10
Donoghue and Jones, p. 121.
11
Ibid., p. 145.
12
House of Commons, 31 March 1931.
13
Financial News, 14 March 1931.
14
Donoghue and Jones, p. 145.
15
Jonathan Glancey, London bread and circuses, Verso, 2001, p. 38.
16
Indeed, this lack of integration still causes problems today. When Transport for London introduced the Oyster card in 2004, it could not be used on much of the suburban rail network for individual journeys and it took until 2009 before it could be generally used for all rail trips in London.
17
Menzler.
18
This was the first Lord Hailsham, the father of the one who was Lord Chancellor in the 1970s and 1980s.
19
House of Lords, 30 March 1933.
20
Donoghue and Jones, p. 114.
21
Barman, p. 155.
22
Ibid., p. 160.
23
Ibid., p. 155.
24
Glancey, p. 35. It was the financial framework which Ken Livingstone, the London Mayor, would seek, unsuccessfully, in his battle with the government during 2001–2 over the Public Private Partnership.
25
Barman, p. 26.
26
Oliver Green and Jeremy-Rewse Davies, Designed for London: 150 years of transport design, Laurence King Publications, 1995, p. 13.
27
A term not invented until the 1960s.
28
Green and Davies, p. 15.
29
Quoted in Ibid., p. 15.
30
Nikolaus Pevsner, Studies in Art, Architecture & Design, Vol. 2, Thames & Hudson, 1968, p. 193.
31
It now includes other railways such as the Docklands Light Railway and the North London line. See Tim Demuth, The Spread of London’s Underground, Capital Transport, 2003.
32
But visitors may be deceived, too. Bill Bryson points out in his book Notes From a Small Island that a tourist might use Beck’s map to get from, say, Bank Station to Mansion House, which would involve a change and six stops, only to emerge 200 yards down the street from where he or she started.
33
A transport term to describe the share of each mode of transport – bus, rail, car, underground etc. – as a percentage of overall journeys.
34
To put this in perspective: even though there was for most people no alternative form of transport in those days, that total represents just half the numbers travelling on a system that is only slightly bigger, with two extra lines, today. Given that car journeys have soared, too, and that the population of the capital is now smaller, that reflects the massive increase in mobility today compared with sixty-five years ago.
35
Barker and Robbins, p. 282.
Chapter Fourteen: THE BEST SHELTERS OF ALL
1
Daily Telegraph, 2 September 1940. Some of the newspaper quotes in this chapter are taken from the very comprehensive book, The Shelter of the Tubes by John Gregg, published by Capital Transport, 2001.
2
Daily Worker, 7 September 1940.
3
Gregg, p. 24.
4
South London Press, 1 October 1940.
5
Quoted in the Hampstead & Highgate Express, 3 January 1941.
6
Gregg, p. 24.
Chapter Fifteen: DECLINE – AND REVIVAL?
1
Part of this chapter is based on Chapter 3 of my previous book, Down the Tube, Aurum Press, 2002.
2
Steen Eiler Rasmussen, London, the Unique City, MIT Press, 1934, p. 343.
3
At the enquiry into the new Arsenal stadium, the maximum capacity of a Piccadilly Line train was given as 1,056, while that of a Victoria Line train was given as 1,288.
4
There are, incidentally, also well-documented tales of pigeons deliberately hopping into a train for a stop or two, apparently knowing precisely their destination.
5
The figures are not entirely comparable with those in previous chapters because the BTC included those who had travelled on the Underground using British Railways tickets.
6
The first recruits came by boat but flying became the norm thereafter.
7
Interviewed by Felicity Premru at the London Transport Museum for the exhibition ‘Sun-a-shine, rain-a-fall’.
8
As Stephen Halliday points out in Underground to Everywhere, in the five years ‘1954–9 the value of the Underground’s fixed assets increased by less than 5 per cent before depreciation, which demonstrates that the assets were being run down rather than built up’. It was what economists call disinvestment. In 1955, the British Transport Commission launched a plan to modernize the national rail network and replace steam with diesel at a cost of £1.24bn (over £20bn at today’s prices) in the ensuing fifteen years but made nothing available for London Transport.
9
After three failed attempts to shut it, the line was finally closed in 1994 when there were so few passengers – 100 per day – that the drivers reportedly said they knew most of them.
10
T.C. Barker and Michael Robbins, A History of London Transport, Vol. 2, George Allen & Unwin, 1974, p. 344.
11
A small pamphlet, London Transport Railway Signalling, papers on the life and work of Robert Dell 1900–1992, Nebulous Books, 1999, outlines his achievements.
12
Computers generally drive the trains in a more economical way, although the issue is quite complex. The frequent adjustments to the speed made automatically, compared with a human being who will make fewer changes, can increase the wear and tear on a train.
13
London Transport Executive, Annual Report and Accounts for the year ended 31 December 1971, p. 22.
14
The exception was 1970 when the Tories retained it, but otherwise the GLC changed hands at every other election (1964 – 1981) for its whole existence.
15
Christian Wolmar, Down The Tube, Aurum, 2002, p 65, now available for Kindle at Amazon.
16
The only other accident of note, the first major tube disaster, occurred on the Central line in April 1953 in a tunnel east of Stratford. There had been a signal failure and trains were being allowed through on a ‘stop and proceed with caution’ basis, but the driver clearly went too fast and slammed into the rear end of the train in front. Twelve people were killed and forty-six injured, and safety procedures following signal failures were tightened up.
17
See C. Wolmar, Down the Tube, Aurum Press, 2002, Chapter 4, for a detailed account of the King’s Cross disaster.
18
Desmond Fennell, Investigation into the King’s Cross Fire, HMSO, 1988, Cm 499.
19
My previous book, Down the Tube, is an account of how the PPP scheme came about.
20
National Audit Office, London Underground: Are the Public Private Partnerships likely to work successfully and London Underground PPP: Were they good deals, The Stationery Office, 2004.
FURTHER READING
This is a list of books to which I have referred and which are likely to be of interest to the general reader. It is by no means comprehensive.
Anthony Badsey-Ellis, London’s Lost Tube Schemes, Capital, 2005.
Benjamin Baker, The Metropolitan and Metropolitan District Railways, Institution of Civil Engineers, 1885.
Felix Barker, Edwardian London, Laurence King, 1995.
T.C. Barker and Michael Robbins, A History of London Transport, Volumes 1 and 2, George Allen & Unwin, 1963 and 1974.
Christian Barman, The Man who built Lon
don Transport, David & Charles, 1979.
John Wolfe Barry, The City lines and extensions (inner circle completion) of the Metropolitan and District railway, Institution of Civil Engineers, 1885.
David Bennett, Metro, the story of the underground railway, Mitchell Beazley, 2004.
David Bowness, The Metropolitan Railway, Tempus, 2004.
Simon Bradley, St Pancras Station, Profile, 2007.
J. Graeme Bruce, Tube Trains Under London, London Transport, 1968.
J.E. Connor, Abandoned stations on London’s Underground, Connor & Butler, 2000.
J.E. Connor, Stepney’s own railway, a history of the London & Blackwall system, Connor & Butler, 1984.
Mark D’Arcy and Rory MacLean, Nightmare, the race to become London’s Mayor, Politico’s, 2000.
Terry Farrell, Shaping London, the patterns and forms that make the metropolis, Wiley, 2010.
John Franch, Robber Baron, the life of Charles Tyson Yerkes, University of Illinois, 2008.
R. Davies and M.D. Grant, London and its railways, Book Club Associates and David & Charles, 1983.
John R. Day and John Reed, The story of London’s Underground, Capital Transport, 2001.
Tim Demuth, The Spread of London’s Underground, Capital Transport, 2003.
Bernard Donoghue and G.W. Jones, Herbert Morrison, Portrait of a Politician, Phoenix Press, 2001.
Hugh Douglas, The Underground Story, Robert Hale, 1963.
Dennis Edwards and Ron Pigram, London’s Underground Suburbs, Baton Transport, 1986.
Dennis Edwards and Ron Pigram, The Romance of Metroland, Baton Transport, 1986.
Andrew Emmerson, The Underground Pioneers, Capital Transport, 2000.
Desmond Fennell, Investigation into the King’s Cross Fire, HMSO 1988, Cm 499.
Clive Foxell, The story of the Met and GC joint line, self-published, 2001.
Jonathan Glancey, London, Bread and Circuses, Verso, 2001.
John Glover, London’s Underground, the world’s premier underground system, Ian Allan, 1999 (ninth edition).
John Glover, Principles of London Underground Operations, Ian Allan, 2000.
John Gregg, The Shelter of the Tubes, Capital Transport, 2001.
Stephen Halliday, Making the Metropolis, creators of Victoria’s London, Breedon Books, 2003.
Stephen Halliday, Underground to Everywhere, Sutton Publishing, 2001.
H.F. Howson, London’s Underground, Ian Allan, 1962.
Steve Humphries and Gavin Weightman, The making of modern London, 1815–1914, Sidgwick & Jackson, 1983.
Steve Humphries and Gavin Weightman, The making of modern London, 1914–1939, Sidgwick & Jackson, 1984.
Steve Humphries and Joanna Mack, The making of modern London, 1939–1945, London at war, Sidgwick & Jackson, 1985.
Mecca Ibrahim, One stop short of Barking, uncovering the London Underground, 2004, New Holland.
Alan A. Jackson, London’s local railways, Capital Transport, 1999.
Alan A. Jackson, London’s Metropolitan Railway, David & Charles, 1986.
Alan A. Jackson, London’s termini, David & Charles, 1985.
Alan A. Jackson, Semi-detached London, second edition 1991, Wild Swan Publications.
Alan A. Jackson and Desmond F. Croome, Rails through Clay, George Allen & Unwin, 1962.
John Kellett, The Impact of Railways on Victorian Cities, Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1969.
Charles Klapper, London’s lost railways, Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1976.
Peter Laurie, Beneath the City Streets, Penguin, 1972.
Henry Mayhew, The shops and companies of London and the trades and manufactories of Great Britain, Strand Printing and Publishing, 1865.
O.S. Nock, Underground Railways of the World, A & C Black, 1973.
Mark Ovenden, Metro Maps of the World, Capital Transport, 2003.
Ben Pedroche, Do Not Alight Here, walking London’s lost Underground and railway stations. Capital, 2011.
Ben Pimlott and Nirmala Rao, Governing London, Oxford University Press, 2002.
Roy Porter, A Social History of London, Penguin, 1994.
Steen Eiler Rasmussen, London, the Unique City, MIT Press, 1934.
Sheila Taylor (ed.), The Moving Metropolis, a history of London’s transport since 1800, Laurence King, 2002.
Reg Thomas, London’s First Railway, The London & Greenwich, B.T Batsford, 1972.
Richard Trench and Ellis Hillman, London under London, a subterranean guide, John Murray, 1985.
H.P. White, A regional history of the railways of Great Britain, Vol. 3 Greater London, David St John Thomas, 1987.
John Withington, Capital Disasters, Sutton Publishing, 2003.
Christian Wolmar, Down the Tube, Aurum Press, 2002.
Peter Zimonjic, Into the Darkness, an account of 7/7, Vintage, 2008.
The line history pamphlets produced by Capital Transport and written by various authors are very useful. They now cover all the Underground lines and earlier versions for most were produced in the 1970s by London Transport.
Underground News is a monthly newsletter produced by the London Underground Railway Society with a wealth of information about the system.
INDEX
accidents and disasters
boiler explosions, ref1
Charing Cross station collapse, ref1
King’s Cross fire, ref1
live-rail accidents, ref1, ref2
Moorgate disaster, ref1
Paris Métro fire, ref1, ref2
tunnel collapses, ref1
wartime casualties, ref1, ref2
Acton, ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4
Acton Works, ref1
Addison Road, ref1, ref2
advertising, ref1, ref2
air raid shelters, ref1, ref2
air temperature, in tunnels, ref1
Albert Hall, ref1
Aldersgate Street, ref1
Aldgate, ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5, ref6, ref7, ref8, ref9
Aldwych, ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5
Alexandra, Princess, ref1
Alexandra Palace, ref1, ref2
all-night services, ref1
Amersham, ref1, ref2
Angel, ref1, ref2
Antwerp, ref1
Archway, ref1
Army and Navy Stores, ref1
Arnos Grove, ref1
Arts and Crafts Movement, ref1
Ashfield, Lord (Albert Stanley), ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5, ref6, ref7, ref8, ref9
flair for publicity, ref1, ref2
and London Transport, ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4
and network integration, ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5, ref6, ref7, ref8
partnership with Pick, ref1
and wartime, ref1, ref2
atmospheric railways, ref1, ref2
Austro-Hungarian empire, ref1
Automatic Train Operation, ref1
Aylesbury, ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4
Baker Street, ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5
and Bakerloo Line, ref1
Chiltern Court development, ref1, ref2
and electrification, ref1, ref2
and Jubilee Line, ref1
and Metropolitan Railway, ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5, ref6, ref7
Baker Street & Waterloo Railway, see Bakerloo Line
Bakerloo Line, ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5, ref6
construction, ref1, ref2, ref3
extensions, ref1, ref2
fares, ref1
finances, ref1, ref2
flood barriers, ref1, ref2
improvements, ref1, ref2
interchanges, ref1, ref2
and Jubilee Line, ref1, ref2
nickname, ref1, ref2
passenger numbers, ref1, ref2, ref3
stations, ref1, ref2
Balham, ref1, ref2
Bank, ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5
Bank of England, ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5
Banstead, ref1
Barbados, ref1
Barcelona, ref1
Barking, ref1, ref2
Barlow, Peter, ref1
Barlow Commission, ref1
Barn Hill, ref1
Barnett, Dame Henrietta, ref1
Battersea, ref1
Bayswater, ref1
Beck, Harry, ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4
Beckton, ref1
Becontree, ref1
bedbugs, ref1
Bedford Park, ref1
Bedford Park Estate, ref1
Bell, Col. John, ref1
Belsize Park, ref1
Bennett, Arnold, ref1
Berlin, ref1, ref2
Bermondsey, ref1
Bethnal Green, ref1, ref2, ref3
Betjeman, John, ref1, ref2
Bevin, Ernest, ref1
Beyer, Peacock locomotives, ref1, ref2
Big Wheel, ref1
Birkenhead, ref1
Birmingham, ref1, ref2
Birmingham, Bristol & Thames Junction Railway, ref1
Birmingham New Exchange, ref1
Bishop’s Road, ref1, ref2, ref3
Bishopsgate, ref1, ref2
Blackfriars, ref1, ref2
Blackfriars Bridge, ref1, ref2, ref3
Blake, Charles, ref1
Blumenfeld, R.D., ref1
Blumenthal, J.D., ref1
Boer War, ref1
boiler explosions, ref1
Bonar Law, Andrew, ref1
Bond Street, ref1, ref2
booking clerks, ref1
Borough, ref1
Bounds Green, ref1
Bow, ref1, ref2
Bramwell, Frederick, ref1
Brandon-Thomas, Jevan, ref1
Brent, ref1
Brent Valley viaduct, ref1
Brighton, ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4
British Empire Exhibition, ref1
British Freehold Land Company, ref1