political struggles in, 245
public life in, 253
“rejuvenation period” in, 248–50
return to old practices in, 248–50
return to small-town life in, 260
revitalization of, 248–50
revival in, 227–40
ridge top mounds in, 243
rise and fall of, 209–10
rituals in, 224–25, 243–48
shift in layout of, 229
Siouan tribes and, 250–54
social change in, 229, 234–35, 237
social movements in, 210, 249–50, 253
social structure in, 242
souvenirs from, 213
spirituality in, 212–13, 222–23, 242. 253
Stirling phase, 234, 235, 247, 248, 249
survivance in, 250–54
transformative power of water in, 245–46
transition in, 229, 234–35, 237
urban plan of, 212–13, 229, 234, 243
Cahokia Mounds State Historic Site, 228
Caligula, 93
Cambodia, 1–4, 5, 145, 156, 158, 198
climate extremes and, 147, 161
France and, 183
Campania, 134, 137
Campbell, Stuart, 73, 75
Carston, Janet, 38
Carter, Alison, 157–58, 175, 181, 197
Carthage, 86, 131
Çatalhöyük, 5–7, 10–13, 15–75, 16–17, 104, 124, 137, 148–50, 155, 160, 198, 209, 257, 260, 261
8.2k event in, 62–66, 73
4040 excavation, 22, 25, 42, 44
abandonment of, 60, 61, 64, 68–71, 73, 103, 250
afterlife of, 129
cemeteries at, 60
change in, 36, 59–60, 61, 66–71, 73, 258
as city, 71–72, 73
climate change in, 63–66, 73, 258
“closing up” houses and buildings in, 224–25
collapsing structures in, 72
cooking in, 42, 54, 61
crisis points in, 59–60
Death Pit in, 71–75
doorways in, 31–32
drought in, 258
egalitarianism in, 66–68, 69–70, 75
farming in, 61, 73
final phase of its occupation, 62–66
food insecurity and, 73
founding of, 27
graves in, 22–23
hierarchy in, 66–71, 72
housebuilding in, 24
as mega-village, 66
migration within, 62–63
mobility and, 70–71
privacy in, 31–32
private property in, 66
as proto-city at best, 71, 73
sea level rise and, 63
signs of inequality in, 70
skyline of, 42–43
social change in, 66–71
social stratification in, 66–71, 75
social structure in, 66–71
stamps in, 36–40, 70–71
trade and, 71
urban design of, 22, 31, 66–68
urban grid of, 22, 66–67
urbanism and, 40
wall art in, 56
Çatalhöyük dig, 21, 32
Çatalhöyük Dig House, 21
Catlin, George, 275n9
cattle, 65. See also aurochs
celebrations, 215–16, 221, 227
ceramics, 175
ceramic technology, 54. See also pottery
Cham people, 189
change, 12, 61, 236–40
climate (see climate change)
conceptual, 35
social, 66–71, 229, 234–35, 237
Charles VII, 81, 90
Chenla Empire, 151, 153
Chhom, Kunthea, 187–88
Childe, V. Gordon, 26, 71, 212
Chola Kingdom, 166
Christians, 123
Chunkey, 214, 275n9
“chunking out,” 232
Cicero, 96, 101
Citarista, 115
cities. See also specific cities
abandonment of, 60–61, 255, 257, 258–59, 261
agricultural regions and, 72–73
as ancestors, 75
climate change and, 256, 258, 259
collapse of, 258–59, 261
as cosmology, 75
death of, 11
defining traits of, 71
as ecosystems, 240
as embodiments of human labor, 257–58
expansion of, 256, 257–58
future of, 257, 258–61
hierarchy and, 71–72
as history, 75
labor investment and, 72
layouts of, 240
as life-forms, 75, 225
management of, 257–58
political instability and, 259
rejuvenation of, 257
salvaging, 260–61
as social experiments, 261
as tools, 75
transformation and, 236–40
“civilizational collapse,” 60–61. See also collapse
class, 96–102, 105–8, 113, 259, 270n7. See also hierarchy; specific classes
Claudius, 93
clay, 9–10, 25, 43, 49–50, 53, 56, 212–13, 224, 246. See also borrow pits; pottery; specific objects
clay-based technology, cooking and, 53
climate. See also climate change, survival and, 21
climate change, 13, 257–58, 260, 261. See also environmental crises
in Angkor, 8, 161, 193–202, 258
in Çatalhöyük, 63–66, 73, 258
cities and, 256, 258, 259
economic effects of, 195
effect on ancient migration, 64
modern, 64
San Francisco, California, and, 256–57
“closing up,” in Cahokia, 224–25
Coedès, George, 172, 187
collapse, 236–40, 250, 258–59, 261
collective identity, 35
Collinsville, Illinois, 9, 228
commerce, 71
community, abstract idea of, 57
compluvium, 97
cooking, 12
in Cahokia, 220, 251
in Çatalhöyük, 42, 54, 61
clay-based technology and, 53
dairy products and, 25–26
in Pompeii, 99, 101, 116, 175
technology and, 53–54
coping mechanisms, social crises and, 34–35
Correia, David, 238–39
correlation stretch analysis of images, 199
corruption, 13
cosmology
birth of, 39
cities as, 75
crafting, 42, 51, 52–54
creation story, performances retelling, 245
Crete, 116
crisis points, 59–60
Cronon, William, 72–73, 223
cultural barriers, 62
cultural enrichment, urbanism and, 55–56
cultural memories, repositories of, 56–57
cultural mixing, 215
culture shock, settled life and, 33
Cumae, 81, 133, 136–37
dairy line, 25–26, 27
dairy products, 25–26, 28, 54
Da Magdalena, Antonio, 184
data archaeology, 109, 121, 173
death, 10–13
Death Pit, 71–75, 137, 216
democratization, of Cahokia, 233–36
Desmond, Matthew, 165
Detroit, Michigan, 257
Diamond, Jared, 237–40
Dido, 41–42, 43–58, 60, 62, 66, 67, 69–70, 224
diet, 258. See also food
dogs, 27
domestication, 26–33
as filtering process, 30–31
as self-reinforcing process, 29
symbolic structures and, 29
domesticity, 30–31, 40, 42, 51–58
domestic labor, women and, 51–58
domestic technologies, women and, 51–58
Domitian, 7, 136
&n
bsp; Domuztepe, 73–75, 137, 216, 260
doorways, 31–32
drought, 6, 21, 64, 250, 258
Du Pratz, Le Page, 221
earthworks, 211
East Baray (reservoir), 162–63, 166, 168, 192, 197
Easter Island, 237
Eastern Woodlands tribes, 211
East Mound, 19–20, 22, 60, 62–63, 64, 65, 66–68, 74, 246
East St. Louis, Illinois, 9, 10, 207, 212, 228–33
Ebusus, 86
École française d’Extrême-Orient (EFEO), 168, 184–85
Edwardsville, Illinois, 222
egalitarianism, 75
Egyptians, 86
Ellis, Steven, 105–6, 108–10
Emerald site, 222–23
Emerson, Tom, 244–45
engineering, 52
environmental crises, 5, 238, 239–40, 257–58
ancient, 256
fragmentation and, 249–50
modern, 256, 257
Envisioning Cahokia, 234
erect knotweed, 220
Eumachia, 95
Europe, executions in, 216–17
European colonialism, 217, 253
European Research Council, 152
Evans, Damian, 2–3, 160, 169, 178–79, 196–97, 200
city grids and, 155
lidar mapping and, 151–53, 167, 181, 185
excavation blocks, 229–32, 246–47
executions, 216–17
expansion, 256, 257
famine, 64
Fargher, Lane, 236
farming, 51, 54–55, 62, 72–73, 222
agricultural complexity, 73
in Angkor, 146–61
in Cahokia, 218–24, 251
in Çatalhöyük, 61, 73
development of, 27
harvesting, 219–22, 223
men and, 222
shock of agricultural life, 35
urbanism and, 54–55, 73
feasts, 221, 227
Ferguson, Missouri, 254
fertility, 215–16
fertility rituals, 244, 245
fertility symbols, 46–51
festivals, 157, 174, 215–16
in Angkor, 157, 174
figurines, 46–51, 56, 213, 214, 219, 220–21, 251
Fiorelli, Giuseppe, 129
fire, 246–47. See also wildfires
Flohr, Miko, 106–7
Flohr, Pascal, 64–65
floods, 4, 8, 21, 64, 249, 257
along Mississippi, 258
in Angkor, 4, 8, 185–90, 258
food. See also cooking
abundant, 55
food insecurity, 13, 73
harvesting of, 219–22, 223
Forum, 122–23, 127
fossil fuels, 27
Fowler, Melvin L., 243
fragmentation, environmental crises and, 249–50
France, 183–84
Frazer, James George, 47
Fritz, Gayle, 219–20, 223
Fullery of Stephanus, 106–8, 116
Gaius Sulpicius Faustus, 133–39
games, 214–15, 275n9
garbage pits, 221
Garfinkel, Yosef, 68
Gaza, 116
gender, modern understanding projected on ancient cultures, 51
geoglyphs, 181
Giulia Felice. See House of Julia Felix
glacier melt, 63–64
goatherds, 54
goats, 27, 65
Gobeki Tepe, 34, 35–36, 37
goddesses, 46–51
goosefoot, 219
Graeber, David, 239
“Grandmother” figurine, 219, 220–21
Grand Plaza, 208, 213–16, 224, 234, 235, 236, 245, 247
graves, 22–23
“beaded burial,” 243–45
burial mounds, 243–45, 252
grave markers, 112–13, 135
“secondary burials,” 45
Graves, Robert, 47
Great Mound, 254
Great Plaza, 254
Great Pyramid at Giza, 9
Greek myths, 85
Gulf of Thailand, 161
Hall, Kenneth, 166
Hall, Tegan, 197
Hanoi, 184
Hariharalaya, 157
harvest, 219–22, 223
Hay, Sophie, 115–16, 128
heat waves, 258
Heng, Piphal, 158–59, 190, 193, 197–98
Henry VIII, 216
Herculaneum, 96–97, 102, 135
deaths in, 128
excavation of, 90
reasons for not digging out, 130, 133
Hercules, 95
heterarchy, 242
Hidatsa, 219, 221, 223
hierarchy, 66–71, 72, 217, 245
Hinduism, 1–2, 153–54, 156–60, 169, 172, 199
history. See also “history houses”
cities as, 75
within history, 59–75, 248
history within, 59–75, 248
idea of, 39–40
oral histories, 210, 250–51
“history houses,” 56–57, 67, 70, 209
Hodder, Ian, 23–26, 29, 32, 39–40, 42, 56, 57, 59–61, 67, 69, 168, 248
homelessness, 13
Hopewell Culture, 211
House of Julia Felix, 87, 90–91
House of the Mosaic Columns, 97–100, 104, 106
House of Terentius Neo, 114
House of the Chaste Lovers, 107
House of the Physician, 85
House of the Prince of Montenegro, 95
House of the Surgeon, 87
House of the Tragic Poet, 87, 114
House of the Vettii, 114–15, 118
houses, 40
“closing up,” 224–25
construction of, 32–33, 42
human bodies and, 38
rebuilding, 39
social relationships and, 32–33
Hsiang, Solomon, 195
Hughes, Lisa, 93–94, 96
human-animal hybrids, depictions of, 30
human bodies, houses and, 38
humanity
ecological footprint of, 27
urbanism and, 13
humans
figurines of, 46–51
imagery of, 35
sacrifice of, 216–17, 244–45
Hunter, Andrea, 250–51
hunting, 51
hunting scenes, 30, 35, 37
ice age, 63
identity
collective, 35
local vs. city, 247, 249, 250
objects and, 32–33
place and, 36, 74
stamps and, 70–71
Illinois, 204–54
Illinois Archaeological Survey, 215, 244
Illinois Confederation, 209
Illinois uplands, 211
immigrants, 12, 62, 215, 217–18, 223, 224. See also refugees
immigration, 62, 237
impluvia, 96–97
India, 108
Indian Ocean, 161
Indic regions, 172
indigenous artists, contemporary, 252–53
indigenous cultures, survivance and, 252–53
Indigenous Futurism, 252
Indonesia, 148
Indravarman II, 193
infrastructure, resilient, 260–61
interpretation, 42
Isadorus, 117
Isis, 83–87, 134
Temple of, 84, 93, 111
isotopic signatures, 218
Istanbul, Turkey, 31
J7. See Jayavarman VII (“the great king”)
Jacobs, Jane, 47
Jayatataka, 192
Jayavarman II (first Angkorian king), 154, 162, 176
Hindu empire and, 157–58
reservoirs and, 157
Jayavarman IV, 186–88
Jayavarman VII (“the great king”), 189–93, 198, 201
Buddhism and, 191
forced labor and, 192–93
Joshel, Sandra, 113
Joyce, Rosemary, 50–51, 69–70, 72
Judea, sacking of, 131
Julia Felix, 88, 92–94, 114, 121
bathhouse and spa, 87–93
insula of, 138
property and, 91–92, 100, 104
Julian Laws, 92–93
Keo, Duong, 187
Khmer, 158, 172
art of, 184
culture of, 147, 162, 185
economy of, 165
social hierarchy and, 188
Khmer-Cham war, 189
Khmer Empire, 1–4, 148, 153–54, 184, 187
Angkor as capital of, 145
debt and patronage, 163–64, 165–66, 193
Jayavarman VII (“the great king”) and, 189, 191
labor in, 173–75
river-linked cities in, 171, 180
women in, 173
Khmer kings, 157, 194
Khmer people, 147, 173, 198, 202
tradition of tropical city-building, 148
urban tradition, 202
Khmer Rouge, 156, 200, 201
Khmer royals, 145–46, 196, 198
Khmer temples, 145
Khmer territory, 194
khñum, 176, 180–81, 186, 188, 197, 212
constructed roads and temples, 166
debt slavery and, 163–65, 169
financial dealings with, 177
lists of slave names, 173
kinship system, 38–39, 223
knotweed, 220
Koh Ker, 186, 188–89, 195
Kolb, Michael, 249
Koloski-Ostrow, Olga, 122–23
Kompong Svay, 180
Konya, Turkey, 19
Konya Plain, Turkey, 20, 57, 60, 61, 63, 73, 129, 198, 257
Kostof, Spiro, 155
Krippner, Janine, 131–34
Kujit, Ian, 67–68, 69
Kuk Swamp, 149
Kulen, 197
Kulen Mountains, 154, 157, 171, 180, 191, 194
Kulen sandstone, 180
labor, 212
abuse of labor force, 259
cities as embodiments of, 257–58
domestic, 51–58
forced (see slaves)
in Khmer Empire, 173–75
labor investment, 72
mobilization of, 259
monuments and, 212
organizing, 12
women and, 51–58
lactose, 28
land, laying claim to, 33–36
landscapes, symbolic, 35
language barriers, 62
Laos, 4, 166, 186, 193
Laurentide Ice Sheet, 63
Leiden University, 106
leopards, 29–30, 36
Levin-Richardson, Sarah, 119, 120
liberti (freed slaves), 101, 108–9, 111, 128, 135–37, 225. See also Augustales
early Imperial Rome, 188
former owners and, 101, 113
reasons for survival of, 135
rise of, 101, 106, 112–17, 137
sex workers and, 120
work lives of, 99–102, 104
“lick check,” 233
lidar imaging technology, 151–52, 167
life-forms
cities as, 75
in our ecosystem, 27
lime, 220
livestock, 54. See also specific animals