military caution of, 165
in Panama invasion decision, 162–67, 169, 179–80
Persian Gulf War reluctance of, 314
Powell’s transformation of, 41
unpreparedness of, 208
on Weinberger’s criteria for use of military force, 117
Joint Readiness Exercise, 145
Joint Special Operations Command (JSOC), 88, 92, 101, 134, 182
Joint Task Force, 86, 101, 103, 143–44
Jones, David C., 332
Jordan, Vernon, 236
J-STARS (Joint Surveillance Target Attack Radar System), 369
JUST CAUSE, see Panama invasion
Justice Department, U.S., 147
on enforcing U.S. laws abroad, 115, 139–40
“Ill Wind” Defense Department investigation by, 62, 64
Noriega indicted by, 84
KC-10 aerial refueling tankers, 227
KC-135 aerial refueling tankers, 210, 213, 216
Kelley, P. X., 112
Kelly, Thomas W., 126, 133, 145, 304, 305, 330
Desert Shield planning cell set up by, 326
on Iraq’s military strength, 286
on Iraq’s pre-invasion buildup, 207, 221
in Kuwait invasion response, 222, 224, 232–33, 234
as media daily briefing officer, 367
in Panama invasion, 180–81, 183, 187, 192
in Panama invasion buildup, 99–100, 102, 103–4, 134, 139
in Panama invasion decision, 156, 157, 160, 162, 163, 165, 167–168, 169, 171, 173, 176–77
PDF coup attempt and, 120–21, 122
on Persian Gulf land war, 232
on Powell as planner and decision maker, 368–69
in U.S. troop deployment to Saudi Arabia, 273
Kelso, Frank B., II, 239, 340
Kennebunkport, Maine, Bush in, 112, 282, 283
Kent, Arthur, 314–15
Kerr, Richard, 215, 218, 224
Khalifa, Sheikh Isa bin Sulman al, Emir of Bahrain, 287
Kimmitt, Robert, 215, 224, 225, 228, 365
Kings of the Hill (Cheney and Cheney), 63
Kissinger, Henry A., 50, 109, 274, 342
Kissinger Associates, 50
KLONDIKE KEY, 85
Korean War, 356, 357
Kranowitz, Alan, 66, 67
Kristol, William, 147, 152–53
Kurds, 249
Kuwait, 202
Arab contempt for, 214, 253, 262
assets frozen, 223, 224, 225
Desert Storm liberation of, 376
Iraqi human rights violations in, 343–44
Iraq’s systematic dismantling of, 297
oil production quotas exceeded by, 206
oil profits of, 226
oil reserves of, 209, 226
oil tankers escorted by U.S. Navy, 85, 118, 227
Persian Gulf islands of, 252
political independence of, 206
U.S. embassy in, 222–23, 318
U.S. help not wanted by, 216, 240–41, 245–46
U.S. hostages in, 315, 316, 317–318, 346
Kuwaiti Air Force, 248
Kuwait invasion, 36, 199–289
air war plans in response to, 249–251, 290–93
Bush administration’s immediate response to, 222–31
Camp David meeting on, 247–54
first U.S. troop deployment after, 273
intelligence reports on buildup prior to, 205–7, 210, 216–19, 222, 229
international response to, 255
Iraqi troop levels in, 206–7, 247, 282, 284, 297, 309, 331, 360
Iraq’s preliminary troop movements in, 205–8, 210, 212, 216–21
Kuwait City sacked in, 222–23
media coverage of, 222, 224–25, 273, 277–78
World War II analogies to, 276–277, 317, 344
see also Desert Shield; Desert Storm
Laboa, Sebastian, 191–92
Lang, Walter P., Jr. (Pat), 256
on Iraqi military strength, 207, 278, 360–61
on Iraqi withdrawal, 351
Kuwait invasion intelligence reports of, 205–6, 210, 216–219, 242, 278
Lee, Robert E., 375
Lehman, John F., 62, 64
Libya, 90
U.S. bombing of, 85, 118
Life, 310
Lincoln, Robert, 95
Lindsay, James J., 172, 173
Lopez, Joe, 157, 173, 293
Los Angeles Times, 153, 293
Luck, Gary, 134–35, 136, 137, 138–39
Lugar, Richard G., 326, 339
McCurdy, Dave, 127
McFarlane, Robert, 117
Macho de Monte forces, 140
Desert Shield predictions of, 340–341
early Persian Gulf air offensive sought by, 313–14, 364–65
Marcos, Ferdinand, 147
Marine Corps, U.S., 175, 184, 220–221, 364, 375
Army’s competition with, 163–164, 209
in Desert Shield war plan, 348
MPS ships of, 215–16, 221
in Persian Gulf preliminary offensive plan, 305
Marsh, Jack, 93, 94, 95, 96
Mayaguez, U.S.S., 175
Meals Ready to Eat (MRE), 286
Mecca, 251
Medellin drug cartel, 114, 142, 143
media, 171
Desert Shield coverage by, 314–315, 324
Desert Storm rules for, 368, 370, 375
Glaspie on, 211–12
Kuwait invasion coverage by, 222, 224–25, 273, 277–78
Panama invasion coverage by, 180, 187, 190, 194
Powell on, 129, 152, 155, 180, 190, 192, 194, 277–78, 292, 314–15, 325
Medina, 251
“Meet the Press,” 280
Mexico, 170
Michel, Bob, 61, 63
Midgetman missile, 75
Mirage jets, 203
missiles:
ballistic, proposed elimination of, 40, 51
HAWK, 314
Hellfire, 141, 376
ICBM, 75–77
Midgetman, 75
MX, 75
Patriot, 363
SCUD, 211, 264, 268, 285, 308, 331, 363
Tomahawk, 235, 370–71
Mitchell, George, 317, 338, 356
M-1A1 tanks, 369
Morocco, 271, 276
Moynihan, Daniel P., 287–88, 324
Mubarak, Hosni, 257, 268, 275–276, 287, 339, 341, 360
on Iraq’s pre-invasion buildup, 212, 213, 215, 222
in Kuwait invasion response, 232, 234
Mulroney, Brian, 255
Murtha, John P., 318
Muse, Kurt, rescue of, 91, 135, 136–37, 138, 139, 145, 170, 182, 183, 184, 185
MX missile, 75
Nahayan, Sheikh Zayed bin Sultan al, 287–88
National Guard, U.S., 48, 105, 109
National Intelligence Estimate, 207 National Security Agency (NSA), 328
National Security Council (NSC), 37, 38, 40, 111, 128
in Kuwait invasion response, 224–29, 235, 236–38, 261
National Security Directive drafted by, 353, 354
Philippines coup attempt and, 147
political nature of, 81
Powell’s disenchantment with, 301–2
National Security Directive (NSD), 353, 354, 366–67
National Training Center, 154–55, 250
Naval Investigative Service, 158, 173
Navy, U.S., 164, 210, 248, 283, 364
Herbits’s memo on, 73–74
Kuwaiti oil tankers escorted by, 85, 118, 227
SEAL teams of, 88, 90, 91, 136, 138, 165, 168, 174, 182, 186
NBC, 180, 280, 312
Nightly News, 314–15
Newsweek, 195
Newton, David G., 256–57, 258
New York Times, 50, 53, 106, 288, 303, 321
Nicaragua, 67, 107, 164, 189
NIFTY PACKAGE, 138
night-time military operations and technology, 114, 139, 140, 141, 142, 168, 180, 186
NIMROD DANCER, 90–91, 135
Nixon, Richard M., 109
non-permissive NEOs, 85
Noriega, Manuel Antonio, 114, 116, 174
asylum and surrender of, 191–93
Bush’s call for overthrow of, 92
CIA ties of, 83
confrontation with U.S. avoided by, 92, 100
Justice Department’s indictment of, 84
“maximum leader” appointment of, 159, 208
nickname of, 84
in Panama invasion, 181, 183, 184–85, 188, 190–93
Panamanian election nullified by, 84, 86
PDF coup attempt against, 119–125, 126, 127–30, 140, 141
potential for PDF coup against, 104
pre-invasion incidents and, 158–159, 161, 163, 166
U.S. plan for bombing hangout of, 140–41
U.S. plan for capture of, 89, 90, 91, 93, 115, 135, 138, 159, 160, 170, 172
North, Oliver, 126, 238, 328
North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO), 106
NSC, see National Security Council
NSD, see National Security Directive
nuclear weapons:
Iraq’s potential acquisition of, 211, 337
U.S. overkill in, 329
Nunn, Sam, 118, 127, 231, 337
on Desert Shield troop buildup, 322–23, 325
sanctions against Iraq favored by, 338, 342
as Senate Armed Services Committee chairman, 36, 69, 70, 117, 118, 341
Tower nomination rejection and, 57, 58, 59
offset bombing, 177
OH-58 scout helicopters, 141
oil, Kuwait invasion and, 223, 237, 252, 345
oil prices, post-Kuwait invasion, 226
oil reserves, 209, 226
Oman, 283
101st Airborne Division, 189, 350
Operation Desert Shield, see Desert Shield
Operations Plan 90–1002: 220–21, 228, 242, 243, 247–48, 249, 255, 260, 261, 262, 264, 279
Organization of American States, 170
Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC), 206
Owens, William A., 69, 70, 71, 160, 179, 221, 234–35, 238
Ozal, Turgut, 236, 255
Palestinian Liberation Organization (PLO), 203
Palestinians, 323, 359
Panama:
bomb threats in, 142–44
CIA activities in, 84, 91, 119–20, 122, 128, 133, 140
Endara sworn in as president of, 182
harassment of U.S. citizens reported in, 84, 86, 100, 157, 158–59
Noriega’s nullification of election in, 84, 86
PDF coup attempt in, 119–25, 126, 127–30, 140, 141
pre-invasion incidents in, 156–59, 161, 162, 165, 168
state of war with U.S. declared by, 159, 184
U.S. dependents in, 83, 85, 91, 130, 142
U.S. goals in, 85, 90, 128, 170, 184
U.S. military exercises in, 92, 99, 100, 104, 132, 135, 138, 145
Panama Canal, 83, 85, 87, 166, 170, 184, 188, 189–90
Panama invasion, 83–104, 113–45, 156–96, 264, 277, 285, 327, 367, 373
as anti-PDF operation, 86, 93, 159–60, 163, 169
BLUE SPOON as original code name for, 86
decision for execution of, 159–71
events of, 181–86, 189–94, 195
international reaction to, 190
JCS on execution of, 162–67, 169
JUST CAUSE as new code name for, 173
media coverage of, 178, 180, 187, 190, 194
Muse’s rescue included in, 139, 170, 181
Nicaraguan ambassador’s residence entered during, 192–193
Noriega’s attempted capture in, 181, 183, 184–85, 188, 190–191
Noriega’s capture in plans of, 89, 159–60, 170, 172
operational security precautions for, 171–73, 177–78
Panamanian casualties in, 195
Panamanian support for, 194
Powell’s press conference on, 187–89
reworking of contingency plans for, 114, 133–35, 138–39, 142
U.S. casualties in, 186, 188, 195
U.S. hostages in, 190
U.S. troop levels in, 164
Panamanian Defense Forces (PDF), 91, 100, 327
corruption of, 133
coup attempt by, 119–25, 126, 127–30, 140, 141
in Panama invasion, 182, 183, 185–86, 188, 190
potential for coup by, 104
in pre-invasion incidents, 157–59, 161, 162, 165, 168
size of, 164
in U.S. military contingency plans, 86, 87, 92, 93, 114, 132, 133, 135, 139, 163
Pan Am Flight 103: 90
Papal Nuncio, see Laboa, Sebastian
PARCAE, 327–28
Patriot missiles, 363
Paz, Robert, 157, 159, 161, 162, 165, 168
Pentagon, see Defense Department, U.S.
perestroika, 54
Persian Gulf, 85
Bush administration’s goals in, 234, 236–37, 239, 259–62, 281–82
Carter Doctrine on, 230
Kuwaiti-controlled islands in, 252
Persian Gulf War, see Desert Shield; Desert Storm; Kuwait invasion
Philippines, 146–53, 166
U.S. response to coup attempt in, 146–53
Pickering, Thomas, 226, 229
Platt, Nicholas, 148
POLE TAX, 144
Posse Comitatus Act, 140
POST TIME, 85
Powell, Alma, 48, 111, 156, 180, 189, 236
Powell, Colin L., 105–14, 199, 205, 323, 327, 328, 352–53, 358, 359, 364
airpower distrusted by, 148, 341–342
on Bandar, 213–14, 255
“base force” concept of, 231
on Panama bomb threats, 144
Bush and Reagan compared by, 225
Bush’s job offers to, 45–47, 49
Bush’s Persian Gulf goals and, 234, 239, 241–42, 259–61, 281–82, 298–302, 309–11, 344–45
at Camp David meeting on Kuwait invasion, 247–54
career of, 48, 102, 108
characteristics of, 35, 37, 45, 108, 126–27, 213
as Cheney’s link to military, 127, 179
on Cold War’s end, 106
on congressional support for war, 356
Crowe and, 35–40, 111–12, 332
Desert Shield planning cell established by, 326
Desert Shield troops visited by, 311, 349–50
in Dugan’s firing, 290–92, 293, 294, 295
epigrams on desk of, 153, 195–196, 326, 374
execute order signed by, 367
and first day of Desert Storm, 373–76
on first Desert Shield deployment, 273–74, 278, 279, 283
as Forces Command chief, 48, 49, 105, 109
on hostage situations, 136
installation ceremony of, 125–26
Iraq target list developed by, 330–331, 364, 365, 368
on JCS, 48–49, 208
JCS as used by, 369
JCS Chairman promotion of, 106–12
Joint staff transformed by, 41
on Iraq’s pre-invasion buildup, 207–208, 209, 210, 212–14, 215–16, 218, 219–21
in Kuwait invasion response, 222, 224–25, 227, 229, 230, 231, 233–34, 235–36, 238, 241, 243–45, 261–62
on media, 129, 152, 155, 180, 190, 192, 194, 277–78, 292, 314–15, 325
on night-time warfare, 186
on Noriega’s capture, 188, 190–192
NSC as seen by, 301–2
Owens rebuked by, 238
in Panama invasion, 182, 183, 185–87, 190
Panama invasion decision and, 161–74
Panama invasion plans overseen by, 113–14, 131, 134, 135, 139, 141, 176–77
on Panama invasion’s results, 194
Panama pre-invasion fe
ars of, 174, 175, 176
Panama pre-invasion incidents and, 156–61
on PDF corruption, 133
PDF coup attempt and, 121–25, 128, 129, 130
Persian Gulf option paper and, 308–9
Philippines coup attempt response
handled by, 146–53
on political nature of Defense Department, 155
political prospects of, 39
on post-Vietnam rebuilding of Army, 154–55
pragmatic politics played by, 38, 41, 42, 318–19
preliminary Persian Gulf offensive plan and, 303–4, 305
on promotion process, 107
at Reagan-Bush-Gorbachev meeting, 52, 53, 54, 55
as Reagan’s national security adviser, 36–37, 45, 49, 108, 225, 236
on Saddam’s Kuwait invasion goals, 274
sanctions against Iraq supported by, 38, 42, 299–302
Schwarzkopf’s warning order from, 352–53, 367
Schwarzkopf’s war plan examined by, 345–49
Senate confirmation as JCS Chairman, 113, 117–18
Senate Desert Shield testimony of, 341–43
on Thurman’s activation of Joint Task Force, 143
on troop motivation, 311
on use of military force, 153, 238–39, 307
on Weinberger’s military force criteria, 117–18
PRAYER BOOK, 85, 87, 103, 104, 114, 189
presidency:
chain of command and, 76, 143, 176
war powers and, 356–57
psychological operations, 135
public opinion polls:
Bush’s support in, 36, 312
on Desert Shield, 36, 279, 316, 325
on proposed Baker-Saddam meeting, 337
on U.S.-Soviet relations, 54
Puenta Paitilla Airport, 182, 186
“purple,” in Pentagon usage, 79
Qaddafi, Muammar, 85, 276
Quayle, J. Danforth (Dan), 168, 247, 253, 337, 353, 366, 376
Philippines coup attempt and, 147, 148, 150–53
Tower nomination and, 58–59
Rabel, Ed, 180
radar “fire finders,” 349
Ramos, Fidel, 146, 152
Rangers, U.S. Army, 164, 174, 184, 185
Rather, Dan, 180
Reagan, Nancy, 52
Reagan, Ronald, 82, 108, 200, 300
Gorbachev’s New York meeting with Bush and, 52–55
responsibilities delegated by, 49, 225
Reagan administration, 39, 265
hostage incidents feared by, 85–86
Iran arms sales of, 151, 213
Scowcroft on foreign and military policy of, 50–51
Reagan-Gorbachev Reykjavik summit, 40, 51
Republican Guard:
as Desert Shield target, 304, 331, 376
in Kuwait invasion, 206, 248, 359–60
Republican party, 325–26
as House minority party, 61, 63
right wing of, 66
Reserves, U.S. Army, 48, 105, 109
in Desert Shield, 248, 283–84