grants estates in Trent valley, 415–16
kills Idwal of Gwynedd, 416
brings Northumbria under his sway, 420
ravages Strathclyde/Cumbria, 421
stabbed to death, 421
treaty with Óláfr, 404
Eadred of Wessex (Eadmund’s brother), 316, 336, 350, 359n, 416,
becomes king, 430, 439
campaigns against Northumbria, 439–41, 447
death, 448
imprisons Archbishop Wulfstan, 444
Eadred, abbot of Carlisle, 167–68, 170, 171
Eadred, son of Ricsige, 320, 321, 322
Eadweard ‘the Elder’ (Ælfred’s son), 141, 161, 182n, 207, 208, 209, 212, 271, 276, 278, 279, 301, 302, 303, 313, 316, 326, 333, 344, 347, 348, 359, 367, 376, 380, 430, 435
accession to throne of Wessex, 232–35, 240
attacked by pretender Æðelwold, 266–69
character, 338
coinage, 282, 334, 379
assault on Colchester, 286
death, 336, 339, 340, 341
Eadgifu (third wife), 337, 350
economic weakness early in reign, 270
expels Appledore Host from Wessex, 210
joint offensive with Æðelflæd (913–15), 283
marriages, 335
occupies London and Oxford, 280
northern raid of 909, 274
takes Nottingham, 327
‘accepted by Scots’, 328
refortifies Towcester, 285
Welsh submit, 331, 332, 375
new minster at Winchester, 276, 277
Eadwine (half-brother of Æðelstan), 359–60, 367, 376
Eamont Bridge, peace treaty, 347, 348, 349, 352, 358, 365, 372
Eardwulf, king of Northumbria, 23
Eardwulf, ‘Prince’, 320, 321
East Anglia, 24, 40, 41, 65, 94, 100, 105, 136–37, 159, 161, 199, 264n, 287, 399, 403, 442
coinage, 297, 334, 355, 358, 453,
cult of St Eadmund in, 431
Danish East Anglia, 172–73, 175, 176, 181, 188, 189, 192, 202, 204, 210, 211, 227, 278, 282, 289, 291, 301, 314, 341, 404, 433, 436, 439,
Danish forces from, 211, 212, 213, 216, 271, 286
Great Host arrives in, 96–97, 99, 107, 112, 122, 427
lack of bishops in, 429
regional identity, 267, 315, 359
towns of, 288
East Saxons, 44, 266–67
Ecgberht, abbot, 285
Ecgberht, king of Bernicia, 124, 167, 234
Ecgberht, king of Wessex (grandfather of Ælfred), 12, 39, 40, 54, 55, 56, 87, 94, 120, 197, 234, 264
Ecgberht, puppet king of Bernicia, 101, 124, 167
Ecgberhtings of Wessex, 97
Ecgberht’s stone, 147, 437
Ecgfrith, king of Mercia, 33
Ecgfrith, king of Northumbria, 62, 167n
Ecgwynn (first wife of Eadweard the Elder), 233, 335
Edwin, king of Northumbria, 99–100, 146
Egil Skallagrímsson, 390, 395–97, 444–47
Eiríkr (‘Blood-axe’), 395, 396
Eiríkr, son of Haraldr, 440–41, 443–48
Elfred, 243, 303, 304
Ellendun, battle of, 39–40
Elmet (Brittonic-speaking kingdom), 381–82
England
and Ælfred, 9, 88, 103, 443
coinage, 356
fault line, 280
idea of England and Englishness, 183–84, 359
unified kingdom of, 178, 264, 313, 345, 350n, 448
Eoforwic (York), 47, 51, 52, 99, 100, 229
Eohric, leader of East Anglian Host, 267
Eowils, Danish king, 279
Ermine Street, 100, 192, 200, 289, 296, 372n
Exeter, 93n, 138, 182, 211, 216, 282, 326, 355, 358, 428, 433, 451
minster, 429
Exeter law code, 326
F
færing (rowing-boat), 70, 74, 448, 449, 450
Farnham, battle of, 208, 209
Findan, St, 76–80, 258
Finngaill (Fair foreigners), 129n, 136
Five Boroughs, 139n, 160, 189, 191, 192, 215, 279n, 287, 288, 289, 314, 326, 355, 356, 358, 362, 402, 409, 410, 436, 441, 442
fleets
Ælfred, 75, 137, 181, 232n
Charlemagne, 14, 18
Danish, 17, 18, 19, 24, 57
Hæsten, 211
Host, 100–101, 137–38, 188, 205, 207–8
Viking, 56, 75, 80, 92, 93, 95, 98, 107, 139, 180, 204–5, 207
Fleet, River, 42
Flegg, 99, 193–94
Flixborough, 51, 198–200, 201, 247, 249, 413, 443
Flores Historiarum (Roger of Wendover), 403
folkland, 194n, 222
Fordwich, 93, 205
Forteviot, 85, 329
Fortriu (Pictish kingdom), 28, 29, 32, 55, 85, 87, 97, 261, 263, 264, 329, 427, 454
Fossdyke, 123, 289, 296
Fosse Way, 139, 172, 214, 372n, 451
Francia, 8, 9, 14, 15, 16, 19, 38, 44, 56, 97, 98, 210, 392, 449
wars of succession, 54, 56, 95, 180
ravages of the Host in, 180
See also Charles ‘the Bald’; Charles ‘the Fat’; Charles ‘the Simple’; Louis ‘the Pious’
freemen, 121n, 244, 414
Fridgegyldum (peace guild), 401, 402, 405, 412, 435, 438
Frisia, 18, 38, 44, 55, 46, 54, 55, 56, 96, 98, 106, 197, 232n, 382
fyrð (Anglo-Saxon levies), 9, 40, 120, 121, 122, 212, 213, 214, 215, 216, 217, 399, 414
Fyrkat, 142
G
Gaelic kingdoms, 7, 122, 264
Gaelicization, 329
gafol (tax), 414–15
Gauber high pasture, Ribblehead, 193
gebur (unfree), 415
geneat (dependent tenant), 414, 415
German Francia, 181
Gilling, 62
Gipeswic (Ipswich), 51, 65, 229
Gloucester, 49, 51, 139n, 185n, 190, 214, 272, 274, 275, 276, 278, 282, 284, 400, 402, 431, 433, 451
Glywysing (Welsh kingdom), 32, 178, 417
Godfrið, king of Denmark, 10, 14, 17–18
Goltho, 316, 411–13
Gosforth, 383–84
Goltho, 411–12, 443, 455
Govan, 234, 265, 278, 330–31, 427
Grately, 352
Grately Code, 354, 400
Graveney boat, 74–75, 448
Great Glen, 52, 97n
Great Host, 8, 9, 100, 106, 108, 123, 124, 125, 128, 135, 140, 143, 147, 152, 173, 181, 213, 214, 220, 233, 266, 290, 291, 321, 364, 429
in chronological order of events
comes to East Anglia, 95, 96, 97, 106, 107, 430, 431
crosses the Humber, 99
captures York, 100–104
captures Reading, 109, 110
battle of Ashdown, 110
defeats Saxons at Basing, 112
Ælfred makes peace with (872), 122
at Torksey, 123–24
camp at Repton, 124–29
Heath Wood (Viking cremation cemetery), 127–28
Summer Host in Cambridge, 129, 136, 137
under sole command of Guðrum, 138
in Northumbria, 129, 167, 168, 170, 172, 278, 382, 422
rebuilds York, 132, 133
at Wareham, 137–38, 183, 428
occupies Chippenham, 139–40
defeated by Ælfred at Edington, 149–51
imposes Danish rule on East Anglia, 172–73
in Francia, 180
controls London in 880s, 188
veterans settle the Five Boroughs, 189
Appledore Host, 205, 207, 208, 209, 210, 211, 212,
Host commanded by Hæsten, 204, 210, 212, 216
fleet destroyed at Benfleet 212, 215
camp at Chester 215, 243
marches west, 217
dispersed, 218, 236
two hosts come out of East Anglia, 28
5–87
See also mycel here
Great Ouse, River, 51, 173, 174, 175, 188, 189, 284, 285, 286, 430, 451, 454
Grendel, 144
Grimbald (scholar), 181, 186, 223
Grim’s Ditch, 105, 110
Grimston, 134
hybrids, 133, 383
Guðroðr, Viking king of York, 167, 170n, 172, 176, 177, 211, 218, 234, 239, 240, 320, 322
and St Cuthbert’s community, 169, 318, 320–22
Guðroðr, grandson of Ívarr, 333, 344, 347n, 349, 361, 376
Guðrum, leader of Great Host, 129, 138, 140, 172, 372
baptized as Æðelstan, 151–52, 179
defeated at Edington, 150, 180, 451
death, 202, 204, 210, 361
lands, 188
reign in East Anglia, 173, 189
treaty with Ælfred, 158, 173–76, 187, 188, 208, 271n, 325, 401
veterans, 181, 211
Gwent, 32, 178, 216, 347, 361, 417, 439, 443, 451
Gwgon ap Meurig, king of Ceredigion, 117–18
Gwynedd, 32, 91, 94, 128, 159, 177, 190, 215, 218, 239, 240n, 244, 245, 265, 332, 374, 416, 417, 443
H
Hæsten (leader of Host in 890s), 204, 210–16, 240
Hálfdan, Danish king (leader of Host in 865), 96, 112n, 129, 132, 136, 141, 167, 172
Hallad, 260–61
Hamwic, 47, 56, 65, 229, 232
Haraldr ‘Bluetooth’, king of Denmark, 455
Haraldr ‘Fairhair’, king of Norway, 135, 260, 261, 360, 377, 395, 440, 455
Hartness, 10, 24
Hastings, 388
Heath Wood (Viking cremation cemetery), 127–28
Hebrides, 8, 73, 79–80, 122, 160, 241, 256, 260
Hedeby (trading town), 17, 19, 46, 224
Hemming (nephew of Godfrið), 18
Hengest and Horsa, 241, 373
Heptarchy, 264n
Hertford, 216, 282, 283
Hexham, 165, 166
Hilton of Cadboll, 28
Hincmar, archbishop, 180
Historia de Sancto Cuthberto, 27, 61, 96, 164n, 167, 220, 318, 340, 366, 380, 422–24, 443
Historia Regum, 333, 360, 369, 390, 391, 397, 403
hoards, 117, 159, 219, 253, 334, 356
Bossall/Flaxton, 382
Cuerdale, 15, 241, 242, 267, 364
Flixborough, 199
Harrogate, 379
Orkney, 258, 457
Red Wharf Bay, 247
Rome, 355–56
Skye, 355
Watlington, 128–29
York, 378–79
Holme, battle at, 269
Horik, king of Denmark, 57, 96
Host, see Great Host
hostage stone, 25
Hugh the Great, count of Paris, 337, 342, 366n, 376–77, 400
hundred, 193, 436
hundred-men, 401, 435
Hundred Ordinance, 434–35
Huntingdon, 175, 285, 287, 288, 299, 300
Hwaetmundes stane, 186
Hwicce, 12, 34, 49, 85, 128, 159, 186, 214, 265n, 275, 278, 346, 372, 435
Hywel ap Cadell, see Hywel Dda
Hywel Dda, 91, 250, 361, 374, 416, 417, 439, 443
Laws of Hywel (Cyfraith Hywel ), 417
I
Icknield Way, 52, 108n, 192
Idwal Foel (Welsh king), 303, 361, 370, 374, 375, 396, 416, 443
Inchmarnock, 25
Ingimundr (Norse warlord), 238–45, 250, 276, 365, 455
Ingwar (leader of Host), 107. See also Ívarr
Inis Daimle, 82
Inish Patrick, 24
Iona community, 12, 13, 24, 26, 28, 29, 30, 82, 88, 162, 219, 258, 264, 272, 330
removes treasures to Kells, Co. Meath, 27, 82
Ipswich (Gipeswic), 51, 65, 220, 268, 288, 289, 290
Ireland
Viking bases in, 55
Viking depredations in, 162
Vikings driven from, 236, 239, 263
Viking houses in, 291
west coast of Britain, Irish Norse arrival on, 245
See also Dublin
Isle of Man, see Man
Ívarr the Boneless, 96–97, 101n, 117, 141, 332, 409, 453
grandsons of, 159, 321, 333, 344, 361, 398, 440
Irish Norse dynasty of, 409, 441
and martyrdom of Eadmund of East Anglia, 107
J
Jarlshof (Shetland), 90, 454
Jarrow, 24, 26, 30, 63, 171, 219, 385, 424, 426, 454
Jorvik , 100, 323
Judith (daughter of Charles the Bald), 94, 95, 97, 336
K
Kells, Co. Meath, 27, 82, 88n
Kingsholm, 275
Kingston upon Thames, 49, 234, 235, 264, 340, 341, 450, 439, 450
kotesetlan (cottar) 415
Kváran, see Óláfr Kváran
L
Lady of the Mercians, see Æðelflæd
Lairn (Pictish longhouses), 86
laws, 20, 21, 23, 79, 434–38
Æðelstan’s fifth law code, 429
Constantín mac Áeda, 315
Domboc, 223
Exeter law code, 326
Fridgegyldum, 401–2, 435
Grately Code, 352
Hundred Ordinance, 434
laws of Hywel Dda (Cyfraith Hywel), 91, 417–19
Ordinance concerning the Dunsæte, 324
Leicester, 139n, 175, 189, 191, 283, 285, 287, 288, 289, 290, 299, 300, 315, 362, 403, 404, 405, 408, 409, 433, 451
Leo III, Pope, 10, 36
Leolin, king of Dyfed, 421
Libellus de Exordio (Symeon), 170, 425
Lichfield, 33, 35
Life of King Ælfred (Asser), 95, 104, 107
Liffey, River, 8, 55, 238
Lincoln, 51, 100, 122, 123, 139, 160, 189, 191, 198, 230, 274, 288, 289, 290, 294–300, 315, 334, 335, 344, 356, 379, 409, 412, 432, 433, 441, 451
Lindholm Høje, 43, 68, 256
Lindisfarne, 26, 27, 29, 30, 61, 62, 117, 132, 165, 166, 170, 272, 349, 367, 408, 422, 426, 454
gospels, 425
relocates to Chester le Street, 170, 172
refounding, 385
Seven Years’ Wandering, 170–72
Viking raid on 24, 164, 320
See also Cuthbert, St
Little Ouse, River, 105, 192
Llanbedrgoch, 247–49
Llanfaes, 238, 245–46
Londinium (old walled city), 48, 113, 184, 191. See also London; Lundenwic
London, 35, 40, 45, 48, 176, 180, 211, 212, 217, 431
coin production in, 93, 129, 188, 190, 270, 282, 355, 433
Danish Host in, 113, 122, 124, 138
occupation and restoration by Ælfred, 187, 228
occupation by Eadweard the Elder, 280
transfer to Mercian control, 239
See also Londinium; Lundenwic
London Ordinance, 401, 402, 435, 450
longhouses (Pictish), 86
longphuirt (Viking bases in Ireland and elsewhere), 8, 55, 80, 96, 194, 238, 246, 247
longships, 74, 260, 267, 395
Klåstad ship, 225
Roskilde collection, 70, 74
Viking longship retrieved from Roskilde Fjord, 15
See also shipbuilding
Lothair, king of Middle Francia, 56, 57
Louis d’Outremer, king of West Francia, 376
Louis III, king of West Francia, 180
Louis ‘the German’, king of East Francia, 56, 97, 180
Louis ‘the Pious’ (son of Charlemagne), 18–19, 47, 54, 55, 56
Louis ‘the Stammerer’, king of West Francia 180
Ludeca, king of Mercia, 39n, 40
Lundenbyrig, 113
Lundenwic (trading settlement on Thames), 7, 12, 24, 33, 36, 39, 48, 49, 56, 94, 113, 229, 449
decline of in 830s and 840s, 107, 188
fire, 34
founded by Wulfhere of Mercia, 43, 64
eighth-century heyday, 44–47
Middle Saxon era, 42
, 45
See also London; Londinium; Lundenbyrig
Lyminge, 23
M
machair, 80n, 256
Mael Coluim mac Domnall, 419, 421, 443
Maes Howe, 78
Mag Bile (Co. Down), 82
Magonsæte, 190, 214, 425
malaria, 144
Maldon, 282, 283, 286, 388
Malmesbury, 400
Malmesbury, William of, 39, 147, 335, 337, 339, 340, 341, 347n, 372, 376, 377, 392, 395, 429
Man, 68, 115, 237, 249–57, 305
Manchester (Mamucium), 327
Mawgan Porth, 197–98, 199, 259
Medehamstede (Peterborough), 51, 63–64, 107, 453
Mercia
alliance with Wessex, 158, 159, 161, 187, 210, 213, 219, 234, 239, 300
boundary with East Anglia, 173, 175
Ceolwulf II as Host’s client in Mercia, 128, 173, 188
claim to land of East Saxons, 266
conquered by Host (873), 125
defeated by West Saxons at Ellendun, 40
division into shires, 434–35
hierarchy of lordship in East Mercia, 442
instability and decline (ninth century), 39–40
Lady of the Mercians, see Æðelflæd
mycel here effective kings of East Mercia, 190, 192, 278
offensive against Host at Nottingham (868), 120
peace with Host, 102
and Oswald’s relics, 274, 275, 276, 277, 279
relations with Kent, 35–36
relations with Welsh kingdoms, 32, 177, 178, 218, 240, 284–85
supremacy over southern Britain (eighth century), 33–34
war with Northumbria, 7
weakness of Mercian economy, 270
West Mercia ruled by Ealdorman Æðelred, 176
See also Danish Mercia
Mercian Register, 241, 243, 244, 269, 279, 287, 301, 339
Merfyn Frych, King of Gwynedd, 91, 97, 250
Mersey, River 52, 248, 280, 327, 403
Middle Earth, see Midgard
Midgard (Miðgarðr), 22n
minsters
Bermondsey, 45
Brandon, 106
develop into towns, 431–32
Ely, 429–30
entrepreneurial talents, 425–26
estates, 58–66
Exeter, 428–29
Gloucester, 276
Horningsea, 430–31
Jarrow, 24, 26, 30, 63, 171, 219, 385, 424, 426, 454
kings and minster land, 37–38
and military service, 122
and raiders, 122
Medehamstede (Peterborough), 51, 63, 271, 453
Portmahomack, 28–31, 31–32, 84, 86, 219, 248, 261, 427
absorbed into royal property portfolios, 298
secularization, 194, 229, 290, 428–31
St David’s, 427–28
Whitby, 454
Winchester, 276, 277
Minster-in-Thanet, 38
mints
Canterbury, 270
East Anglia, 107
Guðrum, 167
Lichfield, 33
Lincolnshire, 167