inventors in, 18
search for a northern trade route to, 1–2, 6, 7, 10, 19, 20, 27, 29, 60, 62, 65, 96, 108, 218–19, 223
search for a southern trade route to, 2, 28
search for a western trade route to, 20
chisels, 150
Cicero, 100
climate, adapting to, 130
clockmakers, 108
clouds, 130, 182, 183
coal, 126, 148, 163–64, 181–82
cod, 61
Cold Sea, 50
Columbus, Bartholomew, 45
Columbus, Christopher, 18, 19, 108, 218 final voyage of, 45
mutiny against, 45
Company of Cathay, 20
compasses, 15, 16, 80, 107–8, 109, 126, 247, 248–49, 251
construction methods, of cabin, 135–37
Cook, James, 153
cooks, 132, 253
Copernicus, Nicolaus, 19, 106
crayfish, 57
Cross Cape, 78
Cross Island, 39, 236, 238
cross-staff, 35
crowbars, 121
Cruyshoek, 91
currents, 120, 122, 138
cutlasses, 43, 88
Danish fishermen, 164
Declaration of Independence, American, 5
deer, hunting of, 125
Delft, 259
Delgoy Island, 48
Denmark, 260
Descartes, René, 107
Dickens, Charles, 127
disease contagious, 204, 205, 219
germ theory of, 25, 155
see also scurvy
dogs, 125, 145
driftwood, 51, 54, 106, 133, 151–52, 166
drowning, 84
ducks, 50, 61
Dutch language, 2, 17, 21, 263
Dutch merchants, 47, 65, 66, 68, 97
Dutch national anthem, 221
Dutch Republic: birth of, 16, 21
map of, 8
see also Netherlands
Earth, 1 first circumnavigation of, 19, 90
gap between magnetic and polar north of, 108
shape and demarcations of, 16
Southern Hemisphere of, 68
Western Hemisphere of, 18
East Indies, 219, 220, 269
eggs, 103, 106, 110, 119, 216, 238, 239
Egmont, Count of, 4
Egyptians, 18
Elcano, Juan Sebastián, 19
electricity, 25
elephants, 67
Elizabeth I, Queen of England, 11, 20
Endurance, The (ship), 44
England, 19–20, 126, 127
Enkhuizen, 10, 22–23, 28, 63, 66, 68, 73, 95, 96
Epiphany, feast of the, 174
equator, 16, 17, 100
Erebus, The (ship), 126
Eriksson, Leif, 14
Erik the Red, 14
“Essay on Man, An” (Pope), 261
Europe, 2, 10, 15, 16, 18, 20, 23, 106 Renaissance, 107
Scientific Revolution in, 19, 106–7
Western, 3, 12
falcons, 61, 65
fall equinox, 124, 134
Far East, 19, 20, 24, 59, 66, 173 searching for a northwest passage to, 20, 108, 126
slave trade in, 56
Far North, 130–31, 261
Faroe Islands, 15
Finnei tribe, see Sami people
Finns, 31–32
firewood, 151, 154, 165, 172, 179, 234
fish, 51, 133, 172, 247, 252
fishing, 128, 252
fishing nets, 32–33, 76
Flanders, 22
fluyt, 9–10
fog, 35, 37, 47, 49, 51, 58, 59, 60, 70, 85, 86, 115, 229, 248
forests, 52, 61
foxes, 77, 160–61, 182, 188–89 skinning and cooking of, 150–51, 168
trapping and killing of, 150, 151, 152, 155, 156, 158–61, 164–65, 166, 168, 181
Franklin, John, 126–28, 130, 175, 222
Franz Josef Land, 148, 176
French language, 263
Frobisher, Martin, 20, 42, 221
furs, 77, 82, 130, 131, 161, 166, 260
Galileo, 19
Gama, Vasco da, 218
Geats tribe, 13
geese, 48, 50, 61 barnacle, 106, 110, 263
eggs of, 106, 110
killing of, 106
nesting of, 106, 110
Gemma, Cornelius, 167
George Henry (ship), 175
Germans, 131
glaciers, 36, 49, 55, 130
gnomon (sundial), 15
Goa, 67
Goa, Archbishop of, 23
gold, 42, 218 mining of, 20
graves, 88, 135, 184
gravity, 25
Greek Orthodox Christians, 80
Greeks, ancient, 6, 12, 13, 16–18, 77
Greenland, 14, 15, 101, 108, 125, 128, 129 eastern coast of, 104
northern, 149
Greyhound (ship), 68, 71, 81, 92
Griffin (ship), 76, 78, 81, 84, 87, 91, 92 cargo carried on, 68
guillemots, 36
gunpowder, 108–9, 142, 193
guns, 43, 83, 87, 88, 89, 103, 108–9, 114, 115, 123, 125, 133, 139, 142, 150, 193, 202, 203, 234
Haarlem, 4, 23, 95
haddock, 61
Hague, 65, 259 Royal Museum at, 99–100
hail, 52, 92–93, 206
halberds, 24, 103–4, 144, 145, 150
Hall, Charles Francis, 129, 131, 175–76
ham, 133
Hamburg Zoo, 38
hammers and nails, 136
Hampton Roads, Va., 205
Haroun and the Sea of Stories (Rushdie), 261
harpoons, 50
Hasselaer, Peter, 260
hatchets, 24, 43, 103, 152
Hayes, Isaac Israel, 129
Haytham, Hasan Ibn al-, 107
hazing rituals, 100
Heemskerck, Jacob van, 221, 223–24 and Barents’s death, 217
death of, 270
descriptive letter of, 209–10, 211
as East Indies fleet commander, 269
in escape from Nova Zembla by small boat, 214, 233, 239–41, 243–45, 252–53, 255–59
in meetings with Russian sailors, 240–41, 247, 249–51
at Nova Zembla Safe House, 157–58, 162, 165, 174–75, 182–84, 187, 191, 202
in planning for escape from Nova Zembla, 196–98, 200–201, 209
polar bear attacks and, 113–14, 144, 193
Rijp’s letter received by, 256–57
in second Arctic expedition, 68, 180
as ship captain in third Arctic expedition, 97, 110, 132, 220
sun’s reappearance spotted by, 182–84
surviving crew listed by, 211
third expedition cargo supervised by, 132, 157
Twelfth Night celebration approved by, 175
Henry VIII, King of England, 6, 19
Hernam, 15
Het Behouden Huys, see Safe House
History or Description of the Great Empire of China, The, 150
Hjaltland, 14, 15
Hope (ship), 68, 71, 73, 78, 81, 83, 84, 86, 88–89, 92
horses, 83
hourglasses, 101, 151, 185
Houtman, Cornelis de, 219
Hudson, Henry, 90, 221
hunger, 127, 141, 241, 244, 246
hunting, 86, 125, 128
hurricanes, 104
Huysduynen, 63
Hvarf, 15
Iberian Peninsula, 13
ice, 42, 47, 69, 73–87 blocks of, 134, 239
canyons of, 112
crystals of, 99
destructiveness of, 44–45, 47, 49, 53, 54, 57, 67, 77, 83–86
drift, 117, 131
flat tables of, 41, 48, 80
floating, 45, 48, 52–53, 78, 80–83, 85, 112, 125
fracturing of, 117, 122
impassable, 74–76, 78–81, 84, 91, 96, 101, 107, 112, 114
melting of, 51, 79
pancake, 41, 104
shards of, 239
ships trapped by, 81, 126–27, 241
struggles of survivors in small boats through, 234–40, 244
third Barents expedition trapped by, 121–24, 137–39
towers of, 41, 117, 239
walking on, 81
icebergs, 41, 43, 45, 48, 49, 57, 75–76, 80, 112 breaking up of, 51, 74
calved, 120
collision with, 53, 126, 215
floating, 52–53, 83
grounded, 115, 117–18, 119
size of, 51, 54, 73–74, 85–86, 101
Ice Harbor, 119–21, 131, 136, 141, 149, 164, 213, 226, 245 map of, 111
ice-knees, 123, 124, 136
Iceland, 12, 15 Hornstrandir settlement on, 14
Ice Point, 42–43, 47, 115, 214, 215
India, 6, 23
Indies, 18, 221
influenza, 204
Inughuit, 129
Inuit, 20, 127, 128, 129, 149, 175
Inuit language, 128
iron, forged, 151
Iron Pig (ship), 73
Italian language, 263
Italy, 3
ivory, 43, 57
Jackman, Charles, 20–21, 221
Jamaica, 45
Jane Eyre (Brontë), 261
Japan, 57 tea drinking in, 67
Java, 219
Johansen, Hjalmar, 148, 176, 223
John of Harlem, 132, 259
Kanin Nos, 245, 247, 248, 249, 250, 251
Kara Sea, 57, 221
kedging, 84
keelhauling, 77–78, 90
Kildin Island, 28, 31–35, 37, 44, 48, 49, 62, 92, 253, 256, 258 inhabitants of, 51, 56
maps of, 30, 34, 242, 254
Kinbote, Charles (char.), 261
knarr (oceangoing ships), 14
Kola, 255–56, 258 map of, 254
Kola River, 259
Kostin Shar, 47, 240
Kravchenko, Dmitri, 224
kvas, 255
ladyas (Russian ships), 47, 49, 76
lances, 125
Landnámabók (Vilgerdarson), 15
Langenes, 36
lanterns, 188
Lapland, 226
Lapplanders, 128
Latin language, 58, 62, 263
lichens, 36, 42, 130
Linschoten, Jan Huygen van, 90, 97 diary of, 51
first northern voyage of, 23–24, 27–29, 32, 51–52, 54–58, 60, 62–63, 75, 77
intelligence collected and published by, 67–68
merchants’ interests represented by, 65, 66
second northern voyage by, 65–68, 92–94
wooden idol stolen by, 58, 77
liquor, 257 see also beer; wine
Lisbon, 17
Little Ice Point, 117
Lofoten Islands, 31
Lombsbay, 36
Longyearbyen, 3
Low Countries, 4, 5 see also Netherlands
lumber, 134–35, 137, 138
lunar declination tables, 45
Magellan, Ferdinand, 218 first circumnavigation of the Earth by, 19, 90
mutiny against, 45, 90
malaria, 204
mapmaking, 3, 6, 19, 22, 96, 217, 218, 219, 220
Marseille, 12, 263
Massalia, 12, 13
Matfloe Island, 48
mathematics, 18
Maurice, Prince of Orange, 24, 43, 65
Maurice Island, 61
Mealhaven, 48, 240
meats, 251, 256, 257 fox, 157, 159–61
polar bear, 105, 106, 196, 203
salted, 133, 159
Mediterranean Sea, 3, 12, 23, 217
Mercator, Gerardus, 22
Mercury (Mercurius; ship), 10, 23–24, 28, 29, 32, 33, 45, 48, 49, 54, 63, 67 running aground of, 61–62
Mercury River, 59
mermaids, 99–100
Meta Incognita, 20
Meteorology (Aristotle), 100
Meuse River, 259
Michelet, Jules, 153
microscopes, 107
Middle Ages, 153
mirages, 58, 185, 186, 263
monkeys, 56
moon, 17, 154, 167 eclipse of, 45
tides influenced by, 12–13
Morocco, 3
Moscow, 66
Moscow, Grand Duke of, 32, 56, 67, 258
mosses, 130
Moucheron, Balthazar de, 21, 22
Muscovy Company, 20
Muslims, 18
mutiny, 29, 45, 89–90, 131–32 punishment for, 90, 96, 131
Nabokov, Vladimir, 261
Nansen, Fridtjof, 38, 128–29, 176, 185, 223
Nassau, 40
Native Americans, 127
Nay, Cornelis first northern voyage of, 28, 33, 48, 50, 54, 60, 62–63
second northern voyage of, 68, 75, 76, 81, 83–84, 89–90
Nelson, Horatio, 142
Nenets herders, 47, 55–56, 80, 82–84, 130, 131
Neptune, god of the sea, 100
Netherlands, 7–12, 56, 173, 245, 258 admiralty boards of, 11
art and culture of, 2, 7, 12
cold winters in, 130
in 1594 war with Spain, 1, 2, 3, 4–5, 33
independence sought by, 5
Portuguese rivalry with, 23
provincial council of, 96
return of the surviving Barents crew to, 259–60
shipbuilding in, 2, 7–10
slavery in, 2
States General parliament of, 33, 58, 65, 76
trade between Russia and, 21
as world’s leading economic and naval power, 2, 100
Zeeland province of, 10, 22, 28, 63, 66, 68, 96
New Description and Atlas of the Mediterranean Sea (Barents), 3, 23, 217
New Holland, 61
New North Sea, 57
Nobile, Umberto, 223
Nordenskiöld, Nils Adolf Erik, 218–19
Nordkapp, 31, 70
Nordkinn, 31, 73, 93
Norge (airship), 149, 223
Norsemen, 128
North America, 15, 19–20, 108, 128 Arctic, 108
Dorset culture in, 149
Hudson’s search for a northern passage over, 90
remains of Viking settlements in, 14
North Pole, 16, 19, 28, 39, 42, 96, 97, 118, 126, 129, 131, 222, 223 concept of temperate climate at, 6, 22
maps of, 108
North Sea, 7, 10, 28, 29, 35, 62, 164
North Star, 15
Norway, 6, 15, 21, 24, 28, 226 coast of, 31, 42, 62, 70, 96, 112
northern, 128
Russian border with, 28
Norwegians, 217
Nova Zembla, 1–2, 21, 22, 24, 27–28, 33, 42, 44, 45, 49, 55, 62–63, 67, 110, 245, 261 castaways’ harrowing journey home in small boats from, 225–60, 263
coast of, 36, 39–40, 41, 47, 48, 74, 113, 131, 224
eastern, 96, 240
Goose Land portion of, 47
Ice Harbor at, 119–21, 131, 136, 141, 149, 164, 213, 226, 245
Ice Point at, 42–43, 47, 115, 214
maps of, 46, 111, 212, 242
northern, 40, 43, 51, 66, 89, 96, 214
planning of escape from, 181, 196–216
plans to overwinter on, 124
Safe House at, see Safe House
sailors stranded on, 131
southern, 47, 79, 120
third Barents expedition trapped by ice at, 121–24, 137–39
Nunavut, 20, 126
oars, 91–92, 247
On the Ocean (Pytheas), 12–13
On the Revolutions of the Heavenly Spheres (Copernicus), 19
Orange Islands, 43, 47, 118, 214, 266, 267
Orion (constellation), 165
Orkney Islands, 12, 261
Pacific Ocean, 19, 126, 220 South, 219
Paris, Viking conquest of, 13
Parry, William, 108
Peary, Robert, 129, 148, 223
Pechora Riv
er, 21, 51
Persia, 18
Pet, Arthur, 20–21, 221
Philadelphia Inquirer, 129
Philippines, 19
pilots, 126, 132
pinnace, 66, 70
piracy, 11, 29, 66, 77
plague, 204
Plancius, Petrus, 3, 10, 22, 27, 66–67, 97 mapmaking of, 96, 219
planets, 17
plumb lines, 14, 35, 41, 58
polar bears, 13, 25, 37–39, 65, 112–18, 140–42, 152–53, 180–83 attacks by, 143–45, 221–22, 223–24
chasing of, 118
freezing of, 133–34, 139
killing of, 88, 103–4, 105, 108–9, 114–15, 118, 133–34, 139, 141, 187–88
meat of, 105, 106, 196, 203
natural habitat of, 141
pelts of, 107
personalities of, 141
sailors killed by, 87–88, 89
skinning of, 88, 104, 105, 114–15, 118, 130, 188
sleeping, 118
Polaris expedition, 131
polar night, 180, 183, 185–86
Pomor (Russian sailors), 21, 36, 39, 67, 221
Pope, Alexander, 261
Porras, Diego de, 45
Porras, Francisco de, 45
Portugal, Portuguese, 3, 5, 17, 67, 219 Eastern trade empire of, 93–94
exploratory voyages of, 68
rivalry between Netherlands and, 23
prayer, 93, 122–23, 131, 182, 184, 185
printing press, 17
Protestantism, 5, 11, 19, 153
pumps, 62, 70
Purmer, Lake, 135
Purmerend, 135
pyroxenite, 20
Pytheas, 12–13, 16, 263
Rae, John, 127
rain, 61, 62, 69, 70, 81, 132, 206, 243, 248, 252, 256
rainbows, 99, 100, 107
rats, 205
reindeer, 31–32, 52, 55, 56, 83, 131 antlers of, 54
skins of, 77, 82