3. Probably a reference to the Clare inheritance, which should have descended to Elizabeth as her father’s heiress.
4. Meaning the common people of his affinity.
5. Cokayne
6. Leland: Itinerary
7. Ibid.; Todd; Camden. Sheriff Hutton Castle was much decayed by the reign of James I, when it was partially dismantled, and today only the stark ruins of two towers and the gatehouse remain on its grassy mound.
8. Bacon’s work was based on printed sources that are still available today, and on manuscript sources, such as those in Sir Robert Cotton’s library and documents in the records office in the Tower of London and the Crown Office. His contemporary, John Selden, praised his work as one of only two histories that contained “either of the truth or plenty that may be gained from the records of this kingdom” (cited by Vickers in his edition of Bacon).
9. According to a near-contemporary pedigree roll drawn up for the family of Margaret of Clarence, Warwick’s sister; see Philip Morgan: “Those were the days: a Yorkist pedigree roll,” in Estrangement, Enterprise and Education in Fifteenth-Century England; Jones: Psychology of a Battle: Bosworth, 1485.
10. Original Letters Illustrative of English History
11. Croyland Chronicle
12. Ibid.
13. Ross: Wars of the Roses
14. Ibid.
15. Croyland Chronicle
16. Most writers follow Kendall: Richard the Third, although he cites no source for this date.
17. Croyland Chronicle
18. Ibid.
19. Hall
20. Vergil
21. Croyland Chronicle
22. Ibid.
23. Ibid.; Vergil
24. Vergil is the only source to state it was Lord Stanley who retrieved the crown; the Great Chronicle of London states that it was Sir William Stanley. After Sir William’s execution for treason in 1495, Vergil may have deemed it politic to assert that it was his brother.
25. Vergil; Hall
26. Vergil
27. Harleian MS. 542
28. Croyland Chronicle
29. Rous
30. HVIIPPE
31. Ashdown-Hill: The Fate of Richard III’s Body; Pidgeon; Baldwin: King Richard’s Grave in Leicester; Billson
32. Bacon; Francis Drake, in Eboracum, says that Halewell is mentioned in one of the warrants.
33. Vergil
34. Bacon
35. Vergil
36. Bacon
37. Ibid.
38. Laynesmith
39. Warrant of February 24, 1486, in Exchequer Records E.404/79
40. Godfrey and Wagner; Kingsford: “Historical Notes on Mediaeval London Houses.” Coldharbour was burned down in 1666 during the Great Fire of London.
7: “OUR BRIDAL TORCH”
1. Chrimes; Professor Eric Ives, in conversation with the author, May 2012.
2. Calendar of Papal Registers. Henry’s great-grandfather, John Beaufort, was the brother of Elizabeth’s great-grandmother, Joan Beaufort.
3. Hicks: Anne Neville; Peter Clarke: “English Royal Marriages and the Papal Penitentiary in the Fifteenth Century”
4. Rastell
5. Rotuli Parliamentorum
6. Bacon
7. Ross: Wars of the Roses
8. Rotuli Parliamentorum
9. Bacon
10. CSP Spain
11. Vergil
12. Hall
13. Gristwood; Jones and Underwood
14. Calendar of Papal Registers
15. Materials for a History of the Reign of Henry the Seventh
16. Rutland Papers
17. Fisher: Funeral Sermon
18. Croyland Chronicle
19. Rotuli Parliamentorum
20. CSP Spain
21. Buck
22. Rotuli Parliamentorum
23. Anglo: Spectacle, Pageantry and Early Tudor Policy
24. In his dispensation of 1486 (Foedera)—see Chapter 9.
25. Leland: Collectanea
26. Popular Songs of Ireland
27. Mancini
28. Bacon
29. Ibid.
30. Rotuli Parliamentorum
31. Dockray: Richard III: Myth and Reality
32. Bacon
33. Materials for a History of the Reign of Henry the Seventh
34. Rotuli Parliamentorum
35. Vergil
36. Hall
37. Challis; Anglo: Images of Tudor Kingship
38. Mackie
39. Bacon
40. Calendar of Papal Registers
41. Weightman; Vaughan; Wiesflacker
42. Harleian MS. 336, in Leland: Collectanea. Gigli was rewarded with a prebendary stall in York; he would serve Henry VII as ambassador to Rome and become Bishop of Worcester (Tournoy-Thouen; Dixon).
43. Calendar of Papal Registers, January 1486
44. PPE
45. Croyland Chronicle
46. Rotuli Parliamentorum; Materials for a History of the Reign of Henry the Seventh; André
47. Mutilated document in Cotton MS. Cleopatra
48. Calendar of Papal Registers
49. Ibid.
50. Ibid.
51. Hall
52. Rotuli Parliamentorum
53. André
54. CSP Venice
55. Calendar of Papal Registers
56. Letters and Papers Illustrative of the Reigns of Richard III and Henry VII
57. Shears
58. Calendar of Papal Registers
59. Ibid.; Loades: Mary Rose
60. Bacon; Croyland also gives the date as January 18.
61. André
62. Mutilated document in Cotton MS. Cleopatra
63. Croyland Chronicle
64. Meerson
65. Arch and Marschner
66. Harleian MS. 336, in Leland: Collectanea
67. Okerlund: Elizabeth of York; Materials for a History of the Reign of Henry the Seventh
68. Bacon
69. Ibid.
70. Harleian MS. 336, in Leland Collectanea
71. Cambridge University Library Dd. 13.27, f. 31; Strickland
72. Hawes: A Joyful Meditation
73. Stuart Royal Proclamations
74. Kohler; Francis Perry; http://www.britishmuseum.org/research/
75. All cited by Wroe
76. York Civic Records
77. Cited by Hilliam
78. Anglo: Images of Tudor Kingship
8: “IN BLEST WEDLOCK”
1. Woolgar
2. Harris
3. Laynesmith
4. Sandford; Laynesmith
5. Great Chronicle of London; Hall; Hayward
6. Hayward
7. CSP Venice
8. So called after the ceiling decoration in the room at the Palace of Westminster where it was held.
9. Exchequer Records E.101
10. Bacon
11. CSP Venice
12. CSP Spain
13. Cunningham: Henry VII
14. Erasmus: The Epistles of Erasmus; Bacon
15. Gothic. The book of hours is in the Devonshire Collection at Chatsworth House.
16. Materials for a History of the Reign of Henry the Seventh
17. CSP Spain
18. Jones and Underwood; Laynesmith; Calendar of Patent Rolls: Henry VII; Searle
19. Vickers, in his edition of Bacon
20. Bacon
21. HVIIPPE
22. Memorials of King Henry VII
23. Milne. He offers good evidence that Velville was Henry’s son.
24. CSP Spain
25. Four English Political Tracts of the Later Middle Ages
26. Oxford Dictionary of National Biography
27. Cessolis
28. Norton: She Wolves
29. Paston Letters
30. Shears
31. PPE
32. Loades: Tudor Queens
33. Paston Letters. John Paston was knighted at the Battle of Stok
e in June 1487, so the letters must have been written after that date, as he is referred to as Sir John in both of them. Daubeney, whose letter was written on the Saturday before St. Lawrence’s Day, August 10, refers to Elizabeth having taken to her chamber. Only two of her children were born in the summer: Arthur in 1486, the year before Paston was knighted; and Elizabeth on July 2, 1492. The letters must therefore belong to 1492, when the Queen was still lying in after her confinement, in which case Daubeney’s was written on August 5.
34. PPE
35. CSP Spain
36. PPE
37. Okerlund: Elizabeth of York; Cloake: “Richmond’s Great Monastery”; Thompson
38. PPE
39. Ibid.
40. The device of Elizabeth Wydeville (Okerlund: Elizabeth of York)
41. Okerlund, in Elizabeth of York, suggests this is a reference to her being jilted by the Dauphin.
42. Additional MS. 5645, ff. 8v-11; Historical Poems of the XIVth and XVth Centuries; Stevens
43. Cotton MS. Vitellius
44. CSP Venice
45. PPE
46. Calendar of Papal Registers
47. Cotton MS. Vespasian F XIII, f. 60
48. Original Letters Illustrative of English History
50. Harleian MS. 7039
51. Fisher: Funeral Sermon
52. Additional MSS.
53. Fisher: Funeral Sermon
54. Ibid.
55. Letters of the Queens of England
56. Loades: Tudor Queens
57. CSP Spain
58. More
59. Gristwood
60. Laynesmith
61. Records of the Borough of Nottingham; Jones and Underwood; City and Spectacle in Medieval Europe
62. Gristwood
63. Materials for a History of the Reign of Henry the Seventh. Nothing remains of this chantry chapel today, as the church was mostly rebuilt in the eighteenth century; the only chantry chapel still to survive is that of Sir Richard Weston, the builder of nearby Sutton Place, who probably rose to prominence in the service of Elizabeth of York.
64. Calendar of Patent Rolls: Henry VII
65. Gristwood; PPE
66. Collection of Ordinances
67. Jones and Underwood
68. In Elizabeth’s lifetime Margaret did not reside at Derby Place, the town residence built by her husband in 1503 on Peter’s Hill, near Baynard’s Castle. It later became the Heralds’ College, but was burned down in the Great Fire of 1666. The present College of Arms occupies the site.
69. Jones and Underwood
70. PPE
71. Collection of Ordinances
72. The Household of Edward IV
73. Leland: Collectanea; Collection of Ordinances
74. CSP Venice. Foreign observers often referred to Henry VII as “His Majesty,” but that style was not adopted in England until the reign of Henry VIII; Henry VII used the traditional style, “His Grace.”
75. Collection of Ordinances
76. Materials for a History of the Reign of Henry the Seventh; PPE; HVIIPPE
77. PPE
78. Ibid.
79. Ibid.
80. Additional MS. 50001, f. 22; England in the Fifteenth Century; Sutton and Visser-Fuchs: “A ‘Most Benevolent Queen’ ”; Backhouse: “Illuminated Manuscripts associated with Henry VII”; Gothic; McKendrick, Lowden, and Doyle
81. Exeter College MS. 47; The Reign of Henry VII from Contemporary Sources
82. Royal MS. 16, f. II
83. Catalogue of Illuminated Manuscripts; Backhouse: “Illuminated Manuscripts associated with Henry VII”
84. Royal MS. 19B XVI
85. McKendrick, Lowden, and Doyle
86. Royal MS. 20D VI
87. McKendrick, Lowden, and Doyle
88. Catalogue of Western Manuscripts and Miniatures
89. Now in the British Library
90. Jones and Underwood
91. PPE
92. Yale Center for British Art, Paul Mellon Collection. Painter; Okerlund: Elizabeth of York
93. England in the Fifteenth Century
94. Nicolas: Memoir, in PPE; Additional MS. 17, OX2
95. CSP Spain
96. CSP Milan
97. CSP Venice
98. CSP Spain
99. Ibid.
100. Vergil
101. “Lamentation,” in More: Complete Works
102. CSP Spain
103. Patronage, the Crown and the Provinces in Later Medieval England
104. Crawford: “The King’s Burden?”
105. Loades: Tudor Queens
106. Materials for a History of the Reign of Henry the Seventh
107. Rotuli Parliamentorum; Calendar of Patent Rolls: Henry VII; Crawford: “The King’s Burden?”
108. Rotuli Parliamentorum
109. Halsbury’s Laws of England
110. Calendar of Patent Rolls: Henry VII
111. Myers: Crown, Household and Parliament in Fifteenth-Century England; Laynesmith; Patronage, the Crown and the Provinces in Later Medieval England
112. Patronage, the Crown and the Provinces in Later Medieval England
113. Special Collections S.C. 2/172/38, 40; McIntosh; Laynesmith
114. Additional MS. 46454
115. PPE
116. Materials for a History of the Reign of Henry the Seventh; Calendar of Patent Rolls: Henry VII; Westminster Abbey Muniments 12172–73 and 12177; PPE; Laynesmith
117. HVIIPPE; PPE
118. PPE
119. “Lamentation,” in More: Complete Works
120. PPE
121. HVIIPPE; Exchequer Records E.101/414/6; PPE
122. Patronage, the Crown and the Provinces in Later Medieval England; PPE
123. PPE
124. Ibid.; Laynesmith
125. PPE
9: “OFFSPRING OF THE RACE OF KINGS”
1. Materials for a History of the Reign of Henry the Seventh
2. André
3. Ibid.
4. Hall
5. Ibid.
7. Hedley
8. Materials for a History of the Reign of Henry the Seventh; Tudor-Craig. The original bull is in the possession of the Society of Antiquaries of London, and there are copies in the British Library, the National Archives, and the John Rylands Library; the text is printed in Foedera.
9. William de Machlin: circular of the Papal Bull, in Tudor Royal Proclamations
10. Leland: Collectanea
11. Materials for a History of the Reign of Henry the Seventh
12. Hall
13. Macalpine
14. Ibid.
15. Rhoda Edwards; Macalpine; Hall
16. Victoria County History: Hampshire
17. Leland: Collectanea. The hall survives, but the interior of the Deanery has been much altered since Elizabeth stayed there.
18. Ibid.
19. Materials for a History of the Reign of Henry the Seventh
20. Ibid.
21. Articles ordained by King Henry VII for the Regulation of his Household, in Harleian MS. 642, f. 198–217; Collection of Ordinances; Cotton MS. Julius B XII; Leland: Collectanea
22. Antiquarian Repertory
23. Eames; Laynesmith
24. Antiquarian Repertory
25. Original Letters Illustrative of English History
26. Collection of Ordinances
27. Ibid.
28. Harleian MS. 642, f. 198–217; Collection of Ordinances; Leland: Collectanea
29. Leland: Collectanea
30. Okerlund: Elizabeth of York
31. Collection of Ordinances
32. Leland: Collectanea; Collection of Ordinances
33. Collection of Ordinances; Leland: Collectanea
34. Plague, Poverty, Prayer
35. England in the Fifteenth Century
36. Eamonn
Duffy; PPE
37. Plague, Poverty, Prayer
38. Ibid.
39. The Beaufort Hours; Leland: Collectanea; McKendrick, Lowden, and Doyle
40. Hall
41. Cotton MS. Julius EIV, f. 10v
42. Hampshire Record Office, 11 M59, B1/211, cited by Jones in Psychology of a Battle: Bosworth, 1485
43. Leland: Collectanea
44. Plague, Poverty, Prayer
45. Bacon
46. Fuller
47. Hall
48. Collection of Ordinances
49. Leland: Collectanea; Antiquarian Repertory
50. Collection of Ordinances
51. Ibid.
52. Additional MS. 6113, f. 77b; Leland: Collectanea; Collection of Ordinances; the Royal Book in Antiquarian Repertory
53. Leland: Collectanea
54. Anthology of Catholic Poets
55. Materials for a History of the Reign of Henry the Seventh; Anglo; Spectacle, Pageantry and Early Tudor Policy; Doran
56. Hughes
57. Additional MSS.
58. Leland: Collectanea
59. Harris; Cressy
60. Leland: Collectanea
61. Materials for a History of the Reign of Henry the Seventh
62. Meaning attire, or a covering, in this case a veil.
63. Collection of Ordinances; Leland: Collectanea; Parsons
64. Cited by Hayward
65. Account of Norroy Herald in Additional MS. 6113; Leland: Collectanea; Liber Regie Capelle; Cressy; Harris; Brigden
66. Collection of Ordinances; Materials for a History of the Reign of Henry the Seventh; Exchequer Records E.404 and E.101; Gristwood; Hayward
67. Brigden
68. Collection of Ordinances
69. Ibid; Leland: Collectanea
70. Lansdowne MS. 278, f. 26; Crawford: “The Piety of Late-Medieval English Queens.” Elizabeth did not refound the Lady Chapel, as is sometimes asserted.
71. Licence: Elizabeth of York
72. Calendar of Patent Rolls: Henry VII; Materials for a History of the Reign of Henry the Seventh
73. Materials for a History of the Reign of Henry the Seventh
74. Bell
75. Randerson
76. Starkey: Henry, Virtuous Prince, citing Leland: Collectanea; Hutchinson: Young Henry
10: “DAMNABLE CONSPIRACIES”
1. Materials for a History of the Reign of Henry the Seventh
2. Ibid.; Okerlund: Elizabeth of York
3. Account of Norroy Herald in Additional MS. 6113; Collection of Ordinances; PPE
4. Collection of Ordinances
5. Vergil
6. Leland: Collectanea
7. Cotton MS. Julius, BXII, f. 29
8. Calendar of Papal Registers
9. Materials for a History of the Reign of Henry the Seventh