Porter, James D., 560
Port Hudson, La., 245–46, 283
Port Royal, S.C., 236, 241–42, 253
Post, Amy, 39, 42, 452
Post, Isaac, 39, 41, 452
Post, Matilda, 39
Potomac River, 52, 203, 220, 243, 275, 279, 292, 373–74
Pottawatomie County massacre (1856), 75, 130
Pottawatomie Indians, 308
Potter, David, 30
Powell, Lewis, 373, 374–75
“Prayer of Twenty Millions” (Greeley), 318
Proclamation of Amnesty and Reconstruction, The, 300–301, 304, 315
property rights, 42, 224–27, 268, 300–301, 305
“Prophetic Voices About America” (Sumner), 487
prostitution, 268, 464, 467, 468, 472
Prostrate State: South Carolina under Negro Government (Pike), 567, 573
Providence, 478–79
“Provisional Constitution and Ordinances for the People of the United States,” 130
Puerto Rico, 484–85, 486
Purvis, Henry, 564
Quakers, 39, 41, 42, 57, 128, 303, 340, 420, 519, 543, 549, 551
Quantrill, William Clarke, 328–31, 333, 367–68, 369, 371
Quitman, John A., 16, 21–22, 34, 36, 62, 96, 158
racism, 48, 69, 112, 115–16, 117, 123, 154–55, 157, 180, 182, 188–90, 198, 244–45, 248–49, 284, 286, 291–92, 306, 312–13, 526, 527
Radical Republicans, 126, 147, 163, 168, 182, 183, 304–5, 307–8, 310–11, 315–16, 323, 343, 384, 395, 411, 416, 418–20, 425–29, 438–44, 445, 446, 462, 467, 485, 486–88, 497, 498, 501–2, 566–67, 569, 572, 576, 577, 579, 582, 584, 586, 590–91, 593, 647n
railroads, 22, 40, 65, 101, 102, 119, 121, 133, 170, 205, 206, 326, 376, 391, 426, 430–34, 431–34, 447, 458, 480, 491–92, 497, 499, 503–4, 510–11, 516, 530, 533–34, 535, 539, 551, 558, 561, 574, 579–82, 586
Rainey, Joseph, 572
Randall, James Ryder, 255
Randolph, Benjamin, 475
Randolph, John, 327
rape, 145, 414, 446, 470
Rawlins, John, 482
Raymond, Henry, 213–14, 306, 368, 422
Read, Thomas Buchanan, 341–42
“Rebel Assassins, The,” 381
“Rebel Legislature,” 415–16
Reconstruction, 391–593
abolition in, 315–16, 382–84, 406–7, 425–27, 443, 447, 498, 500, 501, 562, 576, 591–93
amnesties and pardons in, 385, 396–97, 399, 400, 401, 412, 415–16, 418, 421–22, 437, 438, 445, 489–90, 492, 498, 499, 501
arrests in, 412–13, 490–91
Black Codes in, 397–98, 408, 412, 416, 418, 419
black elected officials in, 475–76, 489–90, 493, 495–97, 569–72, 576
black suffrage in, 117, 314–15, 372, 382, 383, 395, 397, 406–20, 421, 425, 428, 436, 438, 440, 442, 443, 444, 445, 448–49, 453–56, 459, 460–64, 465, 467, 474, 475–76, 487–90, 492–93, 494, 495–97, 498, 499, 504, 537–38, 564–72, 575, 576, 577–78, 579, 581, 583–93, 664n, 665n
black troops in, 392, 397, 398–99, 405, 406, 416, 435–36, 437, 447, 562–63
black women in, 396, 397, 414, 434, 442, 446–47, 454–55, 460, 470
capital investment in, 400, 402, 403, 405
“carpetbaggers” in, 437, 446, 494, 495, 565, 567, 587
Circular No. 13 in, 400
“conciliation and reconciliation” in, 417–18, 559–93
Confederate legacy in, 384–85, 396–97, 407–8, 415, 422, 427–28, 438, 440, 493, 495, 498, 501, 503, 557, 647n
Confederate veterans in, 397, 408, 489–90, 495, 559–62, 574–75
confiscated property in, 393–94, 399–400, 403, 406, 415–16, 418, 419–20, 446, 494
congressional debate on, 11, 300–301, 305–6, 307, 310, 315, 393, 396, 402, 403, 405, 406, 410, 414, 417–20, 421, 422, 424, 425–29, 438–43, 448, 463, 483–92, 500–501, 502, 560, 564–65, 569, 570, 571–72, 580–81, 585–86, 591, 592
constitutional issues in, 421 438–43, 444, 453–56, 462–63, 464, 467, 468, 488, 490–91, 492, 493, 499, 502, 537–38, 568–69, 570, 571–72, 576, 579, 580, 582, 584–85, 586, 591, 592, 650n
cotton market in, 392, 400, 405, 408, 436–37, 565–66
Democratic approach to, 383, 396, 411, 412, 417, 421–24, 438–43, 448, 449, 461, 462, 463, 476, 477, 490–91, 492, 493, 494, 495, 496, 497–98, 499, 503, 564–93
economic policies in, 382, 392, 396–97, 399–400, 402, 403, 405, 408, 415–16, 419, 426, 428, 430–37, 445–47, 475, 494, 495, 566, 575, 579, 583–84, 647n
education of, 405, 475, 495, 501, 571, 575
emancipation in, 382, 383, 388, 392–93, 395, 408, 431, 487–88
equal rights in, 383, 395, 397–98, 402–3, 404, 405, 406–17, 418, 425–27, 430, 445, 464, 488, 489–90, 492–93, 496, 497, 500–501, 502, 546, 577, 579, 583–93, 647n
federal administration of, 307, 391–96, 399–400, 404–5, 406, 408–9, 412, 415, 417–20, 430, 437, 438, 440, 443, 490–91, 492, 494, 495, 499, 502, 568–73, 574, 575, 577, 578, 580, 581, 582–83, 591–93, 664n, 665n
Federal troops in, 568–71, 573, 574, 575, 577, 578, 581, 582–83, 593, 664n
Fifteenth Amendment in, 453–56, 462–63, 464, 467, 488, 490, 492, 499, 576, 579, 591, 592
former slaveowners in, 406–10, 415–16, 424, 440, 494, 514
Fourteenth Amendment in, 421, 438, 444, 453–54, 467, 490, 492, 499, 537–38, 576, 584–85, 592
freedmen in, 383, 391–99, 408, 409–17, 418, 419–20, 425–27, 434–37, 445–47, 482–505, 551, 559–93
Grant’s policies on, 406, 409, 417 421, 423, 424, 490–92, 494–95, 497, 568–72, 573, 574, 575, 578–79, 581, 585–86
historical importance of, 582–93
Howard’s role in, 394–96, 399–400, 401, 403, 404, 438
Johnson’s impeachment in, 421, 422, 430, 438–43, 467, 491, 493, 517, 579, 650n
Johnson’s policies on, 384, 396–97, 399–400, 401, 403, 404, 405, 406, 407, 409–10, 412, 415, 416, 417–29, 438–43, 448, 467, 491, 493, 497, 517, 538, 579, 650n
labor contracts in, 398, 400–403, 408–9, 415–16, 418, 436–37, 447, 565–66
land grants in, 391–96, 399, 401, 402–3, 406, 419–20, 426, 434–37, 440, 445–47
legal issues in, 394, 395, 570–72, 584–85
legislation on, 402, 438–39, 443, 448, 490–92, 500–501, 502, 585
liberty as issue in, 383, 397–98, 425–27, 576, 586–87, 591–93
Lincoln’s policies on, 300–301, 315, 382–84, 392, 393, 394, 396, 415, 425–26
literature on, 420–21, 423–24, 427, 428, 567
lynchings in, 408, 413–14, 417, 422, 446–47, 462, 475–76, 489–92, 574
martial law in, 490–92
Memphis riot (1866) in, 414–15, 428, 503
military districts and governors for, 307, 391–96, 406, 408–9, 412, 417, 418, 430, 438, 440, 443, 490–91, 494, 495, 502
militias in, 397, 398, 495
moral and religious issues in, 392, 394–95, 404, 406, 424–27, 440–41
New Orleans massacre in (1866), 411–17, 420, 421–22, 423, 428, 438, 497, 503
Northern investors in, 434–37, 445–47
Northern support for, 404, 408, 410, 424, 426, 427–28, 434–47, 448, 470, 475–76, 492–93, 494, 495, 498–503, 510, 559–93
plantations in, 392, 396, 398, 400–401, 402, 408–9, 415–16, 424, 427, 434–37, 445–47, 489–90, 495, 559, 560, 565–66, 575, 587
political corruption in, 397, 405, 418, 421–27, 430–32, 437, 438–43, 567, 573, 577, 579–80, 581, 584, 592
poor whites in, 408, 409, 411–17, 428, 436–37, 453, 566
posses and vigilantes in, 326, 327, 398, 405, 408, 413–14, 417, 422, 446–47, 462, 475–76, 482, 489–92, 494, 495–98, 499, 502, 503, 517, 529, 560, 562–65, 568–71, 574–78, 579
poverty in, 402, 445–47
press coverage of, 391, 396, 397–99, 404, 405, 409, 417, 422�
�24, 425, 435, 440, 441, 442, 445, 489–90, 493, 494–95, 498, 502–3, 567, 568, 570, 572–73, 575, 584, 587, 588
racism in, 392, 396, 397–98, 401, 406, 409, 419, 424, 425, 434–37, 446–47, 448, 455, 459, 460–61, 470, 495, 497–98, 500–501, 514, 537–38, 551, 567, 571–73, 577–78, 590–91
“redeemer” governments in, 566–67, 583, 584, 665n
refugees in, 393, 394, 405
Republican approach to, 383, 384, 385, 395, 396, 406–10, 411, 415, 416–29, 437, 438–44, 445, 446, 448–49, 454, 456, 459, 460, 462, 463, 467, 470, 475–76, 477, 486–505, 529, 564–93, 647n, 664n, 665n
Saxton’s administration in, 391–96, 398, 399, 400–405, 408, 416, 432
Schurz’s report on, 406–10, 422
Sheridan’s role in, 412, 417, 423, 438, 497
Sherman’s Field Order No. 15 in, 393, 394, 399, 400, 403, 404
Southern opposition to, 395–424, 427, 428, 434–49, 452, 462, 470, 475–76, 486–505, 559–93, 664n
Stanton’s role in, 392–94, 401, 413, 438–39, 441
state constitutional conventions in, 315, 411–17, 438, 447
state legislatures in, 415–17, 475–76, 489–90, 493, 494–95, 566–68, 574–78, 582–83, 584, 665n
states’ rights in, 397, 418
Thirteenth Amendment in, 493, 499, 576, 592
Unionism in, 395, 396, 398–99, 401, 405, 407–8, 411, 412, 416, 418, 435–37, 441, 445–47, 503, 571
violence in, 398, 405, 408, 411–17, 420, 421–22, 423, 428, 434–37, 438, 445–47, 462, 470, 475–76, 482, 489–92, 494, 495–98, 499, 502–3, 517, 529, 545–46, 560, 561, 562–65, 568–78, 579, 583–84, 585, 664n
white supremacists in, 434–37, 446–47, 448–49, 470, 495, 566–74, 579, 581, 583–84, 585, 592, 664n
Reconstruction Act (1867), 438, 448
Red Cloud, 11, 534, 536, 547–48, 550, 553, 587
Red Cloud Agency, 557
Red Dog, 548
Redpath, James, 73–74, 94, 131, 132, 253, 310, 371, 464–65, 572, 664n
Reed, Harrison, 497–98
Reid, Whitelaw, 210, 211, 277–78, 391, 401, 435, 493, 499
“Report on the Demoralization of the Volunteers” (Olmsted), 207
Republican Party, 87–88, 89, 90, 91, 94, 96, 97, 107, 111–20, 126, 132, 133, 134, 135, 137, 147–48, 155, 156–70, 171, 190–91, 223, 292–94, 296–300, 302, 304–5, 307–11, 315–17, 318, 321, 322–24, 407, 415, 425–26, 451, 475–76, 486, 489–90, 497, 498–505, 510, 552, 567, 570–71, 578, 579–80, 583, 584, 585, 586, 587, 589, 590
see also Radical Republicans
reservations, Indian, 531, 533, 534–35, 536, 542–45, 549, 550, 551, 553, 555
Revels, Hiram Rhodes, 489
Revolution, 460, 465, 468
Revolutionary War, U.S., 137, 181, 221, 574
revolutions of 1848, 16, 54, 137, 168, 407
Rhett, Robert Barnwell, 171, 254, 356
Richardson, Albert, 468–69
Richmond, Va., 11, 135, 155–56, 201, 204, 206, 209, 219–20, 231, 232, 237–38, 251, 266, 268–69, 283, 318, 319, 329–30, 331, 338, 339, 342, 350, 351, 352, 353–54, 355, 360–63, 366, 369, 371–72, 380, 503, 589
Richmond Daily Dispatch, 442
Richmond Enquirer, 156–57
Richmond Examiner, 201, 214, 254, 314, 396
Richmond Whig, 369
Rich Mountain, Battle of, 206
Ripley, George, 42–43
Ripley, Sophia, 42–43
Rise of Silas Lapham, The (Howells), 265
River Queen, 352
Rivers, Prince, 563
Robinson, George, 370
Rochester, N.Y., 38–41, 42, 103, 126, 130, 132–38, 148, 159, 451, 452, 474
Rocky Mountains, 85, 227, 391, 530
Ropes, Hannah, 260, 266
Rosecrans, William S., 211, 275, 279, 288, 289, 298–99, 300, 432
Roving Editor, The (Redpath), 132
Ruffin, Edmund, 147
Ruskin, John, 512, 517
Russell, Elizabeth, 54
Russell, William Howard, 203–4, 208, 210, 220
Ryan, Matthew, 149, 150
Sacramento Daily Union, 187, 213
Salem, 52
Salt Lake City, 106, 110
Sanborn, Franklin, 131, 142, 435, 493
Sand, George, 468
Sand Creek Massacre (1864), 530–32, 541, 542
Sand Dunes, Carson Desert, Nevada, 1867 (O’Sullivan), 522–23
San Francisco, 101, 510, 515–16
San Francisco and New York Mining and Commercial Company, 520
San Francisco Chronicle, 470
San Francisco Herald, 120
San Jacinto, 235
Santo Domingo, 482–88
Saugus, USS, 379
Saunders, William, 295
Savannah, Ga., 336, 392, 399, 400, 406
Savannah Morning News, 101
Saxton, Rufus, 11, 241, 242, 245, 391–96
Saxton, Samuel Willard, 392, 403
Sayler’s Creek, Battle of, 363
Sayres, Edward, 50, 52–53
Schell, Frank, 219
Schofield, John, 441
Schurz, Carl, 168, 179, 185, 191, 297, 345, 406–10, 422, 431, 444, 476, 486–87, 488, 491, 492, 498, 499, 500, 502, 570–71, 575, 582, 583, 584, 591
Scientific American, 154
Scott, Robert Kingston, 405
Scott, Winfield, 59, 60, 183, 199, 216–17, 224
“Scout toward Aldie, The” (Melville), 338
Sea Islands, 233, 241–42, 253, 256, 309, 339, 377, 391–96, 398 399, 400–405
seances, 38–40, 41, 42
Second Confiscation Act (1862), 237, 240
Second Corps, Confederate, 276
2nd Massachusetts Infantry Regiment, 246
2nd South Carolina Colored Volunteers, 247–48
2nd U.S. Cavalry Regiment, 340, 545
2nd U.S. Colored Light Artillery Regiment, 312
“Secret Six,” 131–32, 142, 435, 493
Seddon, James A., 269, 352, 381
Sedgwick, Catharine Maria, 36
sedition, 186, 287–89
Committee on Territories of, 65, 119–20
Foreign Relations Committee of, 483, 486, 488
Judiciary Committee of, 305–6, 440, 491
Military Committee of, 264, 439
see also Congress, U.S.
Seneca Falls Convention (1848), 41–42, 50, 71, 103, 126, 450
Seneca Indians, 543–44
sequoias, 507–10
Seven Days Battle, 232–33, 379
Seven Pines, Battle of, 574
7th Cavalry Regiment, U.S., 511, 539–42, 554–57
73rd Illinois Infantry Regiment, 321
Seward, Frances, 187
Seward, Frederick, 370
Seward, William Henry, 9, 31–33, 43, 51, 66, 83, 87, 97, 105, 122, 123, 131–38, 147–48, 159, 165, 178, 180, 181, 184–87, 190, 199, 206, 235, 239, 256, 257, 297, 315, 344, 352, 370, 373, 380, 397, 421, 422, 423, 487, 506
Seymour, Horatio, 257, 285, 290–92, 444–45, 448
Seymour, Truman, 248–49
Shakespeare, William, 1, 44, 115, 319, 515
Sharpsburg, Battle of, 218, 242–43, 263
Shaw, Ellen, 246–47
Shaw, George Bernard, 472
Shaw, Robert Gould, 246–49, 284, 435
Shelby, Joseph, 331
Shenandoah Valley, 232, 233, 251, 339, 340–42, 343, 539
Sheridan, Philip, 340–42, 343, 360–61, 363, 364, 387, 423, 538–39, 540, 541, 545, 546, 553, 554, 569–70, 650n
Sherman, John, 155, 159, 177, 304, 329, 358, 422, 431, 530, 580
Sherman, Thomas W., 391–92
Sherman, William Tecumseh, 155, 206, 211, 212, 213, 215, 238, 28
1, 299, 300, 313, 324, 329, 331–37, 340, 348, 351, 355, 358, 359–60, 369, 375, 377, 381, 383, 385, 386, 392, 393, 394, 395, 399, 400, 403, 404, 405, 412, 422, 434, 448, 495, 510, 529–30, 533–34, 535, 536, 539, 541, 544, 546, 547, 551, 558, 560, 574–75
“Sherman neckties,” 332–33, 434
“Sherman’s Brick Yard,” 337
Shields, James, 327
Shiloh, Battle of, 111, 211, 212, 215, 233, 253, 266, 271, 282, 311, 313
Sickles, Daniel, 326, 438
Sierra Nevada, 516–23
Sigel, Franz, 339
Signal Corps, U.S., 209
Sigur, Laurent J., 16–17, 19, 23
silver, 433, 444, 516
Simmons, R. J., 249
Simms, William Gilmore, 36, 171, 267
Sims, Thomas, 362
Sioux Indians, 511, 530, 532–33, 534, 536, 540, 545, 547–48, 550, 553, 554–57, 583
Sitting Bull, 545, 555, 556
Six Nations, 543–44
6th U.S. Colored Heavy Artillery Regiment, 312
Slatter (slave trader), 54
Slaughterhouse Cases (1873), 584–85
slavery, slaves
abolition of, 4, 9–11, 15–16, 20, 26–28, 29, 31, 33–34, 35, 39, 41–42, 43, 44, 47–55, 59, 66, 67, 68–76, 79–80, 87–88, 90, 91–92, 93–98, 103, 108, 112–20, 123, 125–48, 153, 154–62, 168–71, 180, 182, 190–94, 198, 223, 224, 239–44, 300–301, 303, 304–6, 310–11, 314–16, 322, 323, 325–26, 343–46, 355, 362, 375, 383, 412, 418, 450, 451, 452–53, 462–63, 464, 470, 488, 537–38
arrest warrants for, 55–57
catchers of, 48, 55–57, 126, 303
citizenship and, 35, 89–90, 230, 305–6, 372, 537–38
colonization and emigration of, 117, 129, 229–30, 243, 425, 482–88
communities of, 129–30
compromise on, 3, 9–11, 25–34, 41, 44, 58, 65–71, 88–89, 94–95, 96, 97–98, 111–20, 147–48, 167–68, 176–78
conditions of, 4, 29–30, 34, 54, 55–57, 74–76, 126, 127–48, 182, 313, 325–26, 363, 402
congressional debate on, 4–5, 25–34, 65–71, 91, 94–98, 106, 119, 121–24, 126–27, 132, 165
as constitutional issue, 9, 26–27, 30, 32, 33, 34–35, 52, 53, 59, 65, 69–70, 72, 89–92, 116–17, 126, 135, 136, 144, 160–61, 162, 181–82, 194, 198, 223–24, 240, 305–6, 315–16, 322, 343–46, 355, 375, 383, 412, 418, 451
cotton market in, 27, 37, 149–58, 159, 160, 187, 188, 233, 254, 309, 337, 458
in Cuba, 15–25, 35–37, 58–64, 66, 67, 76, 79, 95, 118–19, 120, 121, 122, 124, 158, 166, 177, 235, 482, 484, 485, 506, 526
divine or “higher” law for, 31–33, 42, 43, 48, 49, 55, 64, 65, 73, 81, 83, 91, 128, 134, 136, 160–61, 186, 189, 194, 239–40, 244, 256, 348, 468–69, 592