French Navy: basin of Quebec, battle for 141-2, 146, 164, 173; chart the St Lawrence, attempts to 9; fireships sent against British fleet on Île d’Orléans 117-24; floating batteries 75, 102, 135, 136, 139, 144, 164, 201, 206, 223, 244, 267, 315, 316; gunboats battle British on St Lawrence 146, 164, 173; radeaux à feu 117, 217-19; Seven Years War, battle with Royal Navy xviii, 403, 411, 417; strength of force in Canada 58-9; underfunded xviii
Frontenac, Louis de Buade, Comte de 43-4, 69, 70, 147
Gabarus Bay 23
gabions 173
Garrick, David 137, 406, 410
Gaspereau 108
George I, King 106, 110-11, 273
George II, King xxii, 4, 6, 20, 24, 25, 46, 51, 56, 106, 108, 111, 112, 124-5, 211, 221, 273, 398, 403, 407, 418
George III, King 410, 412, 424
Georgia 2, 51
General Hospital (nunnery) 73, 182, 241, 348, 384, 388
Germany 7, 168
Gibraltar 36
Glorious Revolution, 1688-9 24
Good Intent 31
Goodwill 29, 30, 89, 90
Gordon, Captain William 83, 85
Goree, West Africa 420
Gorham, Captain Joseph 97, 99, 255-7, 267
Gorham’s Post 320, 322
Gosselin, Joseph 181
Gosselin, Marguerite 63, 181
Gower, Lord 408
Granville, Fort 51
grape shot 230, 292
Gravelines, battle of, 1588 118
Great Lakes 35, 50, 51, 142
Greenwich 408
Guadeloupe 19, 421, 423
guerrilla warfare see warfare, nature of North American
Halifax, Nova Scotia 10, 14, 15, 18, 22, 37, 38, 59, 83, 99, 216, 229, 278, 367, 401
Hamilton, Lieutenant 239
Hankerson, Captain 38
Hannah 31
Harlequin’s Invasion 406
Harrison, John 14
Haslar Hospital, Gosport 12-13
Havana 420
‘Hearts of Oak’ 406
Heights of Abraham 339-40
Henderson, James 374
Henshaw, Lieutenant William 187, 276
Hervey, Captain Augustus 292, 411
Holland, Samuel 83, 204
Holmes, Rear Admiral Charles 351; commands naval force above town of Quebec 251, 291, 304-5, 314, 315, 319, 320, 322-3; credit from Saunders for successful campaign 402; Foulon landings, role in 314, 315, 319, 320, 322-3, 330; Plains of Abraham battle and 376, 392, 394-5; surrender of Quebec and 397-8; Wolfe and 314, 315
Holmes, Rear Admiral Sir Robert 118
Horatio, Lord Nelson 410
Hôtel Dieu (nunnery) 73, 182
‘Hot Stuff!’ (Botwood) 229-30
Howard of Effingham, Lord 118
Howe, George Augustus, 3rd Viscount 160, 212, 309
Howe, Lieutenant Colonel William 403; embraces North American warfare 212; family and history 212; Foulon landings, role in 320, 326-7, 332, 334, 336, 337, 338, 339; instructs troops to alter uniform for North American theatre 212; Montmorency defeat, role in 220; Plains of Abraham battle, role in 349, 350, 356, 373
Hudson Bay 142
Hunter 31, 121, 206, 290-1, 331, 387
Huron of Lorette 129
Île aux Coudres 38, 40, 78, 80, 86, 93, 147, 255, 256, 278
Île aux Galops 295
Île aux Noix 250, 295, 306, 307
Île d’Orléans 63, 114, 136, 181, 303, 368; British camp on 117, 120, 122, 124, 125, 137, 138, 139, 140, 142, 143, 144, 148, 149, 150, 162, 220, 222, 223, 224, 257, 290, 304; British land on 84, 85, 87, 88, 95, 97, 98, 99, 101, 151, 359; field hospital on, British 157, 190, 208, 284-5; French attack British camp on 120, 122, 124, 125, 148, 162, 257; women on 188, 190
Île du Bic 1-2, 10, 38, 39, 62, 80, 83
Île Ste Hélène 418
India 46, 419, 420
Industry 31
Iowas (Native Americans) 130
Iroquois Confederation 127, 247-8, 249
Irving, Major Paulus Aemilius 354
Isandlwana, battle of, 1879 5
Jacques Cartier River 310, 388, 389, 395, 398
Jervis, John 85
Joannès, Armand de 395
Johnson, Sergeant John: ambush, describes Canadian and Native American style of 162, 186; British atrocities, on 254; Chelsea pensioner 158; Foulon landings and 324, 325, 328; in Quebec 412-13, 415; illness in British camp, outlines 285; lands on Île d’Orléans 98; Montmorency defeat, on 228-9, 233; Native American method of attacking, describes 131-2, 162, 186; Plains of Abraham battle, describes 349, 355, 356, 366-7, 372, 373, 377; sickness in British army, outlines 285, 286; survives war 420
Johnson, Sir William 247, 248, 297
Johnstone, Chevalier 21, 75, 214, 21, 361, 389
Jumonville, Joseph Coulon de 419
Kamouraska 257
Kennebec River 305
Kennedy, Captain Quinton 305-6
Killick, Thomas 29, 37, 89-90, 91
Kirk, Robert 128-9, 424
Knox, Lieutenant John 136, 243, 260-1, 267, 268, 278, 303, 306, 314, 315-16, 318, 319; appearance of British troops, observes irregular 211; bombardment of Quebec, observes British 173, 176, 183; family and history 22-3; fire rafts, describes 217, 218, 219; fireships, on French attack 119, 120, 121-2, 125; Foulon landings, observes 324, 328, 332, 335, 336-7, 346; 43rd Regiment and 22, 23-4; Halifax 22; Île d’Orléans camp 104; illness in British camp, observes 281-2, 284, 285, 286, 295; lands at Île d’Orléans 97-8, 99-100; looting, observes 160; Louisbourg, training at 23-4, 25, 26; Montmorency defeat, describes 227, 228, 231, 232; Montmorency Falls, on 152; Native American attacks and 133; on North American style of warfare 214; Plains of Abraham, observes battle of 353, 356-7, 364, 366, 368, 369, 373, 374, 390, 396; Point Lévis camp 163-4, 165, 166, 167, 187; punishments, on British army 269; Quebec defences, admiration for 103; Quebec, time in 399, 416-17; sails to St Lawrence 29, 30, 32, 33, 34, 35; St Lawrence clearances, observes 256, 257, 258; St Lawrence, sails up 37, 39, 40, 41, 86-7, 88, 89, 90; survives Seven Years War 420; Wolfe at Louisbourg, observes 23-4; Wolfe, praise for 390
L’Anse au Foulon 204, 244, 310-11, 318-44, 346, 349, 361, 387, 392, 407, 416
L’Anse des Mères 75, 146, 170, 244, 340
la Chaudiere 257
La Chézine 58, 59
La Diable 75
La Rochelle Chamber of Commerce 423
Laffeldt, battle of, 1747 111
Lake Champlain 187, 243, 250, 306, 307, 308, 418
Lake George (Lac du Saint-Sacrement) 46, 51, 52, 66, 243, 248, 307
Lake Ontario 20, 52, 248, 249, 418
Lauffeld, battle of, 1747 22
Le Harve 7
Le Machau 293
Le Mercier, François-Marc-Antoine 47, 75, 84, 85, 86, 147, 205, 216, 240, 241
Le Senectaire 292
Lee, Captain Charles 126
Leeke, R. 404
Lennox, Lord John 273
de Lévis, François-Gaston de 168, 250, 264; Montcalm and 57, 61-2, 215, 219, 224, 243; Montmorency, role in French success at 227, 236, 243; in Montreal 250, 251, 264, 295, 311, 327, 361, 365, 379, 395, 398; Native Americans and 209; retreat from Quebec 399; returns to Quebec from Montreal 395, 398, 399; second siege of Quebec, role in 415, 416, 417; shortages of food in Montreal and 251, 295; surrender of Quebec and 398, 399; surrender of Vaudreuil at Montreal and 426; Vaudreuil and 57, 61-2, 209, 311, 327, 379, 426
Ligonier, Lord 107, 125, 281
Lizard 218
Louis XIV of France, King 3, 55, 56, 141, 157, 420
Louis XV of France, King 2, 46, 55, 62, 378, 403, 422, 425
Louisbourg 7, 14, 18, 20, 21, 23, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 32, 36, 37, 59, 70, 71, 82-3, 100, 101, 105, 107, 108, 124-5, 138, 140, 177, 178, 197, 294, 367, 412, 419
Louisiana 50
Lowestoft 32, 90, 95, 113-14, 206, 218, 290-1, 330, 375,
416, 417
Lowther, Katherine 408
Lyttelton, Lord 7
MacDonald, Captain Donald 332
MacDonnell, Captain 332
Mackellar, Patrick 105, 114, 140-1, 146, 252, 277-8, 298, 304, 305; British bombardment of Quebec, on 180-1, 183; British defeat at Montmorency, on 222, 225, 227, 234, 237, 246, 247; British troops attitudes towards Canadians and Native Americans and 160; British wave of destruction along the St Lawrence, records 254-5; Deschambault, on Murray’s attack on 263, 264; family and history 100-1; fire rafts, on French 217; fireship attack, warns of 117, 121; Foulon landings, on 317, 319, 320, 330, 334, 339, 340; Île d’Orléans camp 139; in Quebec 399, 400; landing at Île d’Orléans 100, 101-2, 103; Montmorency attack, on 209, 210, 214, 215; Plains of Abraham, battle of 346, 354, 355, 356, 365, 366, 382, 386, 387, 389; Point Lévis attack 126; Wolfe and 100, 101-2, 354, 355
MacPherson, Andrew 262
MacPherson, John 354
MacPherson, Robert 262, 326, 346, 372, 386
Magnanime 403
Mantell, Captain 88
maps xii-xvi; Plan of Quebec and The Battle of the Plains of Abraham, 13th September, 1759 xvi; Seven Years War in North America xiv; siege of Quebec, June-September, 1759 xii-xiii; St Lawrence Theatre of Operations, 1759 xv
Marie Galante 423
Marseilles Chamber of Commerce 423
Martha 31
Martin, Abraham 345
Martin, Marguerite 345
Martinique 19, 419, 420, 423
Massachusetts 51, 69, 128, 129, 404
Maurès de Malartic, Anne-Joseph-Hippolyte de 365, 372-3
May, Martha 190
McIntyre, Alexander 350-1
Mediterranean 8, 402
Miamis (Native Americans) 248
Minnesota 35
Miquelon 423
Missisauga (Native Americans) 130
Mississippi River 50, 423, 424
Mohawks (Native Americans) 126, 130-1, 161, 247, 248, 297, 306
Mohawk River 20
Mohegan (Native Americans) 129
Monckton, Brigadier Robert 151, 231, 232, 233, 282, 288; family and history 108-9; Foulon landings and 319, 322, 323, 333; leaves Canada 400; Plains of Abraham battle, role in 348, 353, 375, 380, 383; Point Lévis 124, 126, 132, 134, 135, 136, 137, 138, 141, 164, 165, 172, 184-5, 188, 281, 287, 303; surrender of Quebec, reaction to 398; Wolfe and 108, 109, 135, 136, 137, 164, 184-5, 203, 204, 205, 216, 223, 226, 240, 252, 256, 266-8, 272-3, 281, 290, 322, 323; wounded 375, 380, 383, 398, 400, 404, 409
Monmouth 292
Monongahela, battle of, 1755 5-6, 100, 110, 131, 152, 168, 177-8, 271-2, 400
Montcalm-Gozon, Louis-Joseph, Marquis de 115, 140, 141, 144, 147, 150, 155, 159, 200, 207, 208, 210, 215, 223, 224, 227, 230, 231, 243-4, 247, 248, 250, 254, 261, 264, 265, 266, 277, 289, 290, 292, 301, 302, 304, 305, 308, 316; appearance 44; British strength, overvalues 159; Canada, arrives in 47; Canadian and Native American raids on British, opinion on 159-60, 168, 169, 171; Canadian command, given 46; Canadians, opinion of 159-60, 168, 169, 171, 215, 378; character 44-5, 57, 103, 160, 243, 295, 319, 388, 426; death 380, 386, 404; desertion, attempts to encourage British 275-6; exhaustion 243; family and history 44-5; food shortages, on 177, 251; Foulon landings, reaction to 311-12, 313, 316, 327, 334, 340-2, 343, 344; frustration with fellow officers 216-17, 236; Native Americans, attitudes towards 49; North American warfare, opinion of 47, 159-60, 168, 169, 171; pessimistic view of French future in Canada 57, 103, 243, 295, 388, 426; Plains of Abraham, battle of, role in 343-4, 351, 352, 359, 360-3, 364, 365-6, 373, 378, 380, 381, 386; prepares for British attack 59-60, 61-2, 64, 65, 71, 72, 73, 74, 75, 76, 78, 80, 93, 97, 99, 102, 103, 115, 116; Quebec, on the effects of losing 404; reaction to Murray’s targeting of Deschambault 265, 266; response to British move upriver from Quebec 204-5; surrender of Quebec and 388; tactics 116, 121-2, 133, 134, 160, 168, 169, 171, 184, 204-5, 215, 250-1, 265, 266, 311-13, 334, 343-4, 351, 352, 359, 360-3, 364, 365-6, 373, 378, 380, 381, 386, 415, 416; Vaudreuil and 50-1, 52, 53, 54, 57-8, 61-2, 84, 236; Wolfe and 216-17, 219, 260, 295, 311-13
Montgomery, Captain Alexander 259
Montgomery, Field Marshal xvii
Montmorency: British attack 150-2; British camp at 152-7, 185, 186, 187, 195, 208, 209, 210, 217, 220, 240, 253, 267, 268, 272, 290, 300, 301, 302, 304, 309, 310, 359; British defeat at 220-38, 243, 245, 247, 271, 279, 288, 354, 373; Falls of 74, 76, 102, 141, 145, 150, 151, 152, 224, 239, 253, 254-5, 276, 302; River 69, 144, 154-5, 157, 195, 209-10, 214, 215, 216, 222, 226, 227, 234, 238, 240, 242, 243, 245, 247, 257, 260, 287, 288, 289
Montmorency, Henri, Duc de 152
Montreal 42, 44, 59-60, 61, 65, 73, 74, 77, 102, 187, 250, 251, 265, 295, 306, 351, 360, 389, 395, 418, 419-20, 424, 426
Montresor, Captain John: camp conditions, describes 284; conditions in Quebec, describes 412; family and history 36; French batteries, on effectiveness of 165; Montmorency and 151, 195, 223, 228, 234; Plains of Abraham, battle of and 395; Point Lévis attack and 136, 138-9; sail ships above the town of Quebec, describes British attempts to 198; St Lawrence, journey up 39, 40, 86, 87, 91; storm on day of British landing at Île d’Orléans, describes 113; Wolfe’s examinations of prisoners, describes 133-4
Moore, Captain Henry 420
Morris, Major 239
Morlaix 54
Mort de General Montcalm 410
Munro, Hector 412
Munsees (Native Americans) 248
Murray, Brigadier General James 155, 280; advises Wolfe to attack upriver from Quebec 288-90; character 109-10; enters Quebec 396; family and history 109-10; Foulon landings, role in 318, 322, 323; governor of Quebec 400-1, 412, 413, 414-15, 418; Île d’Orléans 139; Montmorency, British defeat and 222, 223, 234; navy, praises 246; Plains of Abraham, role in battle of 353, 354, 368, 376, 378, 379, 380, 381, 387; reconnoitres north shore of St Lawrence 140, 146; Townshend and 281, 288-90, 318; upriver from Quebec, mission to harass French 242-4, 245-7, 250, 251-2, 263, 264, 265-7, 277; West’s painting of Wolfe, refuses to sit for 409; Wolfe and 110, 205-6, 209, 245, 288-90, 318, 322, 323, 353, 409
muskets xxii-xxiii, 17, 20, 22, 24, 25, 28, 31, 33, 40, 48, 52, 53, 64, 81, 85, 87, 95, 98, 104, 106, 120, 124, 125, 126, 127, 134, 135, 137, 139, 143, 149, 150, 156, 158, 159, 170, 187, 190, 197, 210, 213, 218, 221, 223, 226, 228, 230, 231, 232, 233, 234, 235, 244, 246, 248, 256, 261, 265, 272, 274, 287, 302, 307, 315, 326, 335, 342, 347, 349, 350, 351, 352, 353, 356, 357, 359, 364, 3666, 367, 368, 369, 370, 371, 372, 373, 375, 376, 380, 381, 385, 386, 387, 406, 415, 417, 419
Mutiny Act, 1689 24
Napoleonic Wars 377
Native Americans xxiv, 96, 107, 155, 167, 203, 204-5, 207, 209, 210, 222, 232, 233, 234, 236, 241, 246-7, 249, 261, 275, 310, 423; British attitudes towards xxiii, xxiv, 126, 131-2, 159-60, 215-16; British and French, differing attitudes towards 127-9; canoes 142-3, 222; casualties, number of 156, 159; French attitude towards 49-50, 51, 53, 54, 66-7, 126, 127-30, 133, 159-60, 209; ‘Mission Indians’ 129; Plains of Abraham battle, role in 348, 351, 354, 355, 356, 357, 360, 375, 378; Point Lévis, fight British at xxiv, xxv, 126, 132, 170; prisoners, treatment of 52, 133, 252-3; raids and skirmishes xxiii, xxiv, 20, 51-2, 78-9, 84, 123, 133, 139, 142-5, 148, 156, 158-60, 185-7, 195, 209-10, 214, 215, 253, 260-1, 268, 271-2; scalping xxi, 116, 129, 132, 133, 147, 156, 158, 186, 233, 259-60; warfare, nature of xxi, xxiii, xxiv, 47-8, 51-2, 115, 116, 129, 130-2, 145, 159, 212, 214, 233, 234 see also under individual tribe name
navigation at sea 13-14
Nawab of Bengal 6
Neptune 13, 15, 21, 28, 30, 31, 36, 38, 88, 113, 140, 165, 287, 391
New England 31, 69
New Brunswick 83
New France 2, 11, 44, 59, 66, 67, 70, 72, 73, 129, 130, 152, 169, 208, 247, 249, 250, 258, 261, 305, 344, 381, 396, 405, 417, 423, 424, 426
New Hampshire 3
New Orleans 2, 50, 142, 423
New York 16, 18, 20, 48, 51, 247, 248-9, 404-5
Newcastle, Thomas P
elham Holles, Duke of 4, 7, 8-9, 111, 191, 403-4, 408, 420
Newfoundland 10, 423
Niagara, Fort 52, 66, 248-50, 297, 305, 306
Northumberland 401
Notre Dame de Quebec 181, 183-4
Notre Dame des Victories 42, 179
Nova Scotia 10, 14, 15, 18, 22, 23, 68, 108, 333, 424
Ochterlony, Captain David 229, 233, 234, 240-1
Ohio valley 3, 4, 5, 248, 249, 422, 423
Orford 40
Oswego, Fort 52, 54, 247, 248
Ottawas (Native Americans) 130
Palliser, Captain 396
Panet, Jean-Claude 134, 165-6, 170-1, 215, 241, 247, 293, 303, 309; British bombardment of Quebec, outlines 176, 179, 180, 183, 242; British prisoners, on French treatment of 78, 79; British treatment of prisoners, thoughts on 207, 208; British wave of destruction along St Lawrence, condemns 257, 293; floating batteries, describes French 75; French army, disgust with 304; French fireship attack on British, thoughts on 122; on lack of supplies within Quebec 59; Montmorency raids, on French 155, 156, 157; Montmorency, on British defeat at 227-8, 230, 233, 235; Native Americans, on nature of 156
Parr, Captain Henry 150
Payreau, Monsieur 264
pays d’en haut 53, 143, 250
Péan, Angelique Renaud d’Avène des Méloizes de 73
Pearson, Jeremiah 399
Peggy & Sarah 31-2
Pembroke 15, 81, 82-3, 84, 86, 114, 201, 223
Pennsylvania 4, 20, 36, 48, 51, 65, 249
Petitcodiac River 255-6
Philadelphia 20, 405
Philippines 420
Phips, Sir William 69, 70, 72
Phoenix 31
Pitt, William 102-3, 107, 111-12, 125, 156, 184, 205, 206, 216, 222, 223, 225, 226, 231, 262, 278, 296, 306-7, 334, 382, 383, 402, 403-4, 407, 408, 420, 425
Plains of Abraham, Battle of, 13th September, 1759 xvi, xviii, 343-4, 345-83; ‘advance to contact’, British 346-8; artillery 84-5, 357-9, 365, 372; Bougainville’s troops arrive 381-2; British army, size of 351; British fire on French advance 368-73; British fix bayonets 375-6; British fortify positions after 387; British reaction to French advance 366-8; British victory 382-3; Canadians and Native Americans in 351, 352, 355-7, 365-6, 378-9; casualties, British 379, 380, 382, 384, 385-7, 412; casualties, French 370, 372-3, 382, 384-5, 386-7, 404; colours, British 352-3; commanders, British 353-5, 360-1, 362, 373, 374-5, 380-1, 382 see also under individual commander name; commanders, French 359-62, 372-3, 378-9, 380, 388-9 see also under individual commander name; French army, size of 351; French attack stalls 372-3, 375; French attack/advance 364-72; French battle line 351-2; French retreat 375, 376-8, 380, 384; Highlanders in 350-1, 376-8, 379; history, effect upon course of xvii-xviii; line of battle, British 348-9, 352, 353-4; musicians, British 353; sharpshooters and skirmishers 351, 352, 355-7, 382; thin red line, British 349; uniforms, British 353, 354; units, British 350; Wolfe’s death at 373, 374-5