economics of, 16, 67, 96, 171–72, 198, 225–26, 252
emancipation of, 18, 27–28, 39, 70, 75–76, 90, 123, 126, 129, 136, 229–30, 239, 243–45, 268, 286, 292–94, 339, 344–45, 347, 356, 370, 382, 383, 388, 392–93, 395, 398, 408, 431, 495, 487–88
equal rights and, 55–57, 69–72, 91–92, 112, 114, 115–17, 125–27, 128, 134, 147, 167, 180, 188–90, 229, 305–6, 310–11, 314–15, 317, 334, 451
financial compensation for, 73, 112, 114, 115–16, 117, 125–27, 178, 229–30, 243
freed (“freedmen”), 11, 22, 55–57, 62–63, 88, 90, 111, 125–30, 132, 138–41, 154–55, 175
fugitive or runaway, 11, 26, 27, 32, 33–34, 39, 45, 50, 51–57, 75, 76, 89–90, 130, 138, 139, 140, 178, 224–27, 237, 285–86, 296, 303, 326, 327, 328, 362
as institution, 16, 67, 96, 171–73, 177–78, 180, 198, 252, 359–60
insurrections of, 11, 16, 20, 37, 60, 62–63, 73, 130–32, 138–48, 170–71, 180, 182, 243, 398
intermarriage of, 117, 143, 252, 427, 526, 527
legality of, 69–70, 75–76, 89–92, 116–17, 126–27, 134–35, 136, 146, 186, 191
liberty as issue in, 33–34, 70, 71–72, 76, 111–12, 126, 137, 244, 245, 301, 305–6, 310, 375
literature on, 37, 47–50, 54, 79–80, 126, 155, 253
lynchings of, 52, 129, 170–71, 291
as moral and religious issue, 9–11, 26–35, 39, 42, 43, 48, 49, 52–53, 55, 59, 64, 65, 69–70, 73, 76, 81, 83, 87–88, 91, 92, 96, 114, 117, 128, 134, 136, 138–48, 160–61, 186, 189, 194, 239–40, 244, 253, 256, 296–97, 348, 425–27, 468–69, 592
Native Americans compared with, 537–38, 545–46, 547, 551, 591
Northern opposition to, 5–6, 20, 26, 27–35, 41, 44, 48, 50, 64, 65–71, 85, 89–98, 112–13, 122–24, 135, 136–48, 154–60, 161
owners of, 33, 48, 51–57, 66, 74, 77, 84, 117–18, 138–40, 141, 157, 171–72, 224–29, 252, 328, 353–54, 358, 403, 406–10, 415–16, 424, 440, 494, 514
on plantations, 16, 20, 21, 27, 135, 233, 241, 247, 253, 358
political impact of, 20–21, 25–26, 69, 87–98, 111–27, 132–38, 156–57
posses and vigilante gangs for, 55–57, 169–71, 225
press coverage of, 32–33, 37, 39, 47, 52, 53, 54, 57, 64, 66, 67–68, 89, 111, 113, 126, 133, 135, 154–56, 161, 163, 169, 239, 306
price for, 225–26
as property, 51–57, 70, 165–66, 224–25, 268, 300, 358–60
racism in, 48, 69, 112, 115–16, 117, 123, 154–55, 157, 180, 182, 188–90, 198, 244–45, 248–49, 284, 286, 291–92, 306, 312–13, 526, 527
Southern support for, 4–6, 9, 15–25, 26, 27–37, 41, 44, 48, 50, 58, 59, 62, 63, 64, 65–71, 85, 88, 93–98, 112–13, 118–24, 129, 134–48, 154–60, 161, 165–71
state legislatures and, 74–76, 84, 93–98
in territories, 16, 26, 28, 29, 33, 34, 58, 59–60, 62, 63, 65–71, 85, 88, 89, 90, 91–98, 102, 108, 113–24, 134–35, 137, 144, 160–61, 162, 165–66, 167, 180, 182, 185, 188, 192, 198, 237, 307, 482
Thirteenth Amendment for, 198, 305–6, 315–16, 322, 343–46, 355, 375, 383, 412, 418, 451
trade in, 20, 26, 27, 29–30, 50, 51–55, 85, 94–95, 135, 166, 178, 225–26
trials for, 11, 50, 51–55
as warfare, 75–76, 113–14, 126–27, 129, 132–38, 147–48, 223–24
white violence as basis of, 52, 55–57, 73, 74–76, 112, 114, 115–16, 117, 125–48, 170–71, 178, 229–30, 291, 325–26
white workers compared with, 149–58, 159, 160, 171–72, 290–91
women as, 54, 115, 117, 146, 175
Slidell, John, 62, 122, 235, 354
Smalley, George W., 210–11, 244
smallpox, 248, 257, 261, 378, 545
Smalls, Robert, 236, 566, 573, 591–92, 593
Smith, Caleb B., 191
Smith, Edmund Kirby, 387
Smith, Gerrit, 126–27, 129–30, 131, 142, 310, 314, 450, 455, 464, 499
Smith, Green Clay, 343
Smith, James McCune, 306
Smith, Joseph, 102, 103–6, 107, 326
“Snow-bound: A Winter Idyll” (Whittier), 420–21, 449
“Song of Myself” (Whitman), 433
Soule, Silas, 532
Soulé, Pierre, 61–63, 64
South Carolina, 27, 75, 95, 108, 114, 166, 171–72, 173, 174–75, 178, 180–84, 187, 199–200, 233, 234, 236–37, 241–42, 245, 247, 307, 336, 337, 342–43, 351, 395, 397, 398, 399, 400, 401, 405, 407, 408, 432, 438, 475–76, 489–90, 491, 493, 494–95, 562–69, 572, 573, 574, 575–79, 580, 581, 582–83
Southern Homestead Act (1866), 402
Southern Illustrated News, 267
Spain, 15–20, 23–24, 33, 58, 60, 61, 62–64, 407, 482
Spangler, Edmund “Ned,” 373, 374–75, 378
Spectator, 422
Speed, James, 374
Speed, Joshua, 228
spiritualism, 38–40, 41, 42, 43, 47, 50, 84, 103, 132, 146, 165, 473
Spotsylvania Courthouse, Battle of, 319, 326, 335
Spotted Tail, 547
Springfield Republican, 146, 493
Stalwart Democrats, 567–68, 572, 577
Stampp, Kenneth, 90, 198
Stanford, Leland, 433
Stanton, Edwin M., 42, 184, 212, 217, 231, 235, 241, 260, 283–84, 292, 299, 315, 326, 346, 347, 370, 377, 381, 392, 516, 517, 522, 584
Stanton, Elizabeth Cady, 11, 41–42, 303, 310, 343, 450–55, 457, 459–61, 463–67, 471, 473, 474, 494
Stanton, Henry Brewster, 450
Star of the West, 184
“Stars and Stripes,” 157, 183, 184, 199, 224, 236, 271, 280, 412, 423, 531–32
“Star Spangled Banner, The,” 34
Stearns, Charles, 447
Stearns, George Luther, 131, 142, 146, 246
Stedman, Edmund Clarence, 202–3, 210, 217, 257, 284, 285, 469
Steedman, James B., 404–5
Stegner, Wallace, 86, 525–26
Stephens, Alexander Hamilton, 96–97, 123, 124, 167, 171, 182, 188–90, 192, 198, 245, 253, 326, 344, 352, 590
Stephens, Hampton, 564
Stephens, John, 446
Stevens, Thaddeus, 29, 304, 317, 418, 422, 423, 425–27, 429, 439–40, 442, 444, 467, 584
St. Louis, Mo., 74, 227, 228, 460, 498
St. Louis Republican, 212
Stockton, Robert, 86
Stone, Lucy, 451, 456–57, 459, 463–66, 469, 470, 473, 474
Stones River, Battle of, 60, 221
Stowe, Calvin, 47
Stowe, Frederick, 435
Stowe, Harriet Beecher, 47–50, 54, 55, 79–80, 252, 318, 327–28, 435, 470–71, 587
Strong, George Crockett, 247, 248–49
Strong, George Templeton, 58, 76, 79, 95, 101, 107, 140, 141–42, 147, 151, 175, 194, 208, 218, 235–36, 290, 291, 292, 301, 341, 376, 384, 438, 480, 500, 551
Stuart, J. E. B. “Jeb,” 139, 140, 232, 276, 338
Sumner, Charles, 53, 66, 75, 76, 84, 123, 142–43, 144, 181, 186, 247, 296, 301, 303, 304, 305–6, 307, 316, 383, 409, 418–19, 422, 423, 454, 459, 481–88, 489, 500–501, 502, 504, 506, 571, 584, 588
Supreme Court, U.S., 4, 6, 89–91, 118, 135, 297, 301, 304, 305, 382, 443, 561, 581, 584–85, 589, 650n
Surratt, John, 371–73
Surratt, Mary, 372–79
“Swing Around the Circle,” 421–22
Switzerland of America, The (Bowles), 510–11
Systematic Geology (King), 523
Tammany Hall, 489
Taney, Roger, 89–90, 133, 301, 317
“Taps,” 478
tariffs, 170, 180–81, 442, 476, 492, 500, 502
taxation, 172, 286, 309, 396–97, 475, 485, 494, 566, 575, 579, 583–84
Taylor, Zachary, 21, 22, 31, 33, 34, 41
technology, 40–41, 99–102, 119, 216
telegraph, 40, 99–102, 119, 433, 532–33
temperance movement, 103, 230, 451, 452
; Tennessee, 32–33, 60, 77, 139, 158, 166, 179, 190, 201, 221, 245, 253, 275, 298, 300, 307, 310, 313, 317, 357–58, 405, 438, 475, 560
Tenure of Office Act (1867), 438–43
Terry, Alfred, 554, 556
Texas, 16, 19, 26, 33, 166, 169, 171, 178–79, 187, 300, 325, 330, 360, 387, 397, 405, 412, 506
Texas and Pacific Railroad, 581–82
3rd Colorado Cavalry Regiment, 530–32
Third Enforcement Act (1871), 490–92, 502
3rd Louisiana Native Guards, 245–46
3rd Massachusetts Volunteer Militia, 226
3rd Mississippi Infantry Regiment, 283–84
Thirteenth Amendment, 198, 305–6, 315–16, 322, 343–46, 355, 375, 383, 412, 418, 451, 493, 499, 576, 592
13th Tennessee Cavalry Regiment, 312
Thomas, Eleazer, 551
Thomas, George H., 298, 299, 360
Thomas, Lorenzo, 439
Thoreau, Henry David, 72, 73, 78, 82–83, 85, 128, 256–57, 271, 433, 507
Ticknor & Fields, 255
Tiffany, Charles, 101, 102
Tilden, Samuel J., 444, 578–82, 590, 665n
Tilton, Elizabeth, 471–73
Tilton, Theodore, 440–41, 453, 455, 457, 464–65, 466, 471–73, 493, 500
Timbucto community, 129–30
Times (London), 203, 208, 220, 346
Timrod, Henry, 254–55, 267, 428, 429
“Tom Thumb,” 78
Tonawanda Reservation, 543–44
Toombs, Robert, 29, 123, 124, 147, 166, 171, 175, 178, 182, 184, 253
Tourgée, Albion, 446
Towne, Laura, 400–401
Townsend, George Alfred, 362
Townsend, James, 225
Train, George Francis, 457–60, 464, 466, 470, 472
transatlantic cable, 99–102, 119
transcendentalism, 32, 128, 256–57, 513
transcontinental railroad, 431–32, 433, 499, 510–11, 516, 551
Trans-Mississippi District, 330–31
treason, 141, 157, 175, 177, 184, 199, 287–89, 302, 305, 307, 352, 370, 374–75, 384–85, 407–8, 425
Treasury Department, U.S., 297, 309, 392, 399–400, 405, 444, 478
treaties, Indian, 531, 533, 534, 535, 536, 542–43, 547, 548, 550, 552–53
Treaty of Washington (1871), 488
Tredegar Iron Works, 201, 268
Trent affair (1861), 235, 354
Trescot, William Henry, 403
Trollope, Anthony, 178
Trumbull, Lyman, 122, 305, 306, 491, 494
Truth, Sojourner, 73, 454
Tubman, Harriet, 130, 464
Turner, Nat, 325
Turner, William, 517
Twain, Mark, 84, 308, 449, 458, 476, 507, 549
Tweed, William M. “Boss,” 445, 476–77, 489, 502–3, 573, 580
25th Corps (Colored) Infantry Regiment, 362
Twenty Negro Act (1862), 254
22nd U.S. Colored Infantry Regiment, 387
“Two Armies, The” (Timrod), 267
Tyler, John, 61, 200
Tyler, Robert, 108
Tyndale, Sarah, 82
typhoid fever, 260, 263, 272, 334
Ulm, Battle of, 283
Uncle Tom’s Cabin: or, Life Among the Lowly (Stowe), 47–50, 54, 79–80, 252, 327–28, 587
Underground Railroad, 39, 130, 136
uniformitarianism, 523–25
Unión, 25
“Union Drama, Anderson and Patriots at Sumter in ’61,” 199
Union Hotel Hospital, 259–61
Unionism, 30–31, 33, 34–35, 71, 81, 89, 98, 112–13, 116, 123, 124, 132–38, 167, 168–69, 170, 171
Union League, 451
Union Pacific Railroad, 101, 102, 431 432, 433, 458, 503–4, 510, 516
United States Indian Commission, 546
United States Magazine and Democratic Review, 20, 36–37, 41, 60, 64
United States Sanitary Commission (USSC), 207, 263, 273, 509, 546
United States v. Cruikshank, 585
Usher, John Palmer, 315
Utah Territory, 26, 102, 106–11, 172, 433
Utah War, 110–11
Ute Indians, 530
Valdés, Jerónimo, 17–18
Vallandigham, Clement Laird, 284–88, 289, 290, 300, 422, 498
Van Buren, Martin, 200
Vanderbilt, Cornelius, 121, 432, 466, 467–68, 472, 477–78, 499
Vanity Fair, 154
Verdad, 37
Very, Jones, 256
Vicksburg, Battle of, 213, 275, 280–84, 290, 298, 332, 544
Victoria, queen of England, 78, 100
Villard, Henry, 203, 210, 217, 432
Virginia, 54, 55, 73, 130, 131, 132, 138–48, 166, 171, 185, 188, 190, 199, 201, 205, 206, 209, 221, 224–27, 233, 237–38, 242–43, 245, 250–51, 310, 321, 325, 337–40, 358, 360–61, 365, 405
Voltaire, 41
Voorhies, Albert, 413
Wade, Benjamin, 39, 122–23, 178, 186, 202, 297, 308, 311, 315–16, 327, 384, 427, 442, 532, 584
Wade-Davis bill, 315–16
Wakefield, James, 369
Walden (Thoreau), 72, 83, 256, 433
Walker, Francis Amasa, 536–37
Walker, Robert J., 93, 94, 95, 96
Walker, William, 120–22, 175
Wallace, Lewis “Lew,” 377
Wall Street, 466, 477–80, 551–52, 557
Ward, Samuel Ringgold, 35
War Democrats, 297, 305–6, 310–11, 316–17
War Department, U.S., 209, 212, 234, 382, 438–39, 544, 546
Warmoth, Henry Clay, 495–97, 499
Warner, Charles Dudley, 308
War of 1812, 216, 543
Washington, DC, 1–11, 21, 26, 34, 50, 51–55, 79, 85, 86, 96, 178, 191, 201, 202, 203–4, 208, 210, 212–13, 216, 218, 219–20, 231, 233, 237, 238, 243, 256, 257, 260, 264–65, 271, 276, 283, 306, 340, 341, 343–46, 367–82, 384, 400, 406, 452, 489–90, 516–17, 546–47, 551, 553, 592
Washington, George, 4, 6, 20, 41, 44, 77, 146, 221, 234, 268
Washington Republic, 33
Washington Union, 135
Waterloo, Battle of, 361
Watkins, Carleton, 507–10
Waynesborough, Battle of, 343
Webster, Daniel, 6, 30–31, 32, 33, 41, 51, 59, 79, 97, 187, 510
Webster, Noah, 460
Weed, Thurlow, 31, 32, 186
Weekly Anglo American Magazine, 37
Weekly Montgomery Mail, 169
Weitzel, Godfrey, 362
Welles, Gideon, 191, 238, 297, 315, 318, 320–21, 347, 352, 383, 387, 421, 423, 494
Wells, J. Madison, 412, 416–17
Welsh, William, 543, 550
West, 11, 20, 66–67, 85–87, 103, 106–11, 155–56, 170, 176, 284–85, 286–87, 318, 431–34, 499, 500, 506–58, 583, 584, 593
see also specific territories
West Point, U.S. Military Academy at, 24, 206, 233, 241, 251, 257, 274, 341, 362, 391, 395, 412, 483, 516, 572
West Virginia, 206, 269–71, 284
“Westward the Course of Empire Takes Its Way” (Gardner), 510
Whaley, William, 403
Wheeler, George Montague, 659n
Wheeler, William A., 579
“When This Cruel War Is Over,” 255
Whig Party, 7, 8, 21, 27, 29, 32–33, 41, 51, 59, 66, 68, 72, 87, 88, 89, 96, 97, 155, 159, 167, 174, 213
Whistler, James McNeill, 412
White Antelope, 532
White Leagues, 569, 570, 571, 587
Whitman, George, 264–65
Whitman, Walt, 11, 36, 77, 78, 79, 80–84, 86, 92, 191, 200, 202, 205, 216, 264–65, 338, 368, 371, 376, 386, 427, 433, 476, 507, 532
Whitney, Eli, 100
Whitney, Josiah, 509–10, 515–16
Whittier, John Greenleaf, 27–28, 36, 186–87, 229, 230, 311, 420–21, 449, 464–65, 501–2, 562, 575, 587
Wigfall, Louis, 168
Wilberforce, William, 2, 176, 296
Wilderness, Battle of the, 319, 529
Wilentz, Sean, 168
Wilkes, Charles, 235
Wilkeson, Bayard, 211
Wilkeson, Samuel, 210, 211
Williamson, Hugh, 27
Wilmot, David, 28
Wilmot Proviso, 28
Wilson, Edmund, 338
Wilson, Henry, 132, 181, 264, 304, 306, 504
Wilson, James, 305
Wilson’s Creek, Battle of, 228
Winchester, Battle of, 341–42
Winthrop, Robert C., 2–3, 5, 174
Wirz, Heinrich Hartmann “Henry,” 379–82, 427
Wise, Henry, 140, 141, 144, 146, 327
Woman’s Journal, 469, 472, 473
Women’s Bible (Stanton), 474
Women’s National Loyal League, 343, 451
women’s suffrage, 11, 41–42, 43, 47, 48, 49–50, 71, 103, 126, 302, 304, 306, 310, 318, 442, 450–74, 475, 498, 591
Wood, Fernando, 173, 257
Woodbridge, Frederick E., 343
Woodhull, Victoria Claflin, 466–74, 475, 476–77, 500
Woodhull & Claflin’s Weekly, 467–73
Woodhull-Beecher scandal, 471–73
Woodward, C. Vann, 581
World’s Anti-Slavery Convention (1840), 41–42, 451
Wright, Martha Coffin, 41
Wynkoop, Edward, 531, 542
Yancey, William L., 166, 171, 174, 188, 327
“Yankee Doodle,” 221, 362
Yellowstone River, 536, 554
Yorktown, Battle of, 221
Yosemite Book (Whitney and Watkins), 509–10
Yosemite Valley, 507–10
Young, Brigham, 104–11, 130, 172
Young America, 59, 80
Young Men’s Christian Association (YMCA), 472
ABOUT THE AUTHOR
BRENDA WINEAPPLE is the prizewinning author of several books, including White Heat: The Friendship of Emily Dickinson and Thomas Wentworth Higginson, a finalist for the National Book Critics Circle Award and a New York Times Notable Book. She teaches in the MFA programs at the New School University and Columbia University, and is the Doris Zemurray Stone Professor of Modern Literary and Historical Studies at Union College. She lives in New York City.
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ALSO BY BRENDA WINEAPPLE
White Heat: The Friendship of Emily Dickinson and Thomas Wentworth Higginson
Hawthorne: A Life
Sister Brother: Gertrude and Leo Stein
Genêt: A Biography of Janet Flanner
John Greenleaf Whittier: Selected Poems (editor)