Sept. 1922 Retreat of Hellenic army and flight of civilians from Smyrna
Nov. 1922 Sultanate abolished; flight of Mehmed VI
1922–1924 Caliphate (but not sultanate) of Abdülmecid
Oct. 1922 Mudanya agreement paves way for transition to Turkish nationalist control
July 1923 Treaty of Lausanne
Oct. 1923 Last Allied troops leave Istanbul; Ankara named capital of Turkey; declaration of Turkey as a republic (Oct. 29), with Mustafa Kemal as president
1924 Caliphate abolished
1925 Fez banned; calendar reform; “Sheikh Said rebellion” among Kurds in eastern Anatolia; law on the maintenance of public order allows shutting down of newspapers and banning of opposition groups.
1926 Adoption of new civil code and abolition of religious law; ban on public consumption of alcohol lifted
Oct. 1927 Mustafa Kemal’s lengthy “Nutuk” (Speech) sets out narrative of the war of independence and the victory of Turkish nationalists
1928 Disestablishment of Islam as state religion; adoption of Latin alphabet for Turkish; unveiling of Republic Monument in Taksim Square
1929 Leon Trotsky arrives in Istanbul
1930 Women allowed to vote in municipal elections
1931 Thomas Whittemore begins restoration of Hagia Sophia
1932 Keriman Halis wins Miss Universe competition
1933 Leon Trotsky departs Istanbul
1934 Law requires Turkish citizens to adopt family names; women gain full suffrage; Mustafa Kemal becomes “Atatürk”; pogrom against Jews in eastern Thrace
1937–1938 Military campaign against Kurds in eastern Anatolia
Nov. 10, 1938 Death of Atatürk; smet Inönü elevated to presidency
Sept. 1, 1939 Beginning of Second World War
Mar. 11, 1941 Suitcase bomb explodes at Pera Palace
June 22, 1941 German invasion of Soviet Union
Feb. 1942 Sinking of the Struma
Nov. 1942 Wealth tax aimed at Istanbul’s ethnic minorities
June 6, 1944 Allied landings in Normandy
Aug. 1944 Turkey breaks off diplomatic relations with Germany
Feb. 1945 Turkey declares war on Germany, becoming an Allied power
May 8, 1945 End of Second World War in Europe
1950 First free and direct parliamentary elections in Turkey
Sept. 6–7, 1955 “September events”: mobs attack Greek and other minority homes and businesses in Istanbul
INDEX
Page numbers listed correspond to the print edition of this book. You can use your device’s search function to locate particular terms in the text.
Turkish historical figures who are generally known by their first names rather than by their surnames are alphabetized accordingly.
Page numbers in italics refer to illustrations.
Abdülaziz, Sultan, 14
Abdülhamid II, Sultan, 14, 32–34, 53, 59, 136, 147, 155, 207, 296, 305
Abdullah Efendi restaurant, 314
Abdullah Frères photographic studio, 59
Abdülhak Adnan (politician and husband of Halide Edip), 210–15, 255
Abdülmecid, caliph, 87, 180–81
Abdülmecid I, Sultan, 270–71, 279
Abwehr (German military intelligence), 310–13
Adil, Fikret, 151
Aegean coast, 36, 71, 75, 77, 194
Aegean Sea, 15, 40, 70, 72–73, 78, 121, 163
African-Americans, 138–41
Agabekov, Georgy, 246–47
Agamemnon, 40, 41
Ahmed Tevfik Pasha, 318
Albania, Albanians, 34, 61, 71, 79, 190, 191, 192, 286, 289, 313
alcohol, 142–43, 181, 187
Alexander, king of Greece, 71, 77–78
Ali Ayetullah, 208
Allenby, Edmund, 42, 58
Allies, 184
armistice with Ottomans by, see Mudros agreement
battleships of, 37, 72
Bulgarian armistice with, 39–40
concern for Jews by, 357–59
fleet of, 37, 40–43
Istanbul occupied by, 40–45, 49–66, 70, 72–76, 78–86, 96, 100–102, 106, 114–15, 118–20, 124, 127, 130–31, 135–36, 140, 151–52, 155, 157, 203–4, 206, 210–11, 213, 222, 223, 225, 245, 259, 271, 299
Istanbul’s sex trade and, 148–51
Normandy invaded by, 313, 362
refugees cared for by, 91–92
Russian Revolution and, 94
territorial goals of, 37, 82
Treaty of Lausanne and, 114–15
Turkish demands on, 74
in World War I, 35–40, 64, 71
in World War II, 291, 295, 297, 306–8, 310–11, 314, 326, 338, 348, 352, 356, 369
American College for Girls, 51, 207–8, 309
American Consulate, 308, 309, 318, 331, 373
American Embassy, 328
American Jewish Joint Distribution Committee (Joint), 325, 337, 360–61
Anatolia, 18, 31, 52, 55, 72, 74, 76, 78, 83–84, 91, 92, 118, 122, 165, 184, 192, 222, 225, 226, 327, 370
central, 73
coast of, 238
folk songs of, 161, 168, 170, 171
in Human Landscapes, 219–20
Muslim immigrants from, 49, 373
southeastern, 194, 210
southern, 52
western, 73, 91
withdrawal of Italian troops from, 79
Anatolia, eastern, 36, 37, 53, 57, 126, 129, 194, 211, 334, 375
anti-Kemalist uprisings in, 186
Armenian deportation from, 37–39
Armenian homeland proposed for, 59, 210
division of, 75
Ottoman positions in, 35
Soviet Union and, 290
Anatolian News Agency, 212, 255
Ankara, 77–79, 116, 121, 147, 184, 186, 212, 225, 276, 279, 293, 312, 313, 322, 323, 339, 347, 354, 363, 371
capital moved to, 4, 5, 75, 194
as center of government, 84–85, 115, 193, 194–95, 290, 314, 327–29
foreign embassies in, 295
Jewish community organizations in, 337
Kemal establishes headquarters in, 73, 255
population of, 193
Ansari, Abu Ayyub al-, 135
antisemitism, 332, 346, 365
and Jewish refugees, 330
Arabian Peninsula, 31, 51, 193
Arabic, 115
Arabic language, 9, 188–89, 227
Arabs, 31, 34, 36, 76, 145, 194, 350
in Palestine, 330, 332
revolt against Ottomans by, 37
Ardıç, Mahmut, 304–5
Armenia, 75
refugees from, 91
Armenian Apostolic Church, 10, 165, 187, 194
in Istanbul population, 58–59
Armenian Catholic Church, 351
Armenian genocide, 41, 42–43, 60, 129, 165–66, 194, 306
Armenian language, 118, 167
Armenian nationalism, 59–60
Armenians, 5, 8, 13, 17, 26, 27, 31–33, 44, 49–51, 61–63, 69, 72, 124, 142, 163–65, 171, 184, 191, 194, 207, 245, 246, 298, 374, 375, 377
Allied occupation and, 75
Allied preference for, 64–65
attacks on, 73
deportation from Anatolia of, 37–39
economic marginalization of, 121–31, 333–34, 365
genocide of, 39, 41, 42–43, 60, 129, 165–66, 194, 306
Hrant Kenkulian as, 162
as prostitutes, 139
religions of, 63
in Smyrna, 80
Unionists assassinated by, 42–43
Armstrong, Therese, 303
Atamansky Regiment, Cossack, 105
Atatürk, Mustafa Kemal, 8, 52–57, 72–75, 82, 85, 114, 129, 147, 151, 170, 173, 180, 183, 204, 210, 212, 223–25, 262–63, 278, 279, 306, 318, 349, 353, 371, 372, 375
adopted daughters of, 182, 186, 205–6
anti-occupation resistance by, 116, 255
appearanc
e and personality of, 182–83
as commander in chief of Turkish forces, 79, 82, 183
death of, 184, 215, 292–93, 293
dictatorial aspects of, 214, 223
elevation of Turks to new nationality by, 190–91
enemies list of, 184–85
on Hagia Sophia, 276
Istanbul and, 189–90, 197
modernization and, 181, 277, 370
on neutrality, 289
“Nutuk” speech and official history by, 214–15, 219
personality cult of, 182, 206, 291–92
portraits of, 81, 115, 196
as president, 75, 115, 213, 304
Trotsky and, 235
as uncontested nationalist leader, 79, 255
women’s rights under, 202
Atatürk Cultural Center, 196
Athens, 70, 77–78, 119, 121, 124, 127, 263, 277, 278, 374
Roza Eskenazi in, 163–64
Atlantic Monthly, 110
Atlantic Records, 174
Auerbach, Erich, 296
Auschwitz-Birkenau, 357, 359
Austria, 9, 24, 45, 70, 165, 243, 246, 290, 314
Anschluss and, 297
refugees from, 295–96
Austria-Hungary, 24, 32, 34–35, 114
end of empire in, 45
Averoff, 41
Axis Powers, 291, 295, 298, 306–7, 308, 314, 320, 325–26, 331, 336–38, 345, 352, 355, 356
Ayasofya, see Hagia Sophia
Azerbaijan, Azerbaijanis, 99, 101, 183, 225, 245
Aziz Bey (diplomat), 317
Bacanos, Yorgos, 170
Baha (public prosecutor), 158–59
Baker, Josephine, 159–60
Balakian, Grigoris, 41
Balat (neighborhood), 61, 62
Balian family, 59
Balkans, 4, 18, 31, 41, 49, 52, 71, 91, 192, 274, 291, 298, 307
1870s territorial changes in, 33
Jewish refugees from, 325, 337, 345
Wehrmacht in, 303
in World War I, 35, 39
Balkan Wars, 8, 34, 162
Bandırma, 57
Barlas, Chaim, 329–32, 334–38, 341, 345, 348–49, 351–53, 355, 357–60, 364–65
Bartók, Béla, 168
Bazna, Elyesa, 313
beauty pageants, 254, 256–63, 261, 267
Bedreddin, Sheikh, 229–30
Beirut, 129, 351, 369
Belgium, 22, 24, 108, 192, 257, 258, 261–63, 267, 376
government-in-exile of, 300
Bell, Marie, 159
Benedict XI, Pope, 353
Ben-Gurion, David, 330
Bergson, Peter, 326
Berlin, 41, 42, 243, 263, 296, 306, 313, 363
Beylerbeyi (neighborhood), 8, 59
Bibesco, Marthe, 155
Black Sea, 15, 17, 24, 35, 39, 49, 57, 93, 98, 107, 226, 229–30, 289, 291, 320, 322–23, 332, 344, 357, 359, 360, 370, 375, 378
Bliss, Robert and Mildred Woods, 275
Bliumkin, Yakov, 249
Blythe, Betty, 159
Bodosakis-Athanasiades, Prodromos, 69–70, 72, 124–25, 127–29, 131, 255, 377
Bolshevik Revolution, 98, 106, 110, 183, 235, 237, 248, 276
Bolsheviks, 43, 93, 96–99, 101–2, 104, 106, 109–10, 116, 223, 225, 226, 239, 245, 248–49, 252, 295, 296, 352
Turkish, 225
“Boo Boo Baby I’m a Spy,” 311–12
Börklüce (leader of uprising), 229
Bosnia-Herzegovina, 34, 192
Bosphorus, 8, 15–16, 36, 51, 53, 60, 83, 86, 129, 155, 161, 189, 193, 206, 215, 234, 245, 259, 263, 274, 291, 295, 296, 297, 300, 320, 322, 360, 363, 376
Allied force in, 40–42
boatmen on, 17
metro line underneath, 18
waves and currents on, 18
Boston, Mass., 272, 276
Boutnikoff’s Symphony Orchestra, 137
Boyer, Charles, 159
Brand, Joel, 357–58
Breslau, 35
Brettschneider, Teodor, 321, 323
Bridges, Tom, 42, 93
Bristol, Mark, 51, 76, 96, 223
Britain, British, 24, 64, 117, 119, 170, 207, 209, 214, 237, 243, 289, 318
immigration quotas in, 330
imperialist tendencies of, 76
intelligence services of, 245–46, 307–8, 312–13, 314
mandate over former Ottoman territories by, 75, 290
Mehmed VI protected by, 85–86
military advisors to Ottomans from, 32, 55
in occupation of Istanbul, 4, 39–42, 50–52, 54–56, 74–76, 78–86, 91–92, 96–97, 99–100, 115–16, 118, 136, 148, 212, 244, 349
in Ottoman demise, 32, 35, 77
Palestine under Mandate of, 320–24, 329–32, 338–41
Turkey’s relations with, 294
in World War I, 35–40, 71, 94
British Consulate, 300, 318, 331, 373
British Embassy, 156, 322, 339
Brod, Simon, 321, 360
Brodsky, Joseph, 373
brothels, 147–52
disguised as harems, 201
legal, 3, 138, 147, 148, 151
see also prostitutes
Brussels, 23, 117
Bucharest, 339, 346
Budapest, 14, 339, 356–59
Bülbül, 361–63
Bulgaria, Bulgarians, 24, 53, 61, 79, 106, 117, 136, 162, 190, 192, 207, 230, 307, 318, 322, 354, 356, 362
armistice with Allies by, 39–40, 114
British diplomats expelled from, 298, 302
German troops in, 303
Germany and, 298–99
independence of, 34
Jewish refugees from, 326, 335, 339, 355
in World War I, 35, 39–40
Burgess, Guy, 249
Bursa, 205, 219
Busbecq, Ogier Ghiselin de, 13
Büyükada (Prinkipo), 238–44, 246, 249, 255, 359
Byzantine Empire, 238
architectural remainders of, 4, 373
conquest of, 76
Greek desire to restore, 71
history and image of, 273–75
Italian trade with, 49
Jews and, 60
Byzantine Institute, 276, 277–80, 285
Byzantium, 13, 270
art of, 274–75, 280–85
churches of, 267–68, 271, 376
earthquakes in, 18
economy of, 15–16
emperors of, 14
founding of, 15
Greek-speaking, 119
legal codes of, 15
old quarter of, 16, 20
see also Istanbul
Café Lebon, 64, 147
caiques, 16–17
Cairo, 263, 358
calendar, in Istanbul, 179–80
caliph, caliphate:
abolished, 180–81, 186, 277
Mehmed V as, 35
Mehmed VI as, 43, 85–86
separated from sultanate, 87, 180
sultan as, 5, 10, 37, 58
Cambridge spy ring, 249
Çankaya Avenue, 238–39, 244
capitalism, 238, 241
Capitulations system, 63–66
Çapulcular (Thugs) Street, 26, 129
Carp, Betty, 309–10, 334
Cathedral of the Holy Spirit, 349, 351–53, 359–60
Caucasus, 32, 35, 37, 39, 84, 98, 102, 103, 105, 107, 190, 226, 227, 246
Celile Hanım (mother of Nâzım Hikmet), 221
Cemal Pasha, 34, 37, 42–43, 56
census, Turkish national, 192–93
Central Asia, 43, 235, 257
nomads in, 189
origin of Ottomans in, 16
Central Powers, in World War I, 35–40
Cevad (owner of Opera Cinema), 158–59
Chalcedon, 15
Chamber of Commerce and Industry, Istanbul, 124
Chamberlain, Neville, 332
Charleston (dance), banning of, 1
42
Chebyshev, Nikolai, 97
Cheka (Bolshevik secret police), 248
China, 248–49
Christians, Christianity, 39, 61, 229, 270, 278
Byzantine, 274
canon law in, 181
deportation from Anatolia of, 37
economic marginalization of, 121–31, 152
in Istanbul, 51, 121
Istanbul as epicenter of, 10
nationalists feared by, 118–19
as refugees in Istanbul, 92
response to Allied occupation by, 40–41, 64–65
taxes on, 58
women, 203
see also Greeks (ethnic), Armenians
Christie, Agatha, 14, 25, 118, 235, 373
Church of the Holy Savior in Chora (Kariye mosque), 267
Churchill, Winston, 78, 83, 241, 310, 317
Church of Sts. Sergius and Bacchus, 267
Cicero (double agent), 313
Çıraan Palace, 50, 376
Circassians, 43, 191
Columbia Gramophone, 170
Committee for the Education of Russian Youth in Exile, 106–10
Committee of Union and Progress, see Unionists
communism, 225, 227, 230, 241, 245, 248, 252, 352
Communist Party, Soviet, 224
Communist Party, Turkish, 225–26
Communist University of the Workers of the East, 226–27
Compagnie Internationale des Wagons-Lits et des Grands-Express Européens, 23–26, 69, 377
Constana, 102, 320, 361
Constantine, king of Greece, 71, 77–78, 84
Constantine XI Palaeologus, emperor of Byzantium, 78
Constantine the Great, emperor of Rome, 13, 15
Constantinople, 10, 13, 25, 42, 268
see also Istanbul
Cossacks, 93–95, 98, 100, 102, 105, 107, 138, 245
Cox, Oscar S., 327
Crete, 34, 70, 303
Crimea, 94–95, 103, 105, 106, 107, 109, 160, 190
Crimean War, 371
Cumhuriyet (The Republic), 8, 256–57, 260, 262, 267, 279, 296, 303
Curtiss, Joseph, 309
cymbals, Zildjian, 172–73
Cyprus, 75, 372
Czechoslovakia, 108, 356
Czechs, in Istanbul, 308
Dadiani, Koki, 100–101
Daily Mail, 82
Damascus, 39, 224, 351
Danube River, 191
Dardanelles Straits, 15, 36–37, 39, 74–76, 82, 290–91
Democratic Party, Turkish, 370–71
Denikin, Anton, 93–94, 97–98, 117, 140
Deutscher, Isaac, 244
Deutsche Schule, 297
Divanyolu, 20
divorce, 202, 203
Diyarbakır, 210
Doctors’ Plot, 251–52
Dolmabahçe Palace, 41, 50, 59, 86, 189, 213, 292, 376
Don, 95
Donovan, William “Wild Bill,” 310
Don River, 93, 107
Dos Passos, John, 14, 196, 244–45