4 Sindi, S., Hagman, G., Håkansson, K., Kulmala, J., Nilsen, C., Kåreholt, I. et al. (2017). Midlife work-related stress increases dementia risk in later life: The CAIDE 30-year study. The Journals of Gerontology Series B, Psychological Sciences and Social Sciences, 72(6), 1044–53.
5 Mikkelsen, K., Stojanovska, L., Polenakovic, M., Bosevski, M. & Apostolopoulos, V. (2017). Exercise and mental health. Maturitas, 106, 48–56.
6 Le Berre, A-P., Fama, R. & Sullivan, E.V. (2017). Executive functions, memory, and social cognitive deficits and recovery in chronic alcoholism: A critical review to inform future research. Alcoholism: Clinical and experimental research, 41(8), 1432–43.
7 Unkenstein, A.E., Bryant, C.A., Judd, F.K., Ong, B. & Kinsella, G.J. (2016). Understanding women’s experience of memory over the menopausal transition: Subjective and objective memory in pre-, peri- and postmenopausal women. Menopause, 23(12), 1319–29.
8 Walker, M.P. (2009). The role of sleep in cognition and emotion. The Year in Cognitive Neuroscience 2009: Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 1156, 168–97.
9 Waters, F. & Bucks, R.S. (2011). Neuropsychological effects of sleep loss: Implications for neuropsychologists. Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society, 17, 571–86.
10 Austin, M-P., Mitchell, P. & Goodwin, G.M. (2001). Cognitive deficits in depression: Possible implications for functional neuropathology. British Journal of Psychiatry, 178, 200–6; Porter, R.J., Gallagher, P., Thompson, J.M. & Young, A. (2003). Neurocognitive impairment in drug-free patients with major depressive disorder. British Journal of Psychiatry, 182(3), 214–20.
11 Rich, J.B., Svoboda, E. & Brown, G.G. (2006). Diazepam-induced prospective memory impairment and its relation to retrospective memory, attention, and arousal. Human Psychopharmacology Clinical and Experimental, 21, 101–8.
Chapter 4: Memory during menopause
1 Unkenstein, A.E., Bryant, C.A., Judd, F.K., Ong, B. & Kinsella, G.J. (2016). Understanding women’s experience of memory over the menopausal transition: Subjective and objective memory in pre-, peri- and postmenopausal women. Menopause, 23(12), 1319–29.
2 Mitchell, E.S. & Woods, N.F. (2001). Midlife women’s attributions about perceived memory changes: Observations from the Seattle Midlife Women’s Health Study. Journal of Women’s Health and Gender Based Medicine, 10, 351–62; Schaafsma, M., Homewood, J. & Taylor, A. (2010). Subjective cognitive complaints at menopause associated with declines in performance of verbal memory and attentional processes. Climacteric, 13, 84–98; Weber, M. & Mapstone, M. (2009). Memory complaints and memory performance in the menopausal transition. Menopause, 16, 694–700; Weber, M., Mapstone, M., Staskiewicz, J. & Maki, P.M. (2012). Reconciling subjective memory complaints with objective memory performance in the menopausal transition. Menopause, 19, 735–41.
3 van der Werf, S.P. & Vos, S.H. (2011). Memory worries and self-reported daily forgetfulness: A psychometric evaluation of the Dutch translation of the Multifactorial Memory Questionnaire. The Clinical Neuropsychologist, 25, 244–68.
4 van der Werf & Vos (2011). Memory worries and self-reported daily forgetfulness. The Clinical Neuropsychologist, 25, 244–68.
5 Gurvich, C., Hoy, K., Thomas, N. & Kulkarni, J. (2018). Sex differences and the influence of sex hormones on cognition through adulthood and the aging process. Brain Sciences, 8, 163; McEwen, B.S. (2014). Sex, stress and the brain: Interactive actions of hormones on the developing and adult brain. Climacteric, 17(Suppl. 2), 1–8.
6 Weber, M.T., Rubin, L.H. & Maki, P.M. (2013). Cognition in perimenopause: The effect of transition stage. Menopause, 20, 511–17; Epperson, C.N., Sammel, M.D. & Freeman, E.W. (2013). Menopause effects on verbal memory: Findings from a longitudinal community cohort. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism, 98, 3829–38.
7 Andreoletti, C., Veratti, B. & Lachman, M. (2006). Age differences in the relationship between anxiety and recall. Aging & Mental Health, 10(3), 265–71.
8 Griffiths, A., MacLennan, S.J. & Hassard, J. (2013). Menopause and work: An electronic survey of employees’ attitudes in the UK. Maturitas, 76, 155–9.
9 Kinsella, G.J., Ames, D., Storey E., Ong, B., Pike, K.E., Saling, M.M. et al. (2016). Strategies for improving memory: A randomized trial of memory groups for older people, including those with mild cognitive impairment. Journal of Alzheimer’s Disease, 49, 31–43.
10 Unkenstein, A., Bei, B. & Bryant, C. (2017). Enhancing memory self-efficacy during menopause through a group memory strategies program. Menopause, 24(5), 574–81.
Chapter 5: What can we do to reduce the risk of developing dementia?
1 Isaacson, R. (2017). Is Alzheimer’s prevention possible today? Journal of the American Geriatrics Society, 65, 2153–4.
2 Livingston, G., Sommerlad, A., Orgeta, V., Costafreda, J.H., Huntley, J., Ames, D. et al. (2017). Dementia prevention, intervention and care. Lancet, 390(10113), 2673–734.
3 Isaacson, R. (2017). Is Alzheimer’s prevention possible today? Journal of the American Geriatrics Society, 65, 2153–4.
4 Villemagne, V.L., Burnham, S., Bourgeat, P., Brown, B., Ellis, K.A., Salvado, O. et al. (2013). Amyloid β deposition, neurodegeneration and cognitive decline in sporadic Alzheimer’s disease: A prospective cohort study. Lancet Neurology, 12, 357–67.
5 Isaacson, R. (2017). Is Alzheimer’s prevention possible today? Journal of the American Geriatrics Society, 65, 2153–4.
6 Livingston, G. et al. (2017). Dementia prevention, intervention and care Lancet, 390(10113), 2673–734.
7 Livingston, G. et al. (2017). Dementia prevention, intervention and care. Lancet, 390(10113), 2673–734.
8 Galvin, J.E. (2017). Prevention of Alzheimer’s disease: Lessons learned and applied. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society, 65, 2128–33.
9 Stern, Y. (2012). Cognitive reserve in ageing and Alzheimer’s disease. Lancet Neurology, 11, 1006–12.
10 Lautenschlager, N.L., Cox, K., Hill, K.D., Pond, D., Ellis, K.A., Dow, B. et al. (2018). Physical Activity Guidelines for Older Australians with Mild Cognitive Impairment or Subjective Cognitive Decline. Melbourne: Dementia Collaborative Research Centres.
11 Livingston, G. et al. (2017). Dementia prevention, intervention, and care. Lancet, 390(10113), 2673–734.
12 Mikkelsen, K., Stojanovska, L., Polenakovic, M., Bosevski, M. & Apostolopoulos, V. (2017). Exercise and mental health, Maturitas, 106, 48–56.
13 Lautenschlager, N.L. et al. (2018). Physical Activity Guidelines for Older Australians with Mild Cognitive Impairment or Subjective Cognitive Decline.
14 Stern, Y. (2012). Cognitive reserve in ageing and Alzheimer’s disease. Lancet Neurology, 11, 1006–12.
15 Lillard, A.S. & Erisir, A. (2011). Old dogs learning new tricks: Neuroplasticity beyond the juvenile period. Developmental Review, 31(2011), 207–39.
16 A Consensus on the Brain Training Industry from the Scientific Community, Max Planck Institute for Human Development and Stanford Center on Longevity, accessed 11 October 2018, http://longevity3.stanford.edu/blog/2014/10/15/the-consensus-on-the-brain-training-industry-from-the-scientific-community/; Owen, A.M., Hampshire, A., Grahn, J.A., Stenton, R., Dajani, S., Burns, A.S. et al. (2010). Putting brain training to the test. Nature, 465(7299), 775–8.
17 Livingston, G. et al. (2017). Dementia prevention, intervention and care. Lancet, 390(10113), 2673–734.
18 Livingston, G. et al. (2017). Dementia prevention, intervention and care. Lancet, 390(10113), 2673–734.
19 Dumas, J.A. (2017). Strategies for preventing cognitive decline in healthy older adults. The Canadian Journal of Psychiatry, 62(11), 754–60.
20 Gustafsona, D.R., Morrisc, M.C., Scarmeasd, N., Shahf, R.C. & Sijbeng, J. (2015). New perspectives on Alzheimer’s disease and nutrition. Journal of Alzheimer’s Disease, 46, 1111–27.
21 Livingston, G. et al. (2017). Dementia prevention, intervention and care. Lancet, 390(10113), 2673–734.
22 Walker, M.P. (2009). The role of sleep in cogni
tion and emotion. The Year in Cognitive Neuroscience 2009: Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 1156, 168–97.
23 Waters, F. & Bucks, R.S. (2011). Neuropsychological effects of sleep loss: Implications for neuropsychologists. Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society, 17, 571–86.
24 Cross, N.E., Memarian, N., Duffy, S.L., Paquola, C., LaMonica, H., D’Rozario, A. et al. (2018). Structural brain correlates of obstructive sleep apnoea in older adults at risk for dementia. European Respiratory Journal, 52, 1800740.
Chapter 6: Strategies for everyday memory
1 Singer, G. & Singer L. (1994). Making the Most of your Memory: Practical memory exercises for all ages. Bundoora, Victoria: La Trobe University Press.
2 Bouazzaoui, B., Isingrini, M., Fay, S., Angel, L., Vanneste, S., Clarys, D. & Taconnat, L. (2010). Aging and self-reported internal and external memory strategy uses: The role of executive functioning. Acta Psychologica, 135, 59–66.
3 Kotler-Cope, S. & Camp, C.J. (1990). Memory interventions in aging populations. In E.A. Lovelace (ed.), Aging and Cognition: Mental processes, self-awareness and interventions (pp. 231–62). North Holland, Amsterdam & New York: Elsevier Science Publications.
4 Kinsella, G.J., Pike, K.E., Cavuoto, M.G. & Lee, S.D. (2018). Mild cognitive impairment and prospective memory: Translating the evidence into neuropsychological practice. The Clinical Neuropsychologist, 32(5), 960–80.
Chapter 8: What if it’s dementia?
2 Livingston, G., Sommerlad, A., Orgeta, V., Costafreda, J.H., Huntley, J., Ames, D. et al. (2017). Dementia prevention, intervention and care. Lancet, 390(10113), 2673–4.
3 Prince, M. et al. (2014). Dementia UK: Update Second Edition report produced by King’s College London and the London School of Economics for the Alzheimer’s Society, www.dementiastatistics.org/statistics/prevalence-by-age-in-the-uk/.
4 Gurvich, C., Hoy, K., Thomas, N. & Kulkarni, J. (2018). Sex differences and the influence of sex hormones on cognition through adulthood and the aging process. Brain Sciences, 8, 163.
5 Villemagne, V.L. et al. (2013). Amyloid β deposition, neurodegeneration and cognitive decline in sporadic Alzheimer’s disease: A prospective cohort study. Lancet Neurology, 12, 357–67.
6 Gustafsona, D.R., Morrisc, M.C., Scarmeasd, N., Shahf, R.C. & Sijbeng, J. (2015). New perspectives on Alzheimer’s disease and nutrition. Journal of Alzheimer’s Disease, 46, 1111–27.
7 Cummings, J. (2017). Effect size of analysis of Souvenaid in patients with Alzheimer’s disease. Journal of Alzheimer’s Disease, 55(3), 1131–9; Soininen, H., Solomon, A., Visser, P.J., Hendrix, S.B., Blennow, K., Kivipelto, M. & Hartmann, T. (2017). 24-month intervention with a specific multinutrient in people with prodromal Alzheimer’s disease (LipiDiDiet): A randomised, double-blind, controlled trial RSS. Lancet Neurology, 16(12), 965–75.
8 This figure was adapted from a figure in Kitwood, T. (1993). Person and process in dementia. International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry, 8, 541–5.
Several of the quotations used in the text are drawn from Tripp, R.T. (1987). The International Thesaurus of Quotations (1st Perennial edn). New York: Perennial Library.
Index
acquiring, memory process 3–6, 19
and ageing 19–20
acronyms 101–2
acrostics 99–100
adding meaning, as memory strategy 66, 88, 92–100
aged care support organisations 207–10
ageing
effect on memory of 14–25, 28
increasing proportion of older people xi, 197
rights and interests support organisation 207
alarms 104, 117–19, 164, 168, 186–7,
203; see also technical devices, as memory aids
alcohol 33–4, 46, 68, 70, 75, 144, 154, 189, 197
Alzheimer’s disease; see also dementia
age at onset 146
causes of 145
compared to normal memory loss 148–9
diagnosis of 146–7
genetics and 145
lifestyle factors 156–60
maximising memory during Alzheimer’s disease 152
memory strategies 160–9
percentage of people who develop Alzheimer’s disease 16, 146
physical and mental health issues 153–6
reactions to diagnosis 152
reducing the risk of developing Alzheimer’s disease 73–83
risk factors 73–4, 70–83, 145
support from others 169–74
support organisations for Alzheimer’s disease 207–10
treatment for 150–2
word-finding strategies 171–2, 180
amyloid 145–6
antioxidants 151
anxiety
as risk factor for dementia 75–6, 83
during menopause 53, 60, 64–5, 68, 70
effect on memory of 28–9, 46, 86, 129, 132, 141, 146, 197
memory-anxiety spiral 29, 64–5, 197
support organisations for anxiety 208–10
with dementia 154–6, 160, 176, 189
association
as memory strategy 20, 64, 66, 93–5, 98, 100, 102
memory process 9
attention
and ageing 17–19, 25
during menopause 60
focusing attention as memory strategy 63–7, 71, 88–92, 127, 132–3, 200–1
attitudes
effect on memory of 27, 29, 34, 40, 45, 47–8
towards ageing 16
towards menopause 59–60
back-up system, as memory strategy 35, 41, 106, 123, 125, 161, 182, 203
block for a word 11, 14–15, 20–2, 56–7, 59, 70, 86, 171–2, 178
blood pressure 70, 75, 77, 80, 83, 145
brain changes
in Alzheimer’s disease 73, 145
in dementia 143–4
in normal ageing 24
brain-derived neurotrophic factor 77
brain health 24, 69–71, 72–84
brain injury 43–5
brain plasticity 78
brain resilience 73–84
brain scans 146
brain training 78–9, 82, 188
calendar 45, 65, 106, 108, 117–18, 140, 162–4, 168–70, 183–4, 189
car park 27, 67, 90, 97, 107, 114, 120, 201–3
carers 152, 163; see also supporting
someone with memory
difficulties
carer support organisations 207–10
cholesterol 70, 75, 77, 80, 83
cholinesterase inhibitors 150
chunking 100
colour, as memory strategy 41, 90, 97, 113, 137–8, 167, 202
communication book 185
community see memory-wise community
confidence, in memory 29–30, 41, 55, 60–1, 70–1, 130, 152, 175, 180, 193, 204
context, and memory 5, 12, 22–3, 95
CT scan 146
cued recall 12–3
culture, and memory 11, 23, 200
de-clutter 131–2, 138, 163, 165
dementia
causes of 144–5; see also Alzheimer’s disease
definition 143–4
reducing the risk of 72–81
dementia with Lewy bodies 144
dementia support organisations 207–10
depression 37–9, 41, 75, 83, 145–6, 197
during menopause 53, 60, 68, 70
with dementia 154, 156, 176, 189
diabetes 75, 80, 83, 145
diary 88, 104–9, 118, 123, 125–6, 140–1, 162–70
diazepam see Valium
diet 33, 35, 70, 79–80, 154
disorientation, feeling los
t 148, 170–1, 202
distractions 18, 31, 35, 40, 44, 89–90, 129–33, 142, 196–7, 200, 204
do it now, as memory strategy 105, 127
drugs, effect on memory of 34, 46, 68; see also Valium
Einstein, Albert 123–4
emergency, strategies for 101, 164–5, 170
encoding see memory processes,
acquiring
enduring memory 4–6, 13
environment
memory-wise 67, 141–2, 179, 201–2, 204
unfamiliar 45, 104, 136, 153, 170–1, 188, 195
epilepsy 43
exercise 33, 35, 38, 46, 70, 76–7, 82–4, 192, 197
effect on anxiety and depression 33, 77
expectations, of memory 41, 63, 71, 163, 199–200
external memory strategies 65–6, 104–22
back-up system 35, 41, 106, 123, 125, 161, 182, 203
calendar 45, 65, 106, 108, 117–18, 140, 162–4, 168–70, 183–4, 189
colour coding 41, 90, 97, 113, 137–8, 167, 202
communication book 185
diary 88, 104–9, 118, 123, 125–6, 140–1, 162–70
filing 5, 95, 107, 137–8
labels 45, 107, 138, 190
name tag 112
pick-up points 138–9
putting something in a special place 66, 104, 113–17
reminder, ask someone to remind you 66, 104, 121, 169–70
reminder notes 30, 166, 184
reminder system 34, 45, 66, 108–9, 118, 123, 168, 182–5
shopping list 6, 11, 56, 65, 88, 101, 103, 105–7, 110, 122, 162, 166, 173
technical devices 104, 108, 117, 168, 179, 202
to do list 109, 118, 125, 138, 141, 182
vs internal strategies 122–6
writing things down 107–13, 140–1, 166
written reminder 45, 65–6, 108, 184–5
fatigue 34, 39–41; see also sleep
fear 46
of losing memory 16, 29, 103–4, 150–2
filing, as memory strategy 5, 95, 107, 137–8
filing cabinet, analogy for memory 2–13, 21, 33, 88, 123
fluctuations, in memory 13, 26, 67, 85, 154, 196, 198–9
fog, feeling of being in a fog 32