3 Nobel Peace Winner Returns to Egypt to Lead Anti-Government Protest Movement, Associated Press, 27 January 2011.
4 Charles Sennott, ‘Inside the Muslim Brotherhood: Part 1. Special report: The Brotherhood’s Role in Egypt’s Revolution,’ Frontline, 21 February 2011. http://www.globalpost.com/dispatch/egypt/110220/inside-the-muslim-brotherhood
5 ‘The Revolution Will Continue Until Our Demands Are Met,’ Spiegal Online, 7 February 2011.
6 Sennott, ‘Inside the Muslim Brotherhood: Part 1. Special report: The Brotherhood’s Role in Egypt’s Revolution’.
7 Amani Tawile, ‘Al-Ikhwan Wal Thawra Misria A Mostaqbel?’ (‘The Brotherhood and the Egyptian Revolution. What Future?), The Arab Center For Research and Policy Studies, Doha, 3 March 2011
8 Sennott, ‘Inside the Muslim Brotherhood: Part 1. Special report: The Brotherhood’s Role in Egypt’s Revolution.’
9 Ibid.
10 Mariz Tadros, The Muslim Brotherhood in Contemporary Egypt: Democracy Redefined or Confined?, London, 2012, p. 35
11 ‘Frontline Examines Muslim Brotherhood’s “Strong, Layered” Role in Egypt’, PBS, 22 February 2011. Available on http://www.pbs.org/newshour/bb/world/jan-june11/frontline_02-22.html
12 ‘Egypt: Senior Figure Says Muslim Brotherhood Ready for Sacrifices’, BBC Monitoring Middle East, 3 February 2011.
13 Egypt’s Muslim Brotherhood insists Mubarak must go. Al-Hayat. 3 February 2011. BBC Monitoring. 3 February 2011 (notes p. 18)
14 ‘Will Egypt’s Government Now Strike a Deal with the Muslim Brotherhood?’ in Christian Science Monitor, 6 February 2011.
15 Statement issued by Muslim Brotherhood, Ikhwanonline, 6 February 2011.
16 Amani Tawile. Al-Ikhwan Wal Thawra Misria A Mostaqbel?
17 ‘Muslim Brotherhood Says won’t Bid for Presidency in Egypt,’ RIA Novosti, 4 February 2011.
18 ‘Egypt Opposition Say Mubarak Must Go before Talks,’ Reuters, 1 February 2011.
19 ‘Mubarak “fears chaos” if He Steps Down,’ AFP, 4 February 2011.
20 ‘Egypt’s Muslim Brotherhood Begins Dialogue with Government’, in Xinhua, 6 February 2011.
21 ‘Egypt Protests: Muslim Brotherhood’s Concession Prompt Anger,’ in Christian Science Monitor, 7 February 2011.
22 ‘Hossam Tamam. Al-Ikhwan Yemidoun Yeda Al-Hiwar Were Yerfahoun Riad Al-Usian Bil Yed Al-Okra’ (Hossam Tamam: The Brotherhood Reaches Out for Dialogue with One Hand and Raises the Banner of Rebellion with the Other) Swiss Info, 9 February 2011. Available at http://www.swissinfo.ch/ara/detail/content.html?cid=29442394.09
23 Ibid.
24 Quoted in Tadros, The Muslim Brotherhood in Contemporary Egypt: Democracy Redefined or Confined?, p. 37
25 ‘The MB Group Opposed the Theocratic State Because it is Against Islam,’ Ikhwan Online, 10 February 2011.
26 Statement posted on Ikhwanweb, 7 February 2011.
27 Al-Hayat, 8 February 2011.
28 AFP Middle East news summary, AFP, 9 February 2011.
29 ‘Egypt: Islamist Muslim Brotherhood to JoinSsecond Round of Talks with Govt’, Adnkronos International, Rome, 10 February 2011.
30 Statement posted on Ikhwan Online website, 13 February 2011.
31 ‘Egypt: Muslim Brotherhood Plans Political Party’, The Associated Press, 15 February 2011.
32 International Crisis Group, ‘Lost in Transition: The World According to Egypt’s SCAF’, Middle East/North Africa Report, No. 121, 24 April 2012.
33 Makeen F. Makeen, ‘In Bed with the Brotherhood’, Think Africa Press, 1 May 2011.
34 Sherif Tareq, ‘Egypt’s Muslim Brotherhood and Ruling Military: Deal or No Deal?’, Ahram Online, 28 September 2011.
35 Quoted in International Crisis Group, ‘Lost in Transition: The World According to Egypt’s SCAF’.
36 Ibid.
37 Mustafa Lamel Al-Sayyed, Quoted in ‘Muslim Brotherhood Plies Strategic Path in Egypt’, Agence France Press, 24 November 2011.
38 International Crisis Group, ‘Lost in Transition: The World According to Egypt’s SCAF’.
39 Khalil al-Anani, ‘Egypt’s Freedom & Justice Party: To Be or Not to Be Independent’, 1 June 2011. Available at http://carnegieendowment.org/2011/06/01/egypt-s-freedom-justice-party-to-be-or-not-to-be-independent/6b7p
40 Rashad Al-Bayoumi, for example, stressed that the Brotherhood was not studying existing models of the movement’s political parties elsewhere in the region and that whilst the party would share the Ikhwan’s ideological framework, it would be completely separate. (Asharq Alawsat. 27 February 2011 A talk with Muslim Brotherhood’s Rashad al-Bayoumi). Similarly, Brotherhood spokesman, Walid Shalabi insisted that the party and the movement might share the same Islamic ideals and would support each other when necessary, but that they would be completely separate in matters of management and finance (Freedom and Justice Party, Jaddaliya, 22 November 2011).
41 BBC Monitoring Middle East, 29 March 2011. Egypt’s Muslim Brotherhood head discusses local issues in TV interview. Excerpt from report by Muslim Brotherhood website Ikhwanonline on 28 March. In order to demonstrate this division, the Freedom and Justice party took steps to differentiate itself from the Jama’a. It took as its slogan, ‘Freedom is the solution and justice is the application’ rather than ‘Islam is the solution.
42 Nathan J. Brown, ‘The Muslim Brotherhood as Helicopter Parent’, ForeignPolicy.com, 27 May 2011.
43 Jeff Martini and Julie Taylor, ‘Commanding Democracy in Egypt: The Military’s Attempt to Manage the Future’, Foreign Affairs, September/October 2011.
44 ‘Egypt’s Muslim Brotherhood to Try to Win One Third of Parliament Seats’, Al-Quds Press, 13 March 2011.
45 ‘Brotherhood Contests over 50 Percent of Parliamentary Seats’, Egypt Independent, 25 October 2011.
46 ‘Violence In Cairo Pits Thousands Against Police’, New York Times, 20 November 2011.
47 ‘In Egypt, an Islamist at Odds with his Party; Moderate’s Presidential Bid Highlights Lack of Unity in the Muslim Brotherhood’, International Herald Tribune, 21 June 2011.
48 ‘In Major Reversal, Muslim Brotherhood Will Vie for Egypt’s Presidency’, in Christian Science Monitor, 1 April 2012.
49 ‘Egypt’s Brotherhood Defends Presidential Bid’, Al-Jazeera, 3 April 2012.
50 ‘Muslim Brotherhood Conspired with Military Council to Field Presidential Candidate: Former Member’, Al-Arabiya News, 2 April 2012.
51 ‘Stillborn Assembly’, Al-Ahram Weekly, 5 April 2012.
52 Ibid.
53 ‘Egyptian Court Ruling Raises Stakes in Presidential Race’, in Christian Science Monitor, 11 April 2011.
54 ‘Keeper of Islamic Flame Rises as Egypt’s New Decisive Voice’, New York Times, 12 March 2012.
55 Marc Lynch, ‘Tunisia’s New al-Nahda’, Foreign Policy, 29 June 2011.
56 Mouldi Al-Ahmar, ‘Tunisian elections: The Reasons Behind the Failure of the Modernists and the Problems Caused by the Victory of al-Nahda’, Arab Center for Research and Policy Studies, Doha. 25 December 2011.
57 Abdelatif al-Hanashi, ‘Intikhabat al-Majlis al-Watani Ata Sissi Al-Tunisi: al-Ittar, al-Messar, wa Nata’ij’ (‘The Elections to the Tunisian Constituent Assembly: Framework, Pathway and Results’), Arab Center for Research and Policy Studies, Doha, March 2012. http://www.dohainstitute.org/file/pdfViewer/7f78d9ff-7059-4df1-8d7c-7ab00fd15fbf.pdf
58 Libya Focus, Menas Associates, November 2011. Subscription publication available at www.menas.co.uk
59 Senussi Beseirki, ‘Intihkhabat Al-Muatama Al-Watan Al-Libi Wa Khiyarat Al-Kutal Siasiya Al-Faiza’ (‘The Election of the Libyan National Congress and the Choices of the Winning Political Blocs’), Al-Jazeera Centre for Studies, 23 July 2012. http://studies.aljazeera.net/reports/2012/07/2012723112953432636.htm
60 Mary Fitzgerald, ‘Introducing the Libyan Muslim Brotherhood’, Foreign Policy, 2 November 2012.
Conclusion
1 Sayyid Qutb, Milestones, New Delhi, 1998 edition.
2 Dr Abdullah Nafisi, Al-Haraka al-islamiya: thakart fy altariq (The Islamic Movement: Cracks Along on the Way), self-published and undated. Available in Arabic on http://www.alnefisi.com/f_s_v/alharaka_aleslamiah_thakart_fy_altariq.pdf
3 Azzam Tamimi, Rachid Ghannouchi. A Democrat within Islam, New York, 2001, p. 91.
4 Magdi Khalil, ‘The Muslim Brotherhood and the Copts’, Threats Watch, 20 April 2006. Available on http://threatswatch.org/commentary/2006/04/the-muslim-brotherhood-and-the/
5 ‘Tunisia’s Islamists Hail Arrival of the “Sixth Caliphate”’ in The Telegraph, 16 November 2011. http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/ africaandindianocean/tunisia/8894858/Tunisias-Islamists-hail-arrival-of-the-sixth-caliphate.html#
6 Michael Emerson And Richard Youngs (Eds), Political Islam And European Foreign Policy Perspectives From Muslim Democrats Of The Mediterranean, Brussels, 2007, p. 70.
7 Ibid, p.70
8 ‘Muslim Brotherhood Initiative on the General Principles of Reform in Egypt’, Cairo, 2004. Obtained from the Brotherhood’s headquarters in Cairo
9 Ibid.
10 Ibid.
11 Quoted in Dr Abdullah Nafisi, Al-Haraka al-islamiya: thakart fy altariq
12 Mustafa Mashour and Maimoun al-Hodeibi, for example, both held the reins of power from behind the scenes for many years before becoming Murshid.
13 Interviews with An-Nahda members and former An-Nahda members, London, Paris and Tunis, 2007.
14 Hossam Tamam. Tahawilat Al-Ikhwan al-Muslimoun (The Transformation of the Muslim Brotherhood), Cairo, 2006, p. 46.
15 Fi Istishraf Al-Mostaqbal … 5. Al- Gharb, Al-Houkumat Al-Arabiya Wal Islamiyoun (Foreseeing the Future … 5. The West, Arab Governments and Islamists), Alasr, 6 June 2006. Available at http://www.alasr.ws/index.cfm?method=home.con&contentID=7857.
16 Hossam Tamam. Tahawilat Al-Ikhwan al-Muslimoun, p. 46.
17 Ibid. p. 51.
18 Political Islam and European Foreign Policy: Perspectives from Muslim Democrats of the Mediterranean, Centre for European Policy Studies, 2007.
19 Azzam Tamimi, Rachid Ghannouchi. A Democrat within Islam, New York 2001, p. 103.
20 Richard P. Mitchell, The Society of the Muslim Brothers, New York, 1969, p. 2
21 ‘Muslim Brotherhood Initiative on the General Principles of Reform in Egypt’.
22 ‘Muslim Brotherhood Statement on Islamic Law and National Identity’, Ikhwanweb, 4 November 2012. http://www.ikhwanweb.com/article.php?id=30353
23 ‘Egypt’s Salafi Surge’, Foreign Policy, 4 January 2012. http://www.foreignpolicy.com/articles/2012/01/04/egypt_s_salafi_surge?hidecomments=yes
24 ‘Salafi Cleric’s “Coffin Campaign” Goes Live on Tunisian TV’, Al-Bawaba, 7 November 2012. http://www.albawaba.com/entertainment/salafi-tv-interview-tunisia-449923
25 ‘The MB’s Relations with the US’, in Al-Ahram Weekly, No. 1104, 28 June–4 July 2012.
26 ‘Foreign Policy in Morsi’s Presidential Election Platform’, Ikhwanweb, 5 May 2012. http://www.ikhwanweb.com/article.php?id=30004
27 Ibid.
28 Bassem Sabry, ‘A Guide to Egypt’s Challenges: Subsidies & the Budget’, Al-Ahram Online, 16 August 2012. http://english.ahram.org.eg/NewsContent/1/0/49605/Egypt/Subsidies--the-Budget-.aspx
29 ‘Analysis: Egypt’s Mursi Dogged by Own Promises in First 100 days’, Reuters, 5 October 2012. http://www.reuters.com/article/2012/10/05/us-egypt-mursi-idUSBRE8940FB20121005
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