13. Penny et al., “Hydrological History of the West Baray, Angkor.”
14. Monica Smith, Cities: The First 6,000 Years (New York: Viking, 2019).
15. Saskia Sassen, “Global Cities as Today’s Frontiers,” Leuphana Digital School, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Iu-p31RkCXI. She also elaborates on these ideas in her book The Global Cities: New York, London, Tokyo (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1991).
16. Geoffrey West, Scale: The Universal Laws of Life, Growth, and Death in Organisms, Cities, and Companies (New York: Penguin, 2018).
17. Lustig et al., “Words across Space and Time”; see also Eileen Lustig and Terry Lustig, “New Insights into ‘les interminables listes nominatives des esclaves’ from Numerical Analyses of the Personnel in Angkorian Inscriptions,” Aséanie 31 (2013): 55–83.
18. Kunthea Chhom, Inscriptions of Koh Ker 1 (Budapest: Hungarian Southeast Asian Research Institute, 2011), https://www.academia.edu/14872809/Inscriptions_of_Koh_Ker_n_I.
19. Terry Leslie Lustig and Eileen Joan Lustig, “Following the Non-Money Trail: Reconciling Some Angkorian Temple Accounts,” Journal of Indo-Pacific Archaeology 39 (August 2015): 26–37.
20. “Household Archaeology at Angkor Wat,” Khmer Times, July 7, 2016, https://www.khmertimeskh.com/25557/household-archaeology-at-angkor-wat/.
21. Lustig and Lustig, “Following the Non-Money Trail.”
22. Eileen Lustig, “Money Doesn’t Make the World Go Round: Angkor’s Non-Monetization,” in Economic Development, Integration, and Morality in Asia and the Americas, ed. D. Wood, Research in Economic Anthropology, vol. 29 (2009), 165–99.
23. Lustig, “Money Doesn’t Make the World Go Round.”
24. Mitch Hendrickson et al., “Industries of Angkor Project: Preliminary Investigation of Iron Production at Boeng Kroam, Preah Khan of Kompong Svay,” Journal of Indo-Pacific Archaeology 42 (2018): 32–42, https://journals.lib.washington.edu/index.php/JIPA/article/view/15257/12812.
25. Damian Evans and Roland Fletcher, “The Landscape of Angkor Wat Redefined,” Antiquity 89, no. 348 (2015): 1402–19.
Chapter 9: The Remains of Imperialism
1. Henri Mouhot, Travels in the Central Parts of Indo-China (Siam), Cambodia, and Laos during the Years 1858, 1859, and 1860, 2 vols., Gutenberg Project, last modified August 11, 2014, http://www.gutenberg.org/files/46559/46559-h/46559-h.htm.
2. Alison Carter, “Stop Saying the French Discovered Angkor,” Alison in Cambodia (blog), accessed November 12, 2019, https://alisonincambodia.wordpress.com/2014/10/05/stop-saying-the-french-discovered-angkor/.
3. Terry Lustig et al., “Evidence for the Breakdown of an Angkorian Hydraulic System, and Its Historical Implications for Understanding the Khmer Empire,” Journal of Archaeological Science: Reports 17 (2018): 195–211.
4. Keo Duong, “Jayavarman IV: King Usurper?” (master’s thesis, Chulalongkorn University, 2012).
5. Tegan Hall, Dan Penny, and Rebecca Hamilton, “Re-Evaluating the Occupation History of Koh Ker, Cambodia, during the Angkor Period: A Palaeo-Ecological Approach,” PLoS ONE 13, no. 10 (2018): e0203962, https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0203962.
6. Kunthea Chhom, Inscriptions of Koh Ker 1 (Budapest: Hungarian Southeast Asian Research Institute, 2011), https://www.academia.edu/14872809/Inscriptions_of_Koh_Ker_n_I, 12.
7. Eileen Lustig and Terry Lustig, “New Insights into ‘les interminables listes nominatives des esclaves’ from Numerical Analyses of the Personnel in Angkorian Inscriptions,” Aséanie 31 (2013): 55–83.
8. Lustig et al., “Evidence for the Breakdown of an Angkorian Hydraulic System.”
9. Wensheng Lan et al., “Microbial Community Analysis of Fresh and Old Microbial Biofilms on Bayon Temple Sandstone of Angkor Thom, Cambodia,” Microbial Ecology 60, no. 1 (2010): 105–15, doi:10.1007/s00248-010-9707-5.
10. Peter D. Sharrock, “Garuḍa, Vajrapāṅi and Religious Change in Jayavarman VII’s Angkor,” Journal of Southeast Asian Studies 40, no. 1 (2009): 111–51.
11. Roland Fletcher et al., “The Development of the Water Management System of Angkor: A Provisional Model,” Bulletin of the Indo-Pacific Prehistory Association 28 (2008): 57–66.
12. Dan Penny et al., “The Demise of Angkor: Systemic Vulnerability of Urban Infrastructure to Climatic Variations,” Science Advances 4, no. 10 (October 17, 2018): eaau4029.
13. Solomon M. Hsiang and Amir S. Jina, “Geography, Depreciation, and Growth,” American Economic Review 105, no. 5 (2015): 252–56.
14. Alison K. Carter et al., “Temple Occupation and the Tempo of Collapse at Angkor Wat, Cambodia,” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 116, no. 25 (June 2019): 12226–31.
15. Dan Penny et al., “Geoarchaeological Evidence from Angkor, Cambodia, Reveals a Gradual Decline Rather than a Catastrophic 15th-Century Collapse,” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 116, no. 11 (March 2019): 4871–76.
16. Miriam Stark, “Universal Rule and Precarious Empire: Power and Fragility in the Angkorian State,” chap. 9 in The Evolution of Fragility: Setting the Terms, ed. Norman Yoffee (Cambridge: McDonald Institute for Archaeological Research, 2019), 174.
Chapter 10: America’s Ancient Pyramids
1. Sarah E. Baires, Land of Water, City of the Dead: Religion and Cahokia’s Emergence (Tuscaloosa: University of Alabama Press, 2017).
2. See Michael Hittman, Wovoka and the Ghost Dance (Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1997), and Alice Beck Kehoe, The Ghost Dance: Ethnohistory and Revitalization (New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston, 1989).
3. John Noble Wilford, “Ancient Indian Site Challenges Ideas on Early American Life,” New York Times, September 19, 1997, https://www.nytimes.com/1997/09/19/us/ancient-indian-site-challenges-ideas-on-early-american-life.html.
4. Timothy Pauketat, Cahokia: Ancient America’s Great City on the Mississippi (New York: Viking, 2009).
5. Rinita A. Dalan et al., Envisioning Cahokia: A Landscape Perspective (DeKalb: Northern Illinois University Press, 2003).
6. V. Gordon Childe, “The Urban Revolution,” Town Planning Review 21, no. 1 (1950): 3–17.
7. Dalan et al., Envisioning Cahokia, 129.
8. Timothy Pauketat, “America’s First Pastime,” Archaeology 6, no. 5 (September/October 2009), https://archive.archaeology.org/0909/abstracts/pastime.html.
9. The painter George Catlin wrote in a letter that he’d watched the Siouan Mandan tribe playing the game in the 1830s. From George Catlin, Letters and Notes on the Manners, Customs, and Conditions of North American Indians, no. 19, retrieved November 12, 2019, https://user.xmission.com/~drudy/mtman/html/catlin/letter19.html.
10. Margaret Gaca and Emma Wink, “Archaeoacoustics: Relative Soundscapes between Monks Mound and the Grand Plaza” (poster presented at the 60th Annual Midwest Archaeological Conference, Iowa City, Iowa, October 4–6, 2016).
11. Thomas E. Emerson et al., “Paradigms Lost: Reconfiguring Cahokia’s Mound 72 Beaded Burial,” American Antiquity 81, no. 3 (2016): 405–25.
12. Baires, Land of Water, City of the Dead, 92–93.
13. Andrew M. Munro, “Timothy R. Pauketat, An Archaeology of the Cosmos: Rethinking Agency and Religion in Ancient America,” Journal of Skyscape Archaeology 4, no. 2 (2019): 252–56.
14. Gayle Fritz, Feeding Cahokia: Early Agriculture in the North American Heartland (Tuscaloosa: University of Alabama Press, 2019), 89.
15. Fritz, Feeding Cahokia, 150.
16. Natalie G. Mueller et al., “Growing the Lost Crops of Eastern North America’s Original Agricultural System,” Nature Plants 3 (2017).
17. Fritz, Feeding Cahokia, 146.
18. Fritz, Feeding Cahokia, 143.
Chapter 11: A Great Revival
1. Sarah E. Baires, Melissa R. Baltus, and Elizabeth Watts Malouchos, “Exploring New Cahokian Neighborhoods: Structure Density Estimates from the Spring Lake Tract, Cahokia,” American Antiquity 82, no. 4 (2017): 742–60.
2. Lizzie Wade, “It Wasn’t Just Greec
e—Archaeologists and Early Democracy in the Americas,” Science (March 15, 2017), https://www.sciencemag.org/news/2017/03/it-wasnt-just-greece-archaeologists-find-early-democratic-societies-americas.
3. David Correia, “F**k Jared Diamond,” Capitalism Nature Socialism 24, no. 4 (2013): 1–6.
4. David Graeber and David Wingrow, “How to Change the Course of Human History,” Eurozine (March 2, 2018), https://www.eurozine.com/change-course-human-history/.
Chapter 12: Deliberate Abandonment
1. Samuel E. Munoz et al., “Cahokia’s Emergence and Decline Coincided with Shifts of Flood Frequency on the Mississippi River,” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 112, no. 20 (May 2015): 6319–24.
2. Sarah E. Baires, Melissa R. Baltus, and Meghan E. Buchanan, “Correlation Does Not Equal Causation: Questioning the Great Cahokia Flood,” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 112, no. 29 (July 2015): E3753.
3. Andrea Hunter, “Ancestral Osage Geography,” in Andrea A. Hunter, James Munkres, and Barker Fariss, Osage Nation NAGPRA Claim for Human Remains Removed from the Clarksville Mound Group (23PI6), Pike County, Missouri (Pawhuska, OK: Osage Nation Historic Preservation Office, 2013), 1–60, https://www.osagenation-nsn.gov/who-we-are/historic-preservation/osage-cultural-history.
4. Margaret Carrigan, “One Mound at a Time: Native American Artist Santiago X on Rebuilding Indigenous Cities,” Art Newspaper, September 29, 2019, https://www.theartnewspaper.com/amp/interview/native-american-artist-santiago-x-on-rebuilding-indigenous-cities-one-mound-at-a-time.
Epilogue: Warning—Social Experiment in Progress
1. Sarah Almukhtar et al., “The Great Flood of 2019,” New York Times, September 11, 2019, https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2019/09/11/us/midwest-flooding.html.
2. Kendra Pierre-Lewis, “Heatwaves in the Age of Climate Change,” New York Times, July 18, 2019, https://www.nytimes.com/2019/07/18/climate/heatwave-climate-change.html.
3. Annalee Newitz, Scatter, Adapt, and Remember: How Humans Will Survive a Mass Extinction (New York: Doubleday, 2013).
INDEX
Page numbers listed correspond to the print edition of this book. You can use your device’s search function to locate particular terms in the text.
Note: Page numbers in italics indicate maps.
abandonment, 60–61, 64, 255, 257, 258–59, 261
of Angkor, 146–47, 183–89, 193–202
of Cahokia, 210, 225, 241–54
of Çatalhöyük, 68–71, 73, 103, 250
deliberate, 9–10, 241–54
environmental crises and, 238, 239–40
as part of urban life cycle, 210
patterns of, 257
as political process, 238, 239–40
of Pompeii, 103, 125, 130–33
predictions about likelihood of, 257–58
of San Francisco, California, 255
abstraction, 36–40
Africa, 85–86, 107
Africanum (brick work), 86–87, 102
Agassiz Lake, 63, 64
agricultural complexity, urbanism and, 73
agricultural life, shock of, 35
agricultural regions, cities and, 72–73
agriculture. See farming
Agrippina the Elder, 93
Agrippina the Younger, 93
Algeria, 86
Alt, Susan, 222, 234–35
Amarantus, 116–17, 119, 121, 128
taberna of, 115–16
Amazon, 148
American Bottom, 218–19, 221, 241, 243
Americas, 8–10, 204–54
Anatolia region, Turkey, 5–6, 15–75
ancestors, 11, 13, 20, 21, 148, 245
bones of, 45, 49, 57, 61, 74, 216
burial of, 32, 243, 250
Native American, 243
power of, 50
skulls of, 45, 49, 57
stories of, 261–62
traditions of, 237
Anderson, Michael, 97–99, 101
Ang Chan, 184, 199
Angkor, 1–5, 12–13, 142–43, 165, 184, 186, 190, 198, 202, 209, 212, 257, 260, 261
abandonment of, 146–47, 183–89, 193–202
Buddhism and, 157, 169, 184
climate change and, 8, 161, 193–202, 258
climate change in, 195–96
compared to Cahokia, 211–12
debt slaves and, 162–64
drought in, 258
early culture of, 157
east-west orientation of, 169
economic system of, 171–78
European archaeologists and, 150
farming in, 146–61
festivals in, 157, 174
floods in, 4, 8, 185–90, 258
forced labor in, 8
French and, 184
Hinduism and, 169, 172, 199
history of, 145, 172, 177
imperialism and, 183–206
labor and, 160, 163–64, 178, 197
lidar mapping of, 152, 175, 185, 197
life in, 171
monsoon systems and, 161–62
mound fields, 181–82
old Angkor, 184
organized around nonmarket principles, 237
patronage and, 162–63
political instability in, 147, 165
population and, 152, 171, 196
religion and, 156, 191
remains of, 150, 155
return to small-town life in, 260
rituals in, 157, 159, 165, 170, 174, 180, 181, 190, 192
slow disaster in, 146, 195
spirituality and, 156–57
statues from, 199
temples and, 145, 169 (see also specific temples)
trade and, 193
urbanization of, 166–71, 189
water infrastructure and, 146, 159–60, 161–82, 189, 194–96
Angkorian Empire, 154
Angkorian period, 149
Angkorian Sanskrit inscriptions, 172
Angkor Thom, 1, 147, 150, 154, 169, 192
Bayon temple and, 190
women and, 173
Angkor Wat, 1, 4, 147, 150, 162, 175, 178, 181, 192
European descriptions of, 183–84
map of by Japanese pilgrim, 184
temple, 197
Vishnu and, 159, 160
animals, 39
as ancestor figures, 30
cultivation of, 27–28
domestic, 27–28
figurines of, 46
imagery of, 30–31, 35–36, 37
wild, 29–31, 35, 36, 37
anthropogenic geomorphology, 150
Antonius Pius, 102
archaeology, 11, 21. See also specific sites
contextual, 23
data archaeology, 109, 121, 173
digging as specialized craft, 232
forensic, 218
Archaeology magazine, 48
architecture. See also specific structures and types of architecture
anti-monumental, 36
Neolithic, 33–34
public sphere and, 239–40
Asia, 107. See also specific locations
Aspara National Authority, 187–88
assimilation, 62
astronomy, 217
Atakuman, Çigdem, 36, 37–38
Augustales, 95, 101–2, 137
Augustus, 92–93, 101, 113
aurochs, 29, 30, 36, 46
authoritarianism, 259, 261
Aymonier, Étienne, 173
Ayutthaya, Thailand, 196
Baires, Sarah, 9–10, 227–33, 242, 246, 247, 248, 249
Baltus, Melissa, 9–10, 227–33, 241, 242, 246, 247, 248, 249
barley, 219–20
Bar-Yosef, Ofer, 39, 64
Battambang, 157–58
Bay of Naples, 83, 90, 102, 103, 127, 133, 136
Bayon temple, 190–92
BBB Motor Site, 219, 221, 222, 249
“beaded burial,” 243–45
Beng Melea, 178–81, 197
&nb
sp; Benz, Marion, 33, 34, 35, 36
Biehl, Peter, 39
Big Mound, 228
“Birdman,” 244
birds, 29
Birger figurine, 219, 220–21
“Black Drink,” 215, 231
Black Lives Matter movement, 254
bones, 45–46, 243
of ancestors, 45, 49, 57, 61, 74, 216
“lick check” and, 233
borrow pits, 9, 208, 212, 225, 235, 242, 245–46, 248
bricks, 56, 74, 86–87, 102
Buddha, 154, 190
Buddhism, 158, 192, 199
Mahayana, 198
Building of Eumachia, 95
buildings, “closing up,” 224–25
bulls, 37
burial, of ancestors, 32, 243, 250
burial mounds, 243–45, 252
Cahokia, 8–10, 12, 13, 204–61
abandonment of, 210, 225, 241–54
astronomy and, 217
celebrations in, 224–25
centralized belief system in, 250
Classic Cahokia, 234
“closing up” in, 224–25
collapse hypothesis and, 236–40, 250
compared to Angkor, 211–12
cooking in, 220, 251
courtyard neighborhood layouts in, 208, 229, 230–31, 234–36, 247–48
decentralization in, 248–50
democratization of, 233–36
environmental crises in, 249–50
expansion of, 225, 250
farming in, 218–24, 251
farmlands of, 218, 223–24, 249
figurines from, 219, 220–21, 251
fragmentation of, 248–50
granted World Heritage status, 228
heterarchy in, 242
immigrants in, 215, 217–18, 223, 224
Lohmann phase, 234
migration and, 250–54
monuments in, 208–9, 210 (see also specific monuments and kinds of monuments)
Moorehead phase, 234, 235–36, 239, 248
mounds in, 208–10, 211–12
organized around nonmarket principles, 237
paintings in, 251
phases of, 234–40, 239, 247, 248