Drysdale, Alasdair, ‘The Asad Regime and its Troubles’, in Merip Reports, November–December 1982
Gambill, Gary, ‘The Syrian Muslim Brotherhood’, in Mideast Mirror, Vol. 1, No. 2, April–May 2006
Hatina, Meir, ‘Restoring a Lost Identity: Models of Education in Modern Islamic Thought’, in British Journal of Middle Eastern Studies, Vol. 33, No. 2, November 2006
‘Islamism Digest: The Muslim Brotherhood in Afghanistan’, in CFSOT, Vol. 2, No. 10, October 2007
Leiken, Robert S. and Brooke, Steven, ‘The Moderate Muslim Brotherhood’, in Foreign Affairs, March–April 2007
Sinha, P. B., ‘Threat of Islamic Terrorism in Egypt’, in Strategic Analysis, Vol. 22, No. 8, November 1998
Stacher, Joshua A., ‘Post-Islamist Rumblings in Egypt: the Emergence of the Wasat Party’, in The Middle East Journal, Vol. 56, No. 3, Summer 2002
Utvik, Bjørn Olav, ‘Hizb al-Wasat and the Potential for Change in Egyptian Islamism’, in Critical Middle Eastern Studies, Vol. 14, No. 3, Fall 2005
Vidino, Lorenzo, ‘The Muslim Brotherhood’s Conquest of Europe’, in Middle East Quarterly, Vol. 12, No. 1, Winter 2005
Zollner, Barbara, ‘Prison Talk: The Muslim Brotherhood’s Internal Struggle‘, in International Journal of Middle East Studies, No. 39, 2007
Unpublished Theses
Khadija, Darif, ‘Bricolages identitaires des Musulmans dans l’espace politique français: cas de UOIF’, Institut d’Etudes Politiques d’Aix-en-Provence, 2004
Official Muslim Brotherhood Documents and Memoirs
‘Muslim Brotherhood Initiative: On the General Principles of Reform in Egypt 2004’
‘The Political Project for the Future: Syria, A Vision of the Muslim Brotherhood Group in Syria. 425 AH–2004 AD’
Abul Futuah, Abdel Moneim, ‘Shehadat Abul Futuah’ (Abul Futuah’s Testimony), on Islam Online, 15 July 2009. Available in Arabic on http://islamyoon.islamonline.net/servlet/Satellite?c=ArticleA_C&cid=1248187300655&pagename=Islamyoun%2FIYALayout
Shahid Alla Aser, ‘Al-Ikhwan al-Muslimoun Kama Yrahm Farid Abdul Khaliq’ (A Witness in Time, The Muslim Brotherhood as Seen by Farid Abdul Khaliq), on Al-Jazeera, Episode 1, 7 December 2003. Available in Arabic on http://www.aljazeera.net/NR/exeres/BF012F78-FC05-4E7B-839C-67E94CF195BA.htm
‘Ali Al-Bayanouni: Al-Ikhwan al-Muslimeen fi Syria’ (Ali al-Bayanouni: The Muslim Brothers in Syria), on Special Visit, Al-Jazeera, November 2005. Available in Arabic on http://www.aljazeera.net/NR/exeres/B990668B-5CA6-4DC9-B16A-6828149AE0EA.htm
‘Al-ilakat Al-dowlia kama yaraha Al-Ikhwan’ (International Relations as seen by the Ikhwan). interview with Youssef Nada on Al-Jazeera.net, January 2005. Available in Arabic on http://www.aljazeera.net/NR/exeres/ BFC52150-5FCA-48F3-8E15-7080405A641C.htm
‘Dr Hassan al-Huwaidi, naib al-musrhid al-am yekshif al-mujtamaa: Kusat al-Ikhwan al-muslimeen fi Suria … min an-nasha hata al-manfa’ (Dr Hassan al-Huwaidi, the Deputy of the Supreme Guide Reveals to Al-Mujtamaa: The Story of the Muslim Brotherhood in Syria from the Beginning until Exile), in Al-Mujatmaa, No. 1741, 3 March 2007
Kamel, Abdelaziz, Muthakarat Dr Abdelaziz Kamel, Uthou fi al-Nizam al-Khass (The Memoirs of Dr Abdelaziz Kamel, member of the Nizzam al-Khass), July 2007. Available in Arabic on http://www.paldf.net/forum/showthread.php?t=120458
Newspapers and Press
Akhbar al-Youm
Al-Ahram Weekly
Al-Arabiya
Al-Diyar
Al-Ghad
Al-Sharq al Awsat
Associated Press
Campione
Crescent International
Deutsche Welle
El Watan
Foreign Affairs
Front Page Magazine
Impact International
Khaleej Times
Le Monde
Le Monde Diplomatique
Strategic Analysis
Terrorism Monitor
The Chicago Tribune
The Daily Mail
The Daily Star
The Financial Times
The Jerusalem Report
The Middle East Journal
The Middle East Reporter
The New Humanist
The New Statesman
The New York Sun
The New York Times
The Observer
The Sunday Times
The Wall Street Journal
The Weekly Worker
Time Magazine
Washington Post
World Tribune
Websites
Al-Ahram: www.alahram.org.eg
Al-Hewar: www.alhewar.com
Al- Jazeera: www.aljazeera.net
Al-Motamar: www.almotamar.net
Al-Minhadj Forum: www.alminhadj.fr
BBC Online: www.bbc.co.uk
Ikhwanweb: www.ikhwanweb.com
Ikhwan Online: www.ikhwanonline.com
Islam Memo: www.islammemo.info
Islam Online: www.islamonline.net
Jyllands-Posten: www.jyllandsposten.dk
Memri Special Dispatch: www.memri.org
Radio Free Europe, Radio Liberty: www.rferl.org
Religioscope: www.religion.info
Simon Wiesenthal Centre: www.wiesenthal.com
Threats Watch: threatswatch.org
Ummah.net: www.ummah.net
Index
9/11 events 10, 17, 18, 54, 95, 105, 118, 130, 137, 138, 166, 178, 180, 182, 209, 213
Aachen, Bilal mosque 164
A’asaf, Mahmoud 28
Abbas, Mohamed 216
Abd al-Karim, Salah 50
Abd Al-Maqsud, Salah 51
Abd al-Raziq, Ali 20
Abdel Latif, Mahmoud 34, 41
Abdel Rahman, Sheikh Omar 255
Abdelbaqi, Hosni 37, 40
Abdelhadi, Sheikh 149
Abdelhalim, Mahmoud 19, 26, 30
Abdelkader, Suleiman 241
Abdu, Muhammad 9, 189
Abu Ghuddah, Sheikh Abdul Fattah 73, 85
Abu Ismail, Hazem 235
Abu Nasser, Mohamed Hamed, Murshid 48–9, 50, 114, 121, 155, 192
Abu Nizar 82
Abu Sen, Haj 205
Abu Zeid, Sana 41
AEIF (Association des Étudiants Islamiques en France) 140
al-Afghani, Jamal al-Din 20
Afghanistan 13, 54, 117, 189–92, 193–5, 206
Afghan mujahideen 117, 126, 180, 189, 190, 191–2, 192, 193–4
Ahl al-Dhimma (Christians and Jews) 127
Ahmed Sheikh 159, 160, 162, 178
Ahrar party 46
al-Ahsan, Sheikh Ahmed 153
Akef, Mehdi 46, 51
appointed Murshid 28, 55, 111, 132, 133, 134, 182, 196, 226
resigns ofice of Murshid 60
friction with Guidance Office 61
visits Munich 165, 169
support for Hizbullah 201
corruption from the West 206
US as Satan 206
Al Droubie, Riad 154
Al-Azhar University 20, 68, 151, 153, 181, 189, 191, 234, 253
Al-Gomhuriya (Egyptian newspaper) 180, 181
Al-Haqq magazine 142
Al-Hayat newspaper 220
Al-Jazeera TV 89, 97, 217
Al-Murabitoun magazine 192
Al-Youm Al-Sabi’e 63
Alaoui, Fouad 145, 146, 150, 151
Alawites 66, 76, 77, 87
Aleppo 86
Aleppo Artillery Schoolm 83
al-Alfi, Hassan 104
Algeria 116, 118, 128, 145, 189, 225
Algerians in France 145
Amal party 46
Amin, Giuma 62
Amnesty International 89
al-Amoush, Bassam 121, 131
An-Nahda party 7, 11, 12, 140, 149, 237–40, 244, 245, 247, 248, 252, 254, 257
Anglo-Egyptian Treaty 1936 24
Aqla, Adnan 82, 83, 89
Arab Ikhwan 71
Arab Spring 8, 11, 211–12, 237, 244, 245, 246, 250, 253
al-Ariyan, Issam 17, 38, 39, 41, 44, 52, 53, 57, 60, 61, 62, 206, 218, 221, 225–6, 226
al-Asal, Fathi 31
Ashwami, Saleh 27, 28
al-Assad, President Bashar 96, 132
al-Assad, President Hafez 86, 97
al-Assad regime 98–9, 132, 197, 204
al-Athaum, Yousef 124
Atta, Mohamed 180
al-Attar, Issam, Syrian Guide 70, 71, 74, 77, 82, 88, 259
while in exile 72–3, 107, 109, 140, 141
at Aachen 110, 112, 138, 164
Ayuobi, N 186
Azami, Mustafa 153
al-Azzam, Hudaifa 191, 193
Azzam, Sheikh Abdullah 180, 190–2, 191–2, 195
Ba’athist regime 66, 67, 71, 76, 77, 88
siege of Sultan mosque 72
attack on Sultan mosque 80
campaign to root out Brotherhood 83–4
death for Brotherhood members 86
razes Hamah to the ground 89
in Iraq 203
Badie, Mohammed, Supreme Guide 62, 62–3, 218, 227
Bahrain 111
al-Banna, Hassan 16
founds Muslim Brotherhood 18, 182, 251
struggles for balance 18
personality cult 19
ideology 20
anti-imperialist views 21
concerns about Westernisation 21, 204, 206
organising ability 21
untouchable legacy 22, 153
demonstrates expediency 23
pragmatism 23, 25
fields parliamentary candidates 24
makes deal with government 24
unilateral decisions 25
adapts leadership style 26–7
struggles to control Nizzam al-Khass 29
assassination 30
distances himself from violence 30, 185
loses control of movement 30–1
Qawl Fasl 30
international outlook 106
committed to jihad 189
Ikhwan and the Palestine cause 198–9
criticises political violence 208
anxiety over public morality 222
autocratic style 223
Barot, Mohamed Jamal 44–5, 84, 88
al-Bayanouni, Abu Naser 86
al-Bayanouni, Ali Saddredine 81, 82, 86, 89, 92, 93, 96, 97, 98, 99, 121, 123, 131, 178, 203–4
criticises reform programme 94
al-Bayoumi, Rashad 62, 215, 220
al-Beltagy, Mohamed 217, 232–3
Ben Ali, President Zine El Abidine 211, 213, 238
Ben Mansour, Abdallah 142, 143
Bensheikh, Soheib, Mufti of Marseille 147
bin Laden, Osama 208
al-Bishri, Tariq 222
al-Bouazizi, Mohamed 211
Bourgiba, President Habib 238
Breeze, Lhaj Thami 145, 146–7, 148, 150, 150–1, 151, 175
Brooke, Steve 202, 211–12, 214
Bush, President George W 179, 207, 225
Busuleimani, Sheikh 128
Cairo 15
CFCM (Conseil Français du Culte Musulman) 149, 151
Collectif des Musulmans de France 151
Cologne, mosque at Marburg 166
Coptic Church 234, 252
Da’bul, Muwafaq 73
Dandelle, Osama 82
al-Dari, Harith 133
al-Dawa 39, 69, 75, 79, 85, 106, 107, 152, 153
Democratic Alliance for Egypt 229
al-Dhunaybat, Abd al-Majid, Jordanian Guide 104, 197, 199–200
al-Din al-Alawi, Nasr 254
Dulaimi, Adnan 133
al-Dwaila, Mubarak 123, 124
ECFR (European Council for Fatwa and Research) 164, 170
Eddine, Adnan Saad 73, 74, 75, 79, 80, 82, 84, 85, 86, 90, 90–1, 92, 98, 106, 109, 123, 259
The Journey of the Syrian Muslim Brotherhood 91
Egypt, Day of Rage 212, 213, 214
Egyptian Ikhwan
evolution 8–9, 11, 12
state repression 16, 106
broad based appeal 17
internal divisions 17, 233
resistance to al-Banna 25–6
leadership contest 31
becomes weakened 33
hopes of Nasser regime 33
crushed by regime arrests 34
dissolved by Nasser 34
Qutbist elements breakaway 35–6
hawks seize control 37
recruits students 37–8
accepts use of force 42
empowered by students 43
attract the middle classes 44
become political activists 44–5
calls for political freedom 44
aversion to party politics 45
alternative entry into political system 46
wins election seats 46
wins more seats 46
reformist revival 54–5
ambiguities of reform initiative 55–6
Muslim Brotherhood: Principles of Reform 2004 55, 198, 248
draft policy platform 57–8
internal hostilities 57
limits rights of women and Copts 58
platform calls for council of clerics 58
locked in competing struggles 60
conservatives in control 62
elections fatwa 63
hawkish rebuilding 108
inflexible control causes losses 117
call for new international tanzeem 135
Afghan training camps 191–2, 193
support for Palestinians 198
reform platforms emerge 222, 225–6
dilemma of opposing views on constitution 252
willing to meet US officials 255
see also Muslim Brotherhood
Egyptian Medical Syndicate 194
El Baradei, Mohamed 214
Erbakan, Sabiha 166
Erbaken, Necmettin 124, 166
Facebook generation 213
Faisal, King of Saudi Arabia 72
Faraj, Mohamed Abdelsalam 224
Fares, Adel 87
Farhan, Dr Kamal 215
Fateh 80
FEMYSO (Forum of European Muslim Youth and Student Organisations) 166
Fighting Vanguard (al-Tali’a al-Muqatila) 79, 80, 81, 82, 82–3, 87, 92, 208
Financial Times 97
FIOE (Federation of Islamic Organisations in Europe) 175–6
FIS (Front Islamique du Salut) 128, 145, 146
Foda, Faraj 208
FOSIS (Federation of Student Islamic Societies) 152, 153, 154, 155, 156, 157, 158
Freedom and Justice Party 7, 226–7, 229, 231, 234, 236, 257
Front Page Magazine 179
al-Gannouchi, Rashid 238, 239, 240, 246, 248, 250–1
Ganzouri, Prime Minister Kamal 232
Gaza Strip 98, 99
Geneva, Islamic Centre 110
Gerecht, Reuel 224
Germany 72, 162–70
al-Ghannouchi, Rashid 117, 122, 124, 128, 140, 144, 147, 171, 219, 221–2, 232, 242
al-Ghazali, Imam Sheikh Mohamed 38, 147, 205, 208, 225
Ghazlan, Mahmoud 38, 41, 221, 250
Ghoul, Moulay Abderrahmane 147
Ghozlan, Mahmoud 62
Ghuraiyba, Ibrahim 116
GIF (Groupement Islamique de France) 140, 141
Guidance Office 16, 24bis, 25, 32, 34, 37, 44, 50, 60, 62, 74, 113, 249
intervenes in Syrian dispute 107
appoints Secret Murshid 109
dominates national branches 114–15
denies Nada has official position 115
woos Sudanese dissidents 116
weak statements on Kuwait 121
does not oppose Mahfoud Nahnah 129
prefers Syrian regime to opposition 132
troubled by Iraqi Islamic party in elections 133
spiritual reference for IGD 169
retains control of reformist ideas 220, 223
Gulf states 76, 108, 111, 115, 116, 199
Gulf War crisis 105–6, 121
Habash, Mohamed 96
Habib, Mohamed 59, 60–1, 105, 115, 131, 134, 177–8, 200, 207, 217, 226, 227, 247
Hadid, Marwan 72, 79–80, 80–1, 82, 83, 186, 208
al-Hafez, President Amin 80
Hamah 73, 75, 76, 90
attack on the Sultan mosque 72, 80
general strike 86
insurrection 88–9
Hamas 98, 99, 132, 173, 180, 199, 201, 202, 213, 215, 256
al-Hamid, Sheikh Mohamed 75–6, 80
Hamidullah, Professor Muhammad 140
Hamoud, Abdelrahman Qura 85
Hanafi, Hassan 20, 21
Harbah, Mohamed Khalid 88
Hashemi, Tariq 133
Hashish, Usam 41
Hasnawi, Sheikh Mohamed 71, 72, 74, 83, 84–5, 85, 87–8, 92, 259
Hassanein, Ahmed 37, 40
Hawa, Sheikh Said 73, 75, 75–6, 78, 79, 86, 87, 91, 92
Soldiers of Allah: Culture and Manners 78
al-Hawari, Sheikh Mohamed 73, 164, 171
Helal, Mohamed 60
Helbawy, Dr Kamal 103, 112, 120, 122, 126, 129, 130, 130–1, 137, 153, 154, 156, 157, 158, 159, 161, 166, 169, 191, 192, 193, 194, 195, 209, 215, 223, 233, 259
hijab affair 143, 150–1
Hijazi, Sofwat 135
Himmat, Ghaleb 115, 118, 119, 163, 165, 166, 168, 173
Hizb al-Tayyar Al-Masri (Egyptian Current Party) 227
Hizb al-Watani (Nationalist Party) 23
Hizb ut Tahrir 225
Hizb al-Wasat party 51
Hizbullah 132, 201
Al-Manar TV channel 200
al-Hodeibi, Hassan, Murshid 22, 31–3, 34, 35, 36, 37, 44, 109, 186–7, 223
Preachers Not Judges 36, 186–7
plans for Arab executive office 107
al-Hodeibi, Maimoun 32–3, 48, 49, 50, 51, 55, 114, 129, 130, 149–50, 159, 208
Howells, Kim 214
Huber, Thomas 173
al-Husayni, Musa Ishaq 20
Hussein, Mahmoud 234
Hussein, Saddam 90, 120, 122, 123, 202–3, 204, 219
al-Husseini, Saad 62
al-Huwaidi, Dr Hassan 73, 85, 87, 89, 90, 91, 103, 123, 131, 150, 155, 164
al-Huwari, Muhammad 87
Ibn Taymiyyah 66, 78, 184
IGD (Islamische Gemeinschaft Deutschland) 164, 166, 166–7, 168–70, 173–4, 174
Vice President is a woman 170
IICO (International Islamic Charity Organisation) 173
International Tanzeem
secretive and decentralised 103–6
Guidance Office in Cairo 105
opportunity to control other branches 108
The Internal Statute document 113
controlled from the Cairo centre 114