against fleet on Île d’Orléans 117-24; flat-bottomed boats 96-7, 114, 143, 146, 151, 203, 220, 221, 225, 226, 228, 243, 263, 266, 287, 305, 309, 315, 317, 319, 322, 326, 327-8, 337, 339; Foulon landings, role in 301, 304-5, 312, 318-24, 333, 339; French admiration for 145-6; Halifax base see Halifax; hires civilian ships to act as transports 12; informality of 35; Louisbourg 21-30; moves ships past town of Quebec 196-202, 290-1; navigation and 12-15; organisation of fleet 32-5; overcomes French navy in Seven Years War xviii; performance of in Canada 121, 339, 401-2, 411; Pondicherry 419; Portsmouth base 12-13; prize money 9, 12, 145; professionalism xviii; punishments 35, 271; Quebec basin, role in fight for 141-6, 164; sails from England to Canada 13-15; sails from Louisbourg to St Lawrence 29-35; sails to Canada 13-15; sails up St Lawrence to Quebec 1-3, 9, 27, 28-41, 47, 52, 81-94; size and power of 12-13; storms hamper ships in St Lawrence 113-16; strength of 8, 12-13, 165, 422, 426; superiority of within Quebec basin 313; topmen 34-5; Townshend acknowledges debt to 401-2; transports, use of 10, 12, 13, 14, 17, 20, 23, 25, 27, 28, 29, 31-3, 34, 35, 37, 38, 39, 40, 69, 83, 87, 88, 90, 92, 94, 96, 97, 113, 114, 115, 121, 142, 150, 151, 164, 189, 197, 202, 205, 219, 229, 241, 290, 292, 300-1, 305, 306, 309, 314, 317, 318, 326, 327, 328, 330, 337, 397; ‘Up Hammocks’ 34; watches 33-4; Wolfe and see Wolfe, General James
Royal William 40, 407
Ruby 16
Russell 222, 225, 226
Russia 7, 56
Sackville, Lord John 112
Saint-Ours, François-Xavier 386
Sally 31
Samos 334, 338, 339
Saunders, Vice Admiral Sir Charles 78, 85, 97, 115, 140, 151, 164, 184, 196, 262, 289, 301; army, praise for 402; British ships pass Quebec narrows, role in operation 290-1, 292; Durell and 16; fight for control of Quebec basin, role in 141, 142, 143, 144; Foulon landings, role in 327, 333, 341; Louisbourg, sails to 21, 22; lures French into the belief that British will attack below the town of Quebec 312, 317, 327, 333; moves mightiest warships off Lower Town to strike fear into Quebecers 394; Point Lévis attack, role in 124; praise for role in operation 411; preparations for mission 12, 13, 16; private negativity over capture of Quebec 298; pulls vessels out of St Lawrence for winter 401; St Lawrence, sails to 29, 32; St Lawrence, sails up 37, 38, 40, 87, 88-9, 90, 91-2, 95; Wolfe and 144, 225, 237, 290, 296, 391
de Saxe, Marshal 44-5, 346-7
Saxony 6
Scarboro 31
Schomberg, Captain Alexander 32, 196-7, 201, 231, 234, 279
Scott, George 255
Scott, Major John 257
scurvy 17-18, 20, 21, 68, 192, 285, 413-14
Seahorse 9, 292, 314, 330
Senezergues, Brigadier Étienne-Guillaume de 372
Seven Years War 71, 127, 130; arrives in Canada 2-3; Atlantic, British control of during 403; British recruitment of Americans during 211; British recruitment of Highlanders during 332; British victory in xviii, 417-18, 419-26; enduring significance of xvii-xviii, 419-26; fireships in 118, 271, 333, 346, 419; first shots of 4-5; in North America, pre-1759 xiv, 3-9; promotions in British Army during 274-5; Treaty of Paris, 1763 ends 419
Shrewsbury 396
Sillery 75, 77, 129, 244, 267, 309, 313, 320, 321, 334
Smith, Hugh 158
&nbs
p; Smith, William 131
Smollett, Tobias 404
Smythe, Harvey 382, 407
Snell, Hannah 190
Spain 3, 7, 17, 69, 411, 419, 420, 423, 426
Spanish Armada 7
Spithead 407
Squirrel 83, 86, 197, 200, 205, 316, 330, 338
St Ann’s 256
St Antoine 251, 252, 263
St Charles River 44, 67, 69, 74, 76, 102, 140, 200, 237, 288, 313, 340, 343, 348, 351, 375, 379, 380, 387, 388, 389
St Frederic, Fort 250
St Joachim 254, 257, 258, 259
St Joseph church 264
St Laurent 95, 100, 103-5, 126
St Lawrence River xxiv, 1, 2, 3-4, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 18, 20, 21, 27, 28, 29, 33, 43, 106, 113, 117-23, 124, 135, 140, 146, 150, 152, 155, 164, 166, 171, 172, 188, 191, 195, 196, 201, 202, 203, 204, 206, 220, 222, 225, 226, 227, 229, 236, 243, 245, 252, 253, 256, 258, 259, 263, 266, 267, 276, 277, 278, 288, 290, 296, 298-9, 300, 303, 317, 319, 320, 329, 339-40, 349, 352, 359, 407, 414, 415, 417, 418, 419, 421; British blockade of 9, 10-11, 15-16; British navigation of 9, 35-7, 38, 39, 40-1, 60-1, 64, 80, 81-94, 116; greatest tidal river in the world 35; named 35; Quebec, importance to 43; St Lawrence Theatre of Operations, 1759, map of xv; ‘the Traverse’ 80, 84, 88, 89, 90, 91, 92, 93
St Lucia 419, 420
St Malo Chamber of Commerce 422-3
St Michel 244
St Pierre 423
St Roan 256
St Vincent 419
Stair, Lord 371
Stanwix, Fort 20
Ste Foy 415, 417
Stirling Castle 40, 88, 120, 121, 142, 181, 217, 219, 232, 288
Superbe 403
Sutherland 10, 120, 121, 151, 196, 197, 198, 200, 203, 244-5, 291, 318, 323, 328, 330, 333
Taché, Eugène-Étienne 425
Taché, Jean 393
Tecaughretanego 130-1
Terror of France 314-15, 328
Thames Estuary 90
Thames River 91
‘thin red line’ 349
Thompson, Sergeant James 135, 376-7, 384-5, 412, 420
Three Sisters 96, 222, 223
Townshend, Brigadier General George 110, 112, 150, 151-2, 260, 261, 275, 276, 288, 301, 303, 315, 404; Canada, sails to 13; death of brother, reaction to 308-9; family and background 110-12; Foulon landings, role in 315, 316, 317, 318, 319, 321, 322, 323, 332, 334; Île d’Orléans, lands on 138, 139, 141; longs for home 298, 309, 400; Montmorency, role in British defeat at 222, 224, 226, 227, 230, 232, 233, 234, 235, 240, Montmorency camp 150, 151-2, 153, 154, 156, 302; Native American attacks, reaction to 268; nature of campaign, bemoans 262; navy’s role in campaign, praises 401-2; Plains of Abraham, role in battle of 348, 351, 354, 355, 356, 357, 375, 380-1, 382, 383, 386, 392, 393; Quebec, entry into 397, 398, 399; St Lawrence, sails up 39, 40, 113; surrender of Quebec, accepts 395, 396; West’s painting of Wolfe, absence from 409-10; Wolfe and 110, 112, 113, 154, 216, 280-1, 282, 308, 318, 390, 391
Townshend, Charles 111
Townshend, Roger 111, 308-9
traders (voyageurs) 49, 143
Treaty of Paris, 1763 419
Trois Rivières (Three Rivers) 61, 73, 74, 77, 80, 217, 242, 265, 293, 306
truces/ceasefires 48, 146-7, 208, 219, 240, 241-2, 277, 292, 384, 396
typhus 283-4
Uniontown, Pennsylvania 4
Universal Dictionary of the Marine 222
University of Göttingen 13-14
Ursuline Convent, Quebec 73, 181-2, 345, 380, 388, 413
Utrecht, Treaty of, 1713 108
‘vanes’ 32
Vanguard 417
Vaudreuil, Pierre de Rigaud de Vaudreuil de Cavagnial, Marquis de 115, 162, 167, 168-9, 208, 229, 252-3, 265, 293, 294; Bougainville and 50; Canadians, view of 209; character 50; family and history 50; fireship attack on British, role in 122, 123; Foulon landings and 340, 341, 342, 343; lack of food in Quebec, bemoans 59, 295, 311, 394, 395; Montcalm and 50-1, 52, 53, 57, 58, 61-2, 84, 216, 342, 343, 362-3, 388; Montmorency on significance of French victory at 236; Native Americans, view of 129, 133, 209; Plains of Abraham, role in battle of 360, 362-3, 378-9, 386, 388, 389; plans for British attack 60-3, 66; Point Lévis, observes battle for 134; prisoners, policy on 240-1; Quebec surrender, role in 394, 395; regards upriver zone as inappropriate for landing 312, 327; sleep deprivation 243; St Lawrence, on British navigation of 92-3; surrenders Montreal to British 418, 426; wave of destruction along St Lawrence, reaction to British 253-4, 257, 258; Wolfe’s intention to attack Quebec, reply to 147
Vergor, Captain Louis Dupont de Chambon de 333, 334, 336
Vesuvius 320
Victory 406
de Villiers, Ensign Joseph Coulon 4-5
Vindolanda 129
Virginia 4, 5, 48, 51, 65, 127, 249
Virginia Regiment 5
Voltaire 422
Walpole, Horace 112, 137, 166, 406, 111
Walpole, Sir Robert 111
Wandiwash, India 419
War of the Austrian Succession, 1740-1748 45, 248, 346-7, 354
War Office, British 408
warfare, nature of North American xxi, xxiii, xxiv, 47-52, 99, 115-16, 123-4, 129, 130-2, 145, 159, 163, 177-8, 186, 187-8, 209, 212, 214, 233, 234, 253-62, 276, 308, 367, 378, 383
Washington, George 4-5
Waterloo, battle of, 1815 359
Watteau, François-Louis-Joseph 410
Wedgwood, Josiah 410
West, Benjamin 408-9
West Africa 3, 6, 46, 420
Westminster Abbey 407
Westminster Parliament 24, 212, 407
Westerham, Kent 406
Whitmore, Brigadier Edward 26, 27
William Henry, Fort 52, 132, 168, 178, 192, 210, 252-3, 396
Williamson, Colonel 165, 175, 184, 281, 357, 358, 382, 396, 401
Wolfe, Edward 407
Wolfe, Major General James xvii, xviii, xxii, xxiii, xxiv, 23-4, 46, 72, 77, 95, 96, 97, 98-9, 106, 107, 114, 115, 134, 148, 171, 172, 176, 187, 193, 202, 203, 221; appearance 19; arrival in Canada 11, 12, 15-16, 17, 18, 21; arrival in North America 21-2; Beauport shore landing plan 102, 140, 184-5, 196, 202, 203-4, 209, 217, 223, 277, 288, 289, 311-12; blockade of Canada, reaction to failure of 11, 15-16; bombardment of Quebec, attitudes towards 124, 138, 164, 176, 177, 178, 180; bravery 20, 223, 225, 373; brigadier generals and 107-8, 109, 110, 111, 112, 113, 135, 136, 153-5, 301, 312, 322-3, 325 see also under individual brigadier general’s name; Canadian habitants, attitude towards 107, 160-1, 253, 254, 255, 257, 259, 260, 262; canonization of after death 390-2, 405-10; Carleton and 124-5; character 18, 19-20, 105, 189, 190, 191, 206, 225, 268-9, 278, 279, 295-8, 311-12; death 373, 374-5, 380; discipline and punishment, attitudes towards 268-9, 278; desertion, orders intended to stop 276; Durell and 11, 15-16, 87-8; ‘Elegy in a Country Churchyard’ and 330-1; ‘Family Journal’ 15-16, 92, 102, 110, 114, 121, 129, 132, 136, 140, 144, 145, 149, 150, 152, 154, 155, 156, 185, 198, 199, 209-10, 222, 224, 226-7, 232, 237, 239, 254, 272, 279-80, 286, 287, 298, 302, 304, 312, 316, 318, 323, 327, 334, 338, 339, 346, 373, 374, 378, 397; fire rafts, reaction to French 219; fireships, reaction to French 115, 121, 123; Foulon landings, role in 316, 317, 318-20, 321-4, 325, 327, 329, 330-1, 337-, 339-40, 343; gathers troops for mission 16, 17, 18, 23-4, 25, 26, 27, 28; health 17, 19-20, 138, 286-8, 295-8, 301, 314; inexperience as a commander 103; lands on Île d’Orléans 97, 100; Louisbourg 21, 23-4, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30; Monckton and 135, 136, 138, 185-6, 267, 272; Montmorency defeat and 222, 223, 224, 225, 226-7, 228, 231, 232, 233, 234, 235, 236-8, 247, 373; Montmorency, search for fords across 209-16; Montresor and 36; Murray and 266-7, 280, 281; Native American raids, attitude towards 107, 156, 185-6, 210, 272; navy, relationship with 11, 16, 37, 38, 87-8, 91-2, 115, 121, 136-7, 144, 145-6, 164, 180, 209, 237, 280, 290, 337-8; officers, relations with see under individual officer name; paternalism 19, 105; personal guard 195; Pitt and see Pitt, William; Plains of Abraham battle, role in 346, 347, 348, 349, 350, 353, 354-6, 3
57, 359, 360-1, 362, 363, 366-7, 369, 371, 373, 374, 373, 374-5, 380; plans for failure 278; plans for operation, initial 20; Point Lévis, orders possession of 124, 125-6, 132-8; poor sailor 15; prepares army for expedition 18, 20-1, 23-4, 25, 26, 27; popularity of among men 225; prospects of Canadian mission, upbeat about 30; prisoners, attitudes towards 207-8, 209, 240-1, 252, 253, 277; professionalism 105; Quebec, arrival at 100-2; Quebec, considers all-out assault on Lower Town 277-8; Quebec, decides to attack north shore above the town 140-1, 146, 150, 196, 202, 203-4, 205, 206-7, 242-3, 301, 312, 345; Quebec, first sees 100, 101-2; Quebec, opinion of defences 101-3; rangers, attitudes towards 107, 149; sails from Louisbourg to St Lawrence 29, 30, 31, 32, 33; scalping, attitude towards 259-60; sentries and outposts, orders to 123-4, 163, 186, 187-8, 253, 261, 276; St Laurent camp, organisation of 104; St Lawrence, sails up to Quebec 28, 29, 30, 31, 33, 36, 37, 47, 52, 87-8, 91-2, 93; strength of British forces, opinion of 16-17, 26, 27; tactics 16, 17, 26, 27, 205-7, 213-14, 216, 242-3, 245, 253-62, 266-7, 279, 290-3, 311-12, 314, 315; Townshend and 110, 112, 113, 152-4, 216, 280-1, 282, 308, 318, 390, 391; training of army and 24, 106; unleashes wave of destruction along length of St Lawrence 253-62; troops, relations with 166, 225; warfare encouraged by, nature of 99, 177-8, 253-62; women with regiment, attitudes towards 189, 190, 191