Davis, Brenham, January 3, 1867, AC, LS, September 1865–March 1867, reel 1; Special
Orders No. 112, September 17, 1866, AC, IRB, October 1865–April 1869, reel 19.
33. Mahlon E. Davis, Brenham, to William H. Sinclair, Special Duty, Galveston,
January 17, 1867, AC, LR, 1866–1867, reel 5.
34. Special Orders No. 15, February 7, 1867, AC, IRB, 1867–1869, reel 19; Special
Orders No. 20, February 18, 1867, AC, IRB, 1867–1869, reel 19; Special Orders No. 28,
March 7, 1867, AC, IRB, 1867–1869, reel 19; J. J. Reynolds to O. O. Howard, May 14,
1868, AC, LR, 1867–1869, reel 16; Special Orders No. 33, May 22, 1868, AC, IRB, October
1865–April 1869, reel 19.
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244
Notes to pages 107–109
35. Cap. W. H. Redman to E. M. Gregory, May 1, 1866, AC, LR, 1866–1867, reel 7;
Cap. W. H. Redman to E. M. Gregory, May 1, 1866, AC, LR, 1866–1867, reel 7; O. A.
McGinnis to J. B. Kiddoo, August 22, 1866, AC, LR, 1866–1867, reel 7; Special Orders
No. 100, August 16, 1866, AC, IRB, October 1865–April 1867, reel 19.
36. William H. Sinclair, Inspector, to Henry A. Ellis, A.A.A.G., December 10, 1866,
AC, LR, 1866–1867, reel 8; Champ Carter, Sterling, to [J. B. Kiddoo], June 6, 1866, AC,
LR, 1866–1867, reel 4; A. P. Delano, Marlin Falls, to J. B. Kiddoo, December 31, 1866,
ROC, December 1866–May 1867, reel 20; Special Orders No. 20, December 30, 1865,
AC, IRB, October 1865–April 1869, reel 19; William H. Sinclair, Inspector, to J. B. Kid-
doo, December 23, 1866, AC, LR, 1866–1867, reel 8; Flake’s Daily Bulletin, May 9, 1866;
Special Orders No. 3, January 8, 1867, AC, IRB, October 1865–April 1869, reel 19. For
Delano’s post- Bureau problems, see A. G. Perry to Charles Griffi
n, July 16, 1867, AC,
ULB, 1867–1869 and Undated, reel 18; F. B. Sturgis, Marlin, to [Charles Griffi
n], June
30, 1867, AC, ROC, December 1866–May 1867, reel 20; F. B. Sturgis, Marlin Falls, to J. J.
Emerson, August 22, 1867, AC, LR, 1866–1867, reel 8; John Love, et al., to [J. J.] Reyn-
olds, November [1867], AC, LR, 1867–1869, reel 14; George T. Ruby, Traveling Agent, to
J. T. Kirkman, A.A.A.G., July 27, 1867, AC, LR, 1866–1867, reel 8; and H. N. Dubb,
Attorney, to [Charles Griffi
n], July 6, 1867, AC, LR, 1866–1867, reel 5.
37. Richter, “Who Was the Real Head of the Texas Freedmen’s Bureau?” 125–126,
129; William H. Sinclair, Inspector, Galveston, to Henry A. Ellis, A.A.A.G., November
30, 1866, AC, ULR, 1865–1866, reel 17; Flake’s Daily Bulletin, May 23, 1866; Richter,
“Who Was the Real Head of the Texas Freedmen’s Bureau?,” 132–134; Special Orders
No. 123, October 17, 1866, AC, IRB, October 1865–April 1869, reel 19; Special Orders No.
139, November 19, 1866, AC, IRB, October 1865–April 1869, reel 19; William H. Sinclair,
Inspector, to Henry A. Ellis, A.A.A.G., December 4, 1866, AC, LR, 1866–1867, reel 8;
William H. Sinclair, Inspector, to Henry A. Ellis, A.A.A.G., December 10, 1866, AC,
LR, 1866–1867, reel 8. For similar problems with agents in the cotton trade in other
states, see Howard A. White, Th
e Freedmen’s Bureau in Louisiana (Baton Rouge: Loui-
siana State University Press, 1970), 34–37. Reported labor problems are in F. B. Sturgis,
La Grange, to Lemuel K. Morton, A.A.A.G., September 18, 1866, AC, LR, 1866–1867,
reel 8; J. W. McConaughey, Wharton, to [Headquarters], July 8, 1866, AC, LR, 1866–
1867, reel 7; Albert A. Metzner, Clinton, to William H. Sinclair, A.A.G., August 14,
1866, AC, LR, 1866–1867, reel 7; and Byron Porter, Austin, to Henry A. Ellis, A.A.A.G.,
November 1, 1866, SAC, LS, October 1866–May 1867, reel 12. Reports of satisfactory
conditions are James F. Hutchison, Columbus, to William H. Sinclair, A.A.G., August
14, 1866, AC, LR, 6; Ira P. Pedigo, Woodville, to Henry A. Ellis, A.A.A.G., November
19, 1866, AC, LR, 1866–1867, reel 7; Alex B. Coggeshall, Bastrop, to [Headquarters],
October 2, 1866, AC, LR, 1866–1867, reel 4; and Fred W. Reinhard, Centreville, to
[Headquarters], November 12, 1866, AC, LR, 1866–1867, reel 7.
38. William H. Sinclair, Inspector, to Henry A. Ellis, A.A.A.G., December 10,
1866, AC, LR, 1866–1867, reel 8; William H. Sinclair, Inspector, to Henry A. Ellis,
A.A.A.G., November 30, 1866, AC, ULR, 1865–1866, reel 17; L. J. Warner, Inspector, to
Henry A. Ellis, A.A.A.G., December 6, 1866, AC, LR, 1866–1867, reel 9; William H.
Sinclair, Inspector, to Henry A. Ellis, A.A.A.G., December 23, 1866, AC, LR,
1868–1870.
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Notes to pages 109–113
245
39. J. B. Kiddoo to O. O. Howard, December 24, 1866, M752C, LR, January–May,
187, reel 44; Charles Griffi
n to O. O. Howard, [February 1867], M742C, LR, January–
May 1867, reel 44; Circular No. 25, December 21, 1866, AC, IRB, October 1865–April
1869, reel 19; Circular letter from J. B. Kiddoo, December 31, 1866, AC, IRB, October
1865–April 1869, reel 19; Charles Griffi
n to O. O. Howard, February 7, 1867, Correspon-
dence, M91, Box 4, Howard Papers–Bowdoin; O. O. Howard to J. B. Kiddoo, November
27, 1866, Manuscript Volume Folio, M91, Box 7, Howard Papers–Bowdoin; O. O. How-
ard to Charles Griffi
n, Letters Sent, January 14, 1867, M742C, LS, January 2–September
20, 1867, reel 3; A. P. Ketchum, A.A.A.G., to J. B. Kiddoo, January 14, 1867, M742C, LS,
January 2–September 20, 1867, reel 3. In the months between Kiddoo’s dismissal and
Griffi
n’s succession there were three interim Bureau chiefs in Texas: Henry Ashfi eld
Ellis, Abner Doubleday, and Solon H. Lathrop. (See Th
ompson, Civil War to the Bloody
End, 333; and Richter, Overreached on All Sides, 143.)
40. Galveston Daily News, February 5, 1867.
6. “Th
ey must vote with the party that shed their blood . . . in giving
them liberty”: Bureau Agents, Politics, and the Bureau’s New Order:
Th
e Charles Griffi
n Era, January 1867–Summer 1867
1. Buell, Th
e Cannoneer, 320; Richter, Overreached on All Sides, 150; Heitman, His-
torical Register and Dictionary of the United States Army, 1:478; George W. Cullum,
Biographical Register of the Offi
cers and Graduates of the U.S. Military Academy at
West Point, New York, from Its Establishment March 16, 1802, to the Army Reorganiza-
tion of 1866–1867, 2 vols. (New York: D. Van Nostrand, 1868), 2:196–197; Tyler, ed., New
Handbook of Texas, 3:337; 5:1018–1019; John E. Eicher and David J. Eicher, Civil War
High Commands (Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 2001), 269, 701,707, 712, 722;
William L. Richter, “Tyrant and Reformer: General Griffi
n Reconstructs Texas, 1865–
1866,” Prologue 10 (Winter 1978): 226, 229; Boatner, Civil War Dictionary, 360–361.
2. General Orders No. 5, February 2, 1867, TxAGO, Box 401–861, Folder 861–26;
Richter, “Tyrant and Reformer,” 2
30; J. T. Kirkman, A.A.A.G., to J. R. Fitch, Indianola,
March 18, 1867, AC, LS, September 1865–March 1867, reel 1; General Orders No. 9, Feb-
ruary 12, 1867, AC, IRB, October 1865–April 1869, reel 19; General Orders No. 1, Janu-
ary 1, 1867, AC, IRB, October 1865–April 1869; General Orders No. 3, January 29, 1867,
AC, IRB, October 1865–April 1869, reel 19; Charles Griffi
n to O. O. Howard, July 15,
1867, M752C, LR, June–August, 1867, reel 48; O. O. Howard to [Charles Griffi
n], Janu-
ary 24, 1867, AC, LR, 1866–1867, reel 6; Edward Miller, Victoria, to J. T. Kirkman,
A.A.A.G., January 24, 1867, AC, LR, 1866–1867, reel 7. Th
e correspondence from Griffi
n
and Kiddoo to Howard are in Box 5, folders for December 1866 through February 1867,
Correspondences, Freedmen’s Bureau Period, Howard Papers–Bowdoin.
3. Endorsement of letter from Chilton and Branch to Charles Griffi
n, February 4,
1867, AC, ES, April 1866–September 1867, reel 2; Charles Griffi
n to O. O. Howard, Feb-
ruary 18, 1867, M752C, LR, January–May 1867, reel 44; General Orders No. 4, January
30, 1867, AC, IRB, October 1865–April 1869, reel 19. Concern about Griffi
n’s policies is
in Charles F. Rand, Marshall, to J. T. Kirkman, A.A.A.G., February 26, 1867, AC, LR,
1866–1867, reel 7.
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246
Notes to pages 113–117
4. J. T. Kirkman, A.A.A.G., to all Subassistant Commissioners, June 21, 1867, AC,
LS, March 1867–May 1869, reel 2; Circular No. 1, February 2, 1867, AC, IRB, October
1865–April 1869, reel 19.
5. Richter, Overreached on All Sides, 158; General Orders No. 4, January 30, 1867,
AC, IRB, October 1865–April 1869, reel 19; Charles Griffi
n to O. O. Howard, July 1, 1867,
AC, LS, March 1867–May 1869, reel 1; Charles Griffi
n to O. O. Howard, July 15, 1867,
M752C, LR, June–August, 1867, reel 48; Claude Elliot, “Th
e Freedmen’s Bureau in
Texas,” Southwestern Historical Quarterly 56 (July 1952): 14; Richter, Army in Texas
During Reconstruction, 74.
6. Statutes at Large, 14:428–429.
7. Richter, Overreached on All Sides, 204–207; Richter, “Tyrant and Reformer,” 245;
Statutes at Large, 14:429; 15:2–4; Lieberman, “Freedmen’s Bureau and the Politics of
Institutional Structure,” 429; Randolph B. Campbell, Gone to Texas: A History of the
Lone Star State (New York: Oxford University Press, 2003), 276; Owens, “Presidential
Reconstruction,” 180.
8. Endorsement of letter from Charles E. Culver, Cotton Gin, to J. P. Richardson,
A.A.A.G., November 2, 1867, AC, ES, September 1867–May 1869, reel 2; Charles Griffi
n
to O. O. Howard, June 17, 1867, M752C, LR, June–August, 1867, reel 48; Statutes at
Large, 14:428; William R. Richter, “ ‘Devil Take Th
em All’: Military Rule in Texas,
1862–1870,” Southern Studies 25 (Spring 1986): 17; J. T. Kirkman, A.A.A.G., to Subassis-
tant Commissioners, March 30, 1867, AC, LS, September 1865–March 1867, reel 1.
9. Carpenter, Sword and Olive Branch, 135, 139; House Miscellaneous Document, 41st
Congress, 2nd Session, No. 154, pp. 35, 38; Cox and Cox, “General Howard and ‘Mis-
represented Bureau,’ ” 442–443, 447–450; Engelsman, “Freedmen’s Bureau in Louisi-
ana,” 164; Richard L. Hume, “Th
e Freedmen’s Bureau and the Freedmen’s Vote in the
Reconstruction of Southern Alabama: An Account by Agent Samuel S. Gardner,” Ala-
bama Historical Quarterly 37 (Fall 1975): 219.
10. J. W. Wilbarger, Indian Depredations in Texas (Austin: Steck Company, 1935),
128.
11. C. S. Roberts, Clarksville, Special Duty, to J. T. Kirkman, A.A.A.G., August 14,
1867, AC, LR, 1866–1867, reel 7; Richter, “Tyrant and Reformer,” 235–239. Duties regard-
ing registration are Patrick F. Duggan, Columbia, to J. T. Kirkman, A.A.A.G., August
6, 1867, SAC, LSRE, April 1867–November 1868, reel 15; P. B. Johnson, Woodville, to J.
T. Kirkman, A.A.A.G., July 31, 1867, AC, ROC, June–August 1867, reel 21; John Dix,
Corpus Christi, to J. T. Kirkman, A.A.A.G., April 23, 1867, AC, LR, 1866–1867, reel 5; J.
T. Kirkman, A.A.A.G., to [SACs], July 10, 1867, AC, LS, March 1867–May 1869, reel 1;
William H. Sinclair, Inspector, to N. Prime, Secretary, Offi
ce of Civil Aff airs, June 22,
1867, LR, April 1867–May 1869, Correspondences of the Offi
ce of Civil Aff airs of the
District of Texas, the 5th Military District, and the Department of Texas, 1867–1870,
Record Group 393, National Archives and Records Administration, Washington, D.C.
(Microfi lm M1188, reel 7), hereaft er cited as OCA; Mathew Young, Belton, to J. T. Kirk-
man, A.A.A.G., July 16, 1867, SAC, LS, July–December 1867, reel 13; Randolph B. Camp-
bell, Grass- Roots Reconstruction, 1865–1880 (Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University
Press, 1997), 39; Byron Porter, Bastrop, to J. T. Kirkman, A.A.A.G., May 21, 1867, SAC,
LS, February 1867–February 1868, reel 13; William A. Russ, Jr., “Registration and Dis-
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Notes to pages 117–119
247
franchisement Under Radical Reconstruction,” Mississippi Valley Historical Review 21
(September 1934): 171–172; J. P. Richardson, Austin, to J. T. Kirkman, A.A.A.G., SAC,
LS, October 1866–May 1867, reel 12; William Garretson, Matagorda, to N. Prime, Sec-
retary, Offi
ce of Civil Aff airs, July 1, 1867, SAC, LR, May–September 1867, reel 24; E. M.
Pease to J. J. Reynolds, February 27, 1868, AC, LR, 1867–1869, reel 12; Arthur B. Homer,
Columbia, to J. P. Richardson, A.A.A.G., March 17, 1868, AC, LR, 1867–1869, reel 12;
and Arthur B. Homer, Columbia, to J. P. Richardson, A.A.A.G., July 27, 1868, AC, LR,
1867–1869, reel 12. An example an agent had in fi nding adequate replacements is Greg-
ory Barrett, Tyler, to Charles A. Vernou, A.A.A.G., June 2, 1868, AC, Letters Received,
1867–1869, reel 10. Th
ose agents who entered politics shortly aft er their tenure were
Champ Carter, William Garretson, John Dix, A. K. Foster, A. H. Cox, Jacob C.
DeGress, Johnathan T. Whiteside, William H. Sinclair, Byron Porter, J. P. Richardson,
George T. Ruby, Albert H. Latimer, Hardin Hart, F. P. Wood, John H. Archer, Edwin
Finch, Alex B. Coggeshall, E. M. Wheelock, P. B. Johnson, James P. Butler, Ira H.
Evans, Th
omas H. Baker, Oscar F. Hunsaker, D. S. Hunsaker, Charles Haughn, John H.
Morrison, Fred W. Reinhard, William J. Neely, Th
omas C. Griffi
n, John C. Conner,
Mortimer H. Goddin, A. G. Malloy, B. J. Arnold, Samuel A. Craig, and Anthony M.
Bryant. William D. Price was nominated as Texas state treasurer but refused to run.
12. Richter, “Who Was the Real Head of the Texas Freedmen’s Bureau?,” 152–155;
Tyler, ed., New Handbook of Texas, 2:565–566; W. C. Nunn, Texas Under the Carpet-
baggers (Austin: Universit
y of Texas Press, 1962), 127; Carl H. Moneyhon, Republican-
ism in Reconstruction Texas (Austin: University of Texas Press, 1980), 158; Paul D.
Casdorph, A History of the Republican Party in Texas, 1865–1965 (Austin: Pemberton
Press, 1965), 51, 7, 47, 249; Biographical Directory of the American Congress, 1774–1949
(Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Offi
ce, 1950), 415. For other agents turned
politicians, see R. J. Denny, et al., to Charles Griffi
n, June 5, 1867, AC, LR, 1866–1867,
reel 5; Randolph B. Campbell, “Scalawag District Judges: Th
e E. J. Davis Appointees,
1870–1873,” Houston Review 14 (Fall 1992): 81; Randolph B. Campbell, Grass- Roots
Reconstruction in Texas, 1865–1880 (Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press,
1997), 90; Digest of Contested Elections, 45th Congress, 2nd Session, No. 52, 221; John Y.
Simon, et al., eds., Th
e Papers of Ulysses S. Grant, 31 vols. (Carbondale: Southern Illi-
nois University Press, 1991), 18:248; Ernest William Winkler, ed., Platforms of Political
Parties in Texas (Austin: University of Texas Press, 1916), 128; Th
omas William Her-
ringshaw, ed., Herringshaw’s Encyclopedia of American Biography of the Nineteenth
Century (Chicago: American Publishers’ Association, 1901), 259; Tyler, ed., New Hand-
book of Texas, 2:657; E. J. Davis to J. T. Kirkman, A.A.A.G., August 2, 1867, AC, Letters
Received, 1866–1867, reel 5. For a few with Democratic leanings, see Carpenter, “Agents
of the Freedmen’s Bureau,” 226; Th
omas H. Baker, Lockhart, to E. M. Pease, July 14,
1868, AC, LR, 1867–1869, 15; Winker, ed., Platforms of Political Parties, 128; Tyler, ed.,
New Handbook of Texas, 2:274; and Biographical Directory of the American Congress,
1774–1949 (Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Offi
ce, 1950), 1010–1011.
13. Mortimer H. Goddin to [Charles Griffi
n], April 19, 1867, AC, LR, 1866–1867,
reel 5; Mortimer H. Goddin, Livingston, to J. T. Kirkman, A.A.A.G., April 15, 1867,
AC, LR, 1866–1867, reel 5; Mortimer H. Goddin, Livingston, to J. T. Kirkman,
A.A.A.G., May 31, 1867, AC, ROC, December 1866–May 1867, reel 20; J. T. Kirkman,
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248
Notes to page 119
A.A.A.G., to Mortimer H. Goddin, Livingston, March 26, 1867, AC, LS, October 1865–