6 Dio 51. 1. 5–9, Horace, Odes 1. 37, the famous nunc est bibendum; see also Osgood (2006), p. 385.
7 Dio 51. 15. 6–7, Plutarch, Antony 87.
8 For example, Appian, BC 4. 130, Plutarch, Antony 22.
9 For studies of Cleopatra in later culture see L. Hughes-Hallett, Cleopatra: Queen, Lover, Legend (1990, reprinted with new afterword 2006), and M. Hamer, Signs of Cleopatra: History, Politics, Representation (1993). For a more specific study of Cleopatra in Roman culture see D. Kleiner, Cleopatra and Rome (2005).
INDEX
Achillas
Actium, battle of
Actium, cape of
blockade of
Agrippa, Marcus Vipsanius
Ahenobarbus, Lucius Domitius
Ahenobarbus, Cnaeus Domitius
Alesia, siege of
Alexander (Hasmonaean prince, son of Aristobulus)
Alexander Helios
Alexander IV
Alexander the Great
successors
tomb
Alexandra (mother-in-law of Herod)
Alexandreion, siege of
Alexandria
Library
Museum
Pharos lighthouse
size
Jewish community
the Gabinians as garrison
foundation
status
harbours
palace quarter
streets
wealth
population
food shortages
Caesar’s arrival in
Cleopatra’s return to
war in
burning of the Library
the Caesareum
Mark Antony and Cleopatra in
Octavian enters
recent excavations
Alexander the Great’s Empire
break up of
Alexandrian War
Allienus, Aulus
Amatius
Ammonius
Annius (Marius’ officer)
Antigonus (Hasmonaean prince)
Antioch
Antiochus III
Antiochus IV
Antonia major
Antonia minor
Antonius, Caius
Antonius, Iullus
Antonius, Lucius
Antonius, Marcus (Mark Antony’s father)
Antonius, Marcus (Mark Antony’s grandfather)
Vestal Virgin scandal
political career
death of
Antonius Hybrida, Caius
Antony, Mark
fame
coins
ignored by academics
portrayals of
military experience
appeal
birth
brothers
naming
family background
becomes head of family
family debts
stepfather
relationship to Julius Caesar
childhood
education
oratory skills
physique
ceremony to become a man
youth
descent from Hercules
dress
friendship with Curio
first marriage to Fadia
support for Clodius
visit to Greece
early military career
and the restoration of Ptolemy XII
first sees Cleopatra
leadership qualities
service in Caesar’s Gallic Wars
election to quaestorship
first mentioned by Caesar
at the siege of Alesia
negotiations with Commius
election to tribunate
tribunate
defence of Caesar in the Senate
blamed for start of Civil War
and the Civil War
occupies Arretium
given propraetorian imperium as tribune
and the Macedonian campaign
second marriage to Antonia
mistress
at Dyrrachium
at Pharsalus
return to RomeBC
appointed Master of Horse
drinking
presides over the Senate
debts
and Dolabella
purchases Pompey’s house
divorces Antonia
third marriage to Fulvia
breach with Caesar
return to favour
and Caesarion
offers Caesar kingship
halts Dolabella’s election to consulship
and the assassination of Caesar
inability to succeed Caesar
and Caesar’s funeral
dominance
granted Cisalpine Gaul
private army
and the rise of Octavian
Macedonian legions
Cisalpine Gaul campaign
Senate negotiates with
Octavian’s defeat of
declared public enemy
and the formation of the Triumviarte
power
receives Cicero’s head
Philippi campaign
tour of eastern provinces
in Cappadocia
summons Cleopatra to Tarsus
meeting with Cleopatra in Tarsus
and Cleopatra become lovers
extravagance
orders execution of Arsinoe
and Cleopatra in Alexandria
lack of strategy
and the Perusine War
return to Italy
siege of Brundisium
and the Treaty of Brundisium
fourth marriage to Octavia
children to Octavia
and Octavia
visit to Athens
children
expedition to Palmyra
sends Bassus to Syria
at Samosata
Brundisium conference with Octavian
prepares for Parthian campaign
Cleopatra visits
relationship with Cleopatra
strategic needs
naval forces
motivations for Parthian campaign
preparations for Parthian campaign
military performance
Median campaign
retreat from Parthia
effect of Parthian campaign on prestige
with Cleopatra at Leuce Come
Octavian’s gifts
weakness of position
defeat of Artavasdes of Armenia
and the Donations of Alexandria
second consulship
grand wagers
failures
rivalry with Octavian
reputation
relationship with Octavia
transfers troops westwards
will
Octavian marginalizes
support for
preparations for war with Octavian
divorces Octavia
marriage to Cleopatra
and Geminius
military forces
strategy for war with Octavian
challenges Octavian to single combat
disposition of naval forces
continues to use title of triumvir
Octavian’s campaign against
blockaded in Actium
desertions
breakout from Actium
battle of Actium
abandons legions
flight from Actium
failure at Actium
depression
attempts to rally forces
return to Alexandria after Actium
birthday celebrations
mood swings
negotiations with Octavian
gladiators loyal to
and Octavian’s attack on Egypt
desire for heroic death
forces desert to the enemy
suicide
fune
ral
career
imperial ambitions
weakness
motivation
fascination of
Antyllus, Marcus Antonius
Aphrodisias
Aphrodite
Apollodorus of Sicily
Apollonia
Appian
Aradus
Archelaus (husband of Berenice IV)
Archibus
Areius
Ariminum
Aristobulus (Hasmonaean prince)
Aristobulus (brother-in-law of Herod)
Armenia
Arretium
Arrhidaeus
Arruntius, Lucius
Arsinoe (Cleopatra’s sister)
Arsinoe II
Arsinoe III
Artavasdes of Armenia
Artavasdes of Media
Artaxes, River
Ascalon
Asia
Asia Minor
Aswan Dam
Athens
Atia (mother of Octavian)
Atticus
augurs
Augustan system, the
Baiae
Balkan campaigns
balsam bush, the
Berenice IV
Berytus
Bibulus, Marcus Calpurnius
Bithynia
bitumen
Bocchus of Mauretania
Bogud of Mauretania
Bononia
Britain, Caesar’s invasion of
Brundisium
Brundisium, Treaty of
Brutus, Marcus Junius Caepio
surrender to Caesar
assassination of Caesar
speech after assassination
Mark Antony entertains
military support for
age at time of assassination
Caesar’s funeral
leaves Rome
in Athens
takes command of army
subverts Macedonia
and Octavian
enemy of the state
campaigns in the east
Philippi campaign
Brutus Albinus, Decimus Junius
Caelius Rufus, Marcus
Caesar, Julius
fame
success
and Crassus’ attempt to annex Egypt
forms the first triumvirate
mother
affairs
debts
and Clodius
divorce
Gallic wars
invasion of Britain
siege of Alesia
takes on Ptolemy XII’s debt
Pontifex Maximus
and Mark Antony’s election to the
tribunate
break with Pompey
end of Gallic command
charisma
prosecution threatened
and Curio
offers to lay down Gallic command
crosses the Rubicon
Spanish campaigns
consular support
Macedonian campaign
as dictator
elected to second consulship
at Dyrrachium
at Pharsalus
presented with Pompey’s head
arrival in Egypt
need for funds
and Ptolemy XIII
Cleopatra’s seduction of
Cleopatra’s first entry into presence of
appearance
enforces joint rule
and the Alexandrian War
tour of Egypt
named dictator
army mutinies
African campaign
auctions Pompeians’ property
third consulship
and Caesarion
children
triumphs
calendar reform
relationship with Cleopatra
rewards and power
reforms
offered kingship
Dacian and Parthian campaign plans
and Brutus
assassination
will
reactions to assassination of
lack of successor
funeral
and Octavian
possible identification with Osiris in Egypt
relationship with Mark Antony
Caesar, Lucius Julius
Caesarion
birth of
paternity
Cleopatra brings to Rome
appointed co-ruler
birth-temple
heritage
identification with Horus
and Octavian
strategic importance
status
titles
and the Donations of Alexandria
proclaimed son of Caesar
coming of age
escape plans for
vulnerable position
murder
Calenus, Quintus Fufius
Caligula, the Emperor
Callimachus
Canidius Crassus, Publius
Cape Naulochus, battle off
Cappadocia
Carrhae, battle of
Carthage
Cassius Dio
Cassius Longinus, Caius
surrender to Caesar
wife
assassination of Caesar
Mark Antony entertains
military support
age at time of assassination
Caesar’s funeral
leaves Rome
leaves Italy
takes command of army
take over of Syria
and Octavian
military experience
declared enemy of the state
campaigns in the east
Philippi campaign
Cassius of Parma
casualties
Dyrrachium
the proscriptions
Philippi campaign
Parthian campaign
Actium
Catiline, Lucius Sergius
Cato, Marcus Porcius
cats, sacred to Egyptians
Catullus, Caius Valerius, the poet
Catulus, Quintus Lutatius
Cethegus, Publius Cornelius
Chaeronea
Charmion
Charonea
Cicero, Marcus Tullius
Philippics
on Marcus Antonius
on Ptolemy XII
criticism of ex-consuls
mocks dress fashions amongst youths
on Mark Antony’s affairs
consulship
and the execution of Lentulus
exile
and the Sybilline Oracle
defence of Gabinius
as augur
and Curio
contempt for Caesar’s supporters
on Mark Antony
and the Civil War
unpopularity
blames Mark Antony for execution of Ahenobarbus
on Mark Antony and Cytheris
on Mark Antony’s drinking
meeting with Caesar
on Caesar’s consuls
despair during Caesar’s dictatorship
visits Cleopatra in Rome
and assassination of Caesar
and ratification of Caesar’s acts
Second Philippic
suspicion of Octavian
senate negotiations with Mark Antony
support for Octavian
lack of trust in Octavian
execution
false rumour of Cleopatra’s death
Cilicia
Cinna, Caius Helvius
Cisalpine Gaul
Civil War
road to
Caesar crosses the Rubicon
Caesar takes Rome
early campaigns
aristocracy and
Mark Antony’s role
Macedonian campaign
Cicero at first remain
s neutral
Pompey’s arrival in Egypt and murder
Claudius, Emperor
Claudius Nero, Tiberius
Cleomenes
Cleopatra
fame
ignored by academics
intelligence
portrayals of
eroticism
charisma
power
Greek-ness of
literary sources
unimportance of
achievements
Augustan propaganda
appeal
decent from Ptolemy
birth
mother
father
mystique
siblings
mysterious background
childhood
education
Mark Antony first sees
becomes queen
character
appearance
coins
hair colour
participation in Buchis bull ceremony
Rome’s attitude to accession
and the Gabinians
co-rule with Ptolemy XIII
exile
invasion of Egypt
begins affair with Caesar
first entry into Caesars’ presence
return to Alexandria
and the Alexandrian War
confirmed as queen
tours Egypt with Caesar
first pregnancy
gives birth to Caesarion
brings Caesarion to Rome
Roman army support her rule
Senate recognises as co-ruler of Egypt
relationship with Caesar
and the assassination of Caesar
learns of Caesar’s death
return to Egypt
rumour of death in 44 BC
Roman agents left to protect her interests in Rome
and the death of Ptolemy XIV
rivals for the throne
need for Roman support
and Cassius
appoints Caesarion co-ruler
rule
temple building
the female Horus
identification with Isis
pragmatism
summoned to Tarsus
arrival at Tarsus
meeting with Mark Antony in Tarsus
extravagance
and Mark Antony become lovers
and Mark Antony in Alexandria
birth of Mark Antony’s twins
and Herod
third pregnancy
visits Mark Antony
relationship with Mark Antony
realm
and Judaea
titles
revenue
influence
weakness of position
decline of royal army
with Mark Antony at Leuce Come
birth of Ptolemy Philadelphus
receives Artavasdes of Armenia
and the Donations of Alexandria
described as impertinent royal tart by Pliny
grand wagers
pearl in vinegar incident
handwriting
accused of using magic to bewitch Antony
Octavians’ rumours about
preparations for war with Octavian
marriage to Mark Antony
and Geminius
Octavian declares war on
and Octavian’s advance
at Actium
flight from Actium
return to Alexandria after Actium
replenishes war chest
and Mark Antony’s birthday
celebrations